Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

WMKSGVQKJOJ MOAKIMOE JG
AOHOBOVAO

COAWEZOJ JG AKGMAKOQ JG EO QOEWJ

GQAWGEO Oaojëbkai TVICGQKIMOE JG

IFQZGZVKAKO

OQKNMOZWVO8 ifstgtrkako jge porti mirboe

AKAEI8 SK

TVGQGMZOJI TIV8

AWE_WK VIBGVI, LOZ@GVKM

KX_WKGVJI FWGMI, LOVGM
BOMZKEEO FVKIMGQ, HWE[ TOIEO
VOBKVGX FOVJOEGQ, VIQO BOVKFGE
XOBFVOMI SÏQ_WGX, LOZ@GVKMG
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

JGJKAOZIVKO8

Jgjkaobis ge prgsgmtg kmcirbg

kmcirbg o mugstri Jkvkmi Jkis qug mis nuâo pir ge bghir
aobkmi jg mugstros vkjos, mis jo soeuj y sofkjurâo poro ooeaomzor
eaomzor tijos mugstr
mugstros
os
bgtos,
O tijis eis kmtgnromtgs jg eo gsaugeo oaojëbkai pricgskimoe jg ifstgtrkako, eis auoegs
jgjkaorom i jgjkaom su vkjo y su gscugrzi o eo otgmakñm ojgauojo y rgspimsofeg
rgspimsofeg jg sus
poakgmtgs, o m
m jg sotkscoagr sus mgagskjojgs y joregs umo f
fugmo
ugmo aoekjoj jg vkjo y
moebgmtg o mugstro qugrkjo jiagmtg Borâo Gegmo Ofrgnø qukgm aim su poakgmako y
jgjkaoakñm mis bitkvo o aimtkmuor pir ge aobkmi jge oprgmjkzohg< aibi bugstro jg
nrotktuj egs jgjkai ge prgsgmtg trofohi.

6
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

K. KMZVIJWAAKÑM

Ge s`ial gs um sâmjribg qug pugjg ifgjgagr o bøetkpegs aousos. Vgsueto jkcâake prgaksor umo
jgmkakñm< skm gbforni, aim bua`o crgaugmako utkekzobis oqugeeo qug ei jgmg aibi umo
jgspripirakñm gmtrg aimtkmgmtg
akraueotirko pgrkcërkao y aimtgmkji,
aim jëakt jg gm jimjg
pgrcuskñm tksueor, sg prijuag
`kpixko umaobfkis
y sgvgris gstoji jg kmsuakgmako
bgtofñekais.

Auoegsqukgro qug cugro eo aouso jge s`ial `gbirrïnkai, eo përjkjo jg somnrg qug ei omtgagjg
aimjkakimo um bgmir rgtibi vgmisi oe airozñm jgrga`i y aimsgaugmtgbgmtg um bgmir
jëfkti aorjkoai. Gstg øetkbi priviao um jëakt jg pgrcuskñm jg eis tghkjis qug trog aibi
aimsgaugmako bgmir icgrto jg ixângmi o mkvge tksueor. Eo `kpixko osâ irknkmojo jgsgmaojgmo um
trostirmi biegaueor< sg oetgro ge uhi o mkvge jg eo bkariakraueoakñm y eo coeto jg ixângmi
rgpgrautg gm ge bgtofieksbi jg eo neuaiso. Qg bivkekzo eo vâo omogrñfkao qug eegvo o eo
prijuaakñm jg bgtofiektis ïakjis y aimjkakimo gmtimags oakjisks bgtofñekao. Eo ksqugbko
prinrgskvo jg eis tghkjis y eo oakjisks bgtofñekao aimjkakimom ekfgroakñm kmtroageueor jg gmzkbos
eksisñbkaos y gstâbuei suakgmtg poro jgsgmaojgmor eo aosaojo jg aionueoakñm kmtrovosaueor
jksgbkmoj
jksg bkmojo.
o. Aimc
Aimcirbg
irbg ovomzo ge cgmñ cgmñbgmi
bgmi sg jgsai
jgsaibpgm
bpgmsomsom eis bgao
bgaomksbi
mksbiss kmka
kmkakoeg
koegs,
s,
oubgmto ge jgsorrgnei
cumakñm aorjkoao bgtofñekai,
y agrgfroe, ge timi
ei qug aimjuag vosaueor
o nrovgs sg bijkao y gbpkgzo o jgprkbkrsg eo
aimsgaugmakos.

Eo `gbirronko gm eo poakgmtg ifstëtrkao gs subobgmtg kbpirtomtg y aimstktuyg um coatir jg

rkgsni poro eo bojrg y ge mkÿi. Gs eo prkbgro aouso jg bugrtg botgrmo gm eis `ispktoegs jge
Tgrø y gs aouso kbpirtomtg jg bugrtg gm tijos eos sgrkgs jg birtoekjoj botgrmo aibumkaojos.
Gs ifvki qug eo `gbirronko auomtkiso gm eo buhgr, poro aimjkakimor bugrtg, jgfg posor omtgs
pir eo aimtkmngmako jg prijuakr um s`ial `kpivieëbkai.

Qg `o qugrkji `oagr gstg kmcirbg oagrao jge s`ial `gbirrïnkai gm poakgmtgs ifstëtrkaos aim ge
pripñskti jg aimtrkfukr o su rgvkskñm, omoekzor su crgaugmako, gstruaturo
gstruaturo jg aousos y vgrkaor eis
rgsuetojis gm rgeoakñm o mugstri potrñm jg aimjuato.

KK. IFHGZKSIQ
KK.? IFHGZ
IFHGZKSI
KSI NGMGV
NGMGVOEOE
 Kjgmtk
Kjg mtkao
aorr y jgs
jgsark
arkfkr
fkr eos aor
aoroat
oatgrâ
grâstk
stkaos
aos jge
jge Q`i
Q`ial
al @kpivi
@kpivieëb
eëbkai
kai,, por
poroo qu
qugg
misitros aibi ifstgtros gm cirboakñm aimizaobis bïs jg gstg tgbo.
KK.6 IFHGZ
IFHGZKSIQ
KSIQ GQTGA
GQTGAÂCKA
ÂCKAIQ
IQ
 Aimiag
Aim iagrr eos aoroat
aoroatgrâ
grâstk
stkaos
aos jg eo `gb
`gbir
irron
ronko
ko ifs
ifstët
tëtrka
rkao,
o, o tr
trovë
ovëss jg gstgstoo
gxpiskakñm.
 Vgumkr kmcirboakñm oagrao jg s`ial `kpivieëbkai, poro osâ pijgr jgmkrei y
oubgmtor mugstris aimiakbkgmtis oagrao jg gstg.

1
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

KK
KKK.
K. TVGQ
TVGQGM
GMZO
ZOAK
AKÑM
ÑM JG EI
EIQQ AI
AIMZ
MZGM
GMKJ
KJIQ
IQ

Toro aibprgmjgr eo gtkieinâo, eo gvieuakñm y ge trotobkgmti jge s`ial ifstëtrkai

jgfgbis `ofeor gm prkbgr eunor jg eos `gbirronkos8

@GBIVVONKO IFQZËZVKAO
?. JGC
GCKKMKA
KAKÑ
KÑM
M
Auomji sg rgvkso eo `gbirronko ifstëtrkao gs aibpekaoji gmaimtror eo jgmkakñm ojgauojo pir
eo coeto jg aimsgmsi sifrg ei qug aimstktuyg umo përjkjo somnuâmgo gxagskvo. Qg pugjgm
gmubgror bua`os akraumstomakos aeâmkaos gm eos auoegs `oy um oubgmti oprgakofeg jge rkgsni jg
`gbirronko, qugjomji jg bomkgsti qug eo `gbirronko nrovg pugjg iaurrkr gm auoequkgr
bibgmti juromtg tiji ge gbforozi y ge pugrpgrki. Ge bibgmti gm qug iaurrg eo `gbirronko
sg utkekzo obpekobgmtg poro aeoskaor eo `gbirronko ifstëtrkao aibi `gbirronko omtgporti
(@OT) i `gbirronko pisporti (@TT).

Qg `om pripugsti jkcgrgmtgs jgmkakimgs poro eo @TT, pgri mi sg `o aimsgnukji umo ømkao
jgmkakñm titoebgmtg sotkscoatirko. Eo @TT sg `o jgmkji jg bomgro aeïskao aibi eo përjkjo
`gbïtkao supgrkir o 744 be gm ge porti pir vâo vonkmoe y supgrkir o ?.444 be gm ge porti pir
agsïrgo. Qkm gbforni, oe mi gxkstkr umo prgporoakñm ojgauojo gm eo gstkboakñm jg eos përjkjos
somnuâmgos gs buy `ofktuoe iftgmgr umis voeirgs kmojgauojis, sufgstkbomji crgaugmtgbgmtg
eos përjkjos.

Itro jgmkakñm buy pipueor jg eo @TT gs eo jksbkmuakñm jge ?4% gm eis voeirgs jg `gbotiarkti,
pgri eo bgjkakñm jg gstis voeirgs sg sugeg rgtrosor y ojgbïs pugjg mi rgghor ge gstoji
`gbijkmïbkai oatuoe jge poakgmtg pir ei qug tobfkëm sg `o pripugsti aibi jgmkakñm aeâmkao
eo ―mgagskjoj jg tromscuskñm‒. Eo omgbko pisporti qug prgaksg tromscuskñm iaurrg gm ge ?% jg
eis portis y gm ge ?->% jg eos agsïrgos, pir ei qug auoequkgr jgmkakñm fosojo gm eo mgagskjoj jg
tromscuskñm somnuâmgo pugjg rgghor jkcgrgmakos gm eo prïatkao bëjkao `ofktuoe bïs qug gm ge
gstoji aeâmkai jg eos poakgmtgs.

Gm um kmtgmti jg aibfkmor eo prgsgmtoakñm aeâmkao aim jotis ifhgtkvis, eo `gbirronko ifstëtrkao

pugjg sgr jgmkjo bghir aibi ge somnroji gxagskvi qug priviao sâmtibos (jgfkekjoj, vërtkni,
sâmaip
sâmaipg)
g) y/i skn
sknmis
mis jg `kp
`kpivi
iviegb
egbko
ko (`kpit
(`kpitgms
gmskñm
kñm,, toq
toquka
ukaorj
orjko
ko u ie
ieknu
knurko
rko).
). Gs kbp
kbpirt
irtomt
omtgg
rgairjor qug eo boyirâo jg gstis aobfkis ømkaobgmtg iaurrkrïm auomji ge poakgmtg `oyo
pgrjkj
pgr jkji
i umo aom
aomtkj
tkjoj
oj kbp
kbpirt
irtomt
omtgg jg som
somnrg
nrg.. Auomj
Auomji i sg jgs
jgsgma
gmaojg
ojgmo
mo umo `gb
`gbir
irron
ronko
ko
ifstëtrkao, aibi gm auoequkgr auojri `gbirrïnkai,
`gbirrïnkai, gm cumakñm jge vieubgm y jg eo ropkjgz aim
eo qug sg kmstouro eo përjkjo somnuâmgo, sg prgsgmtom jkcgrgmtgs sâmtibos y sknmis aeâmkais qug
boraorom eo nrovgjoj jg eo përjkjo `gbïtkao y ge nroji jg s`ial `gbirrïnkai. Gm um gstujki
jg birfkekjoj ifstëtrkao sg jgmkñ aibi `gbirronko ifstëtrkao sgvgro eo përjkjo `gbïtkao
supgrkir o ?.744 be, eo aoâjo jg eo `gbineifkmo bïs jg : n/e, i eo tromscuskñm jg : i bïs

:
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

umkjojgs jg aimagmtroji jg `gbotâgs. Gm auomti oe tërbkmi jg `gbirronko boskvo gxkstgm

jkcgrgmtgs jgmkakimgs qug tkgmgm um voeir ekbktoji. Qg sunkgrg qug eo moturoegzo jg eo egskñm
pugjg oegrtor sifrg eo prifofkekjoj jg umo `gbirronko boskvo y qug pugjg aimskjgrorsg jg
bomgro
bom gro orf
orfktr
ktrork
orkoo aib
aibii oqu
oquge
geeo
eo skt
sktuoa
uoakñ
kñm
m gm eo qug gs mgamgagso
gsorki
rki kmc
kmcumj
umjkr
kr um vie
vieubg
ubgmm
gqukvoegmtg o ?-?,7 vieøbgmgs somnuâmgis, fkgm jg bomgro onujo i gm um pgrkiji jg 6: `iros.
Zobfkëm sg `o pripugsti jgmkr eo `gbirronko boskvo aibi eo rgpiskakñm jge 74% jge vieubgm

somnuâmgi gm bgmis jg 1 `iros, um somnroji boyir jg ?74 be/bkm i eo tromscuskñm jg bïs jg :

umkjojgs jg A@ gm umo `iro. Qg jgmg aibi tromscuskñm boskvo o eo tromscuskñm jg bïs jg ?4
umkjojgs jg aimagmtroji jg `gbotâgs (A@) gm 6: `iros i eo tromscuskñm jg bïs jg : umkjojgs
jg A@ gm umo `iro.

6. AE
AEOQ
OQKC
KCKA
KAOA
OAKÑ
KÑM
M

@iy gm jâo eo `gbirronko ifstëtrkao tijovâo aimeegvo umo gegvojo birfkbirtoekjoj aim ge
onrovomtg jg qug kmakjg sifrg umo pifeoakñm ngmgroebgmtg hivgm. Wmo jg eos aeoskaoakimgs jg
eo `gbirronko ifstëtrkao sg rgoekzo sgnøm ge bibgmti gm qug iaurrg eo `gbirronko gm rgeoakñm
oe porti. Gm eo prïatkao, auoequkgr aouso jg `gbirronko omtgporti pugjg rgsuetor gm umo
`gbirronko pisporti.

@GBIVVONKO OMZGTOVZI (@OT)8 7-3% jg ngstoakimgs Iaurrg jgspuës jg eo 6: sgbomo jg

ngstoakñm y omtgs jge porti. Bua`is aosis tkgmgm su irkngm gm potieinâo fgmknmo y mi
aimeegvom birfkekjoj botgrmi cgtoe pgri ge 74% sim jg irkngm jgsaimiakji y priviaom um
oubgmti jg portis prgboturis y prifegbos mgimotoegs y cgtoegs. Eo @OT pugjg jgrkvor gm
`gbirronko pistporti (@TT). Aousos @OT

Jgsprgmjkbkgmti jg peoagmto (JT) (?4%) Qgporoakñm jge ega`i peoagmtorki jg eo jgakjuo omtgs
jge moakbkgmti. Qg prgsgmto aibi `gbirronko vonkmoe, øtgri egÿisi y oubgmti jg eo oatkvkjoj
utgrkmo. Gm iaoskimgs mi gs vkskfeg pirqug sg oaubueo gm cirbo jg `gbotibo rgtri peoagmtorki
(kmaeusi ? o 6 ektris). Aim crgaugmako, prijuag aionueipotâo (?4%) sifrg tiji sk aigxkstg aim
bugrtg cgtoe (74%). Ge biji y ge bibgmti jge porti vkgmgm jgtgrbkmojis pir ge aibpribksi

botgrmi y cgtoe.jg
skm oetgroakimgs Qgeopugjg iptormpir
aionueoakñ
aionueoakñm umo oatktuj
mk gxkstgmako jggxpgatomtg omtg gjoj
itris prifegbos ngstoakimoe
botgrmis tgbpromo,
y cgtoegs. Oum osâ,
eo rgneo ngmgroe gs porti kmbgjkoti omtg um JT.

Eo `gbirronko pir peoagmto prgvko titoe, porakoe i bornkmoe iaurrg gm 4,1-4,7% jg eis gbforozis
sifrg tiji sk sg osiako o akaotrkz utgrkmo pir agsïrgo prgvko, akrunâo utgrkmo y peoagmto prgvko
omtgrkir. Ge sknmi aeïskai gs um somnroji vonkmoe mi jieirisi. Ge prkbgr gpksijki jg somnroji
sugeg agjgr gspimtïmgobgmtg y mi aimeegvo aibpribksi cgtoe.

Te
Teoa
oagm
gmto
to oa
oarg
rgto
to (TO)
(TO) km
kmar
argt
gtoo i pgra
pgrarg
rgto
to Eo peoa
peoagm
gmto
to oa
oarg
rgto
to,, km
kmar
argt
gtoo i pgra
pgrarg
rgto
to su
suge
gegg
jkonmistkaorsg tros eo opgrturo jge øtgri pirqug eo gainrocâo y eo VBM tkgmgm foho sgmskfkekjoj.
Eo kma
kmakjg
kjgmak
makoo jg peo
peoagm
agmto
to oar
oargto
gto vo gm oubgmt
oubgmti
i jgf
jgfkji
kji oe boyboyirir møb
møbgri
gri jg ags
agsïrg
ïrgos
os

rgoekzojos. A`ottipoj`yoy
akaotrkz eo kmakjgmako jg TO gsyjge
sus7%aieofirojirgs sgÿoeom
sk gxkstg peoagmto qug
prgvko< aimauomji ge øtgri
umo akaotrkz mi prgsgmto
jg agsïrgo prgvko
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 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

eo kmakjgmako oubgmto oe ?4% y aim bïs jg umo agsïrgo prgvko, bïs jge 74% jg eis poakgmtgs
prgsgmtom peoagmto oargto.

Vituro utgrkmo Eo gxkstgmako jg umo agsïrgo prgvko gs ge prkmakpoe coatir jg rkgsni poro eo rituro
utgrkmo (4.6%). Aim akaotrkz utgrkmo prgvko, eo rituro utgrkmo pugjg sgr kmaibpegto y mi jor jieir
skgmji eo oetgroakñm gm eo CAC ge ømkai sâmtibo humti aim aimtroaakimgs utgrkmos omïrqukaos i
`kpgrtimâo. Tugjg prgsgmtorsg tobfkëm aibi um auojri jg s`ial gm eo bojrg humti aim jieir
ofjibkmoe kmtgmsi, onuji y aimtkmui. Ge jkonmñstkai gs pir gxpeiroakñm utgrkmo bomuoe i
eoporitibâo. Mi gxkstgm jkcgrgmakos sknmkaotkvos gm auomti o birfkekjoj botgrmo mk pgrkmotoe
tomti sk eo rituro iaurrg gm øtgri aim akaotrkz i skm akaotrkz. Oumqug gs umo sktuoakñm piai
crgaugmtg supimg umo gegvojo birfkbirtoekjoj botgrmo y rgqukgrg trotobkgmti qukrørnkai
kmbgjkoti.

Soso prgvko Ge airjñm sg kmsgrto gm eo peoagmto o trovës jg eo supgrakg jg eos bgbfromos

ivueorgs. Eis vosis jge airjñm ubfkekaoe rgairrgm jgtgrbkmojo eimnktuj gmtrg eos bgbfromos
ivueorgs omtgs jg eegnor o eo peoagmto gm vgz jg kmsgrtorsg ekfrg y jkrgatobgmtg gm geeo. Eis
vosis cgtoegs gstïm pir jgeomtg jg eo prgsgmtoakñm. Eo rituro jg eos bgbfromos pugjg rgsuetor
gm um jgsnorri jg vosis cgtoegs y eegvor o um cgti gxomnõg. Qg jgfg jg sispga`or sk umo bâmkbo

përjkj
përjkjoo jgjgsom
pgqugÿi, somnrg
nrg sg oai
oaibpo
bpoÿo
oprixkbojobgmtg ÿo
674jgbe,jk
jkstr
strgss
umo gss cgt
cgtoe.
oe. Ai
pgqugÿo Aibi
bi ge jg
aomtkjoj vie
vieub
ubgm
gm som
somnuâ
somnroji nuâmgi
mgieegvor
pugjg cgtoe
cgtoeo gs
eo
bugrtg cgtoe gm umis bkmutis sk mi
m i sg rgoekzo umo agsïrgo kmbgjkotobgmtg.

Gbfieko jg eâqukji obmkñtkai Iaurrg gm ?/?4.444 gbforozis, pgri jgfg sgr bua`i bïs
crgaugmtg jg ei qug sg argâo omtgs pirqug gxkstgm cirbos ―bijgrojos‒ mi jkonmistkaojos. Qg
prgsgmto aibi aieopsi aorjkivosaueor. Qg sknug jg kmcorti/pori aorjkoai y aionueipotâo qug
pugjg kmaeusi sgr ge ømkai sâmtibo. Gm auoequkgr aosi ge porti jgfg sgr kmbgjkoti, oumqug ge
cgti gstg bugrti y sg jgfg omtkakpor eo piskfkekjoj jg um somnroji pistporti ofumjomtg.

@GBIVVONKO TIQZTOVZI (@TT)8 Eo @TT iaurrg gm oprixkbojobgmtg ge 7% jg eis portis (eo

kmakjgmako neifoe gs jg :% gm ge porti vonkmoe y 3% gm eo agsïrgo). Jgsjg eis oÿis 04 sg `ofâo

jgsarkti
ifsgrvoji umo
umbgsgto gm eogmkmakjgmako
kmargbgmti jg eo @TT,
eo bksbo jgfkji skm gbforni,
oe oubgmti o portkr
jge møbgri jgjge oÿi 6444
agsïrgos. sg `o
Eo @TT sg
aimskjgro prkborko sk iaurrg gm eos prkbgros 6: `iros jgspuës jge porti, gs bïs crgaugmtg y
iaoskimo
iaoskimo boyir birfkbi
birfkbirtoe
rtoekjoj
kjoj botgrmo y sgau
sgaumjork
mjorkoo sk iaur
iaurrg
rg jgsjg eos 6: `iros `osto eo
sgxto sgbomo pisporti. Gm eo prïatkao aeâmkao, eo voeiroakñm jg eo pgrjkjo somnuâmgo gs kmgxoato,
pir ei qug auoequkgr somnroji omirboe, tomti gm vieubgm aibi gm juroakñm tros ge porti, mis
jgfg `oagr pgmsor gm umo piskfeg @TT. Gxkstgm bua`is coatirgs jg rkgsni aimiakjis poro @TT
pgri
pgri tkgmgm
tkgmgm umo rge
rgeoak
oakñm
ñm sgm
sgmskf
skfkek
kekjoj
joj/gs
/gspga
pgaka
kakjo
kjojj bu
buyy foh
fohos
os por
poroo pij
pijgr
gr fos
fosor
or gm geeis
geeis
gstrotgnkos jg prgvgmakñm, gxagpti gm aosis jg peoagmto prgvko y peoagmto oargto.

Eos trgs aousos bïs crgaugmtgs jg @TT sim8

?.- Otimâo utgrkmo (74-34%)

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 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

6.- Teoagmto rgtgmkjo, rgstis peoagmtorkis (64-14%).

1.- Eoagroakimgs agrvkaoegs y/i vonkmoegs (?4%). Zijis geeis rgprgsgmtom oprixkbojobgmtg ge
;7% jg tijos eos aousos jg @TT.

Otimâo Wtgrkmo

Gs eo prkmakpoe aouso y eo aouso bïs crgaugmtg. Qg prijuag auomji croaoso ge bgaomksbi

skieñ
skieñnka
nkai
i jg eo aimaimtro
troaak
aakñm
ñm y rgt
rgtroa
roaakñ
akñm
m utg
utgrkm
rkmoo tro
tross eo gxp
gxpue
ueskñ
skñm
m jge cgti. Ge øtg
øtgri
ri oe
aimtrogrsg y rgtrogrsg jksbkmuyg eo supgrakg jg kbpeomtoakñm jg eo peoagmto y coakekto eo
sgporo
sgp oroakñ
akñm
m jg eo bks bksbo
bo.. Oe sgp
sgporo
ororsg
rsg tit
titoeb
oebgmt
gmtgg eo peo
peoagm
agmto
to qug
qugjom
jom bøe
bøetkp
tkpeg
egss vos
vosis
is
jgsnorrojis qug sg aibprkbgm aim eos aimtroaakimgs utgrkmos, sim eos ―eknojuros vkvkgmtgs jg
Tkmorj‒, skgmji ëstg ge bgaomksbi `gbistïtkai cumjobgmtoe poro ge aimtrie jg eo `gbirronko
pistporti. Qk coeeo, eo `gbirronko sg pgrpgtuo.

Ge jkonmñstkai jg otimâo utgrkmo sg aimskjgro sk gxkstg somnroji aimtkmui, mi jieirisi y jg

kmstouroakñm egmto oe aibkgmzi (ge øtgri jkstgmjkji pugjg sgr aopoz jg rgtgmgr bïs jg ? ektri
jg somnrg). Qg poepo um øtgri feomji y jg boyir toboÿi qug ge qug eg airrgspimjg. Eo
prgvgmakñm portg jge bomghi oatkvi jge tgragr gstojki jge porti. Eo boyir i bgmir `gbirronko
oaibpoÿomtg jgpgmjgrï jge tkgbpi qug torjg eo peoagmto gm sgpororsg y jg eo gaoako jg eos
aimtroaakimgs utgrkmos gm ge pgrkiji kmbgjkoti. Ge bomghi oatkvi jge tgragr gstojki jg porti
aimskstg gm ojiptor bgjkjos y priagjkbkgmtis qug coakektgm ge oeubfrobkgmti gm ge bgmir
tkgbpi piskfeg y oubgmtgm eos aimtroaakimgs utgrkmos. Aim geei sg rgjuag ge rkgsni jg @TT gm
bïs jg um :4%.

Ge trotobkgmti jg eo otimâo utgrkmo (mi eo prgvgmakñm) sg foso gm voakor eo vghkno y ojbkmkstror

cïrboais ixktñakais humti aim bosohg utgrkmi. Qk gstos bgjkjos mi sim gcgatkvos sg jgfgm
fusaor eoagroakimgs agrvkaoegs y/i vonkmoegs g kmkakor trotobkgmti aim pristoneomjkmos sk ge
somnroji pgrskstg.

Teoagmto Vgtgmkjo

Vgstis Teoagmtorkis Qgnumjo aouso bïs kbpirtomtg jg @TT (64-14% jg aosis). Qg kmvgstkno
skstgbïtkaobgmtg gm prkbgr eunor pirqug crgaugmtgbgmtg irknkmo y sg osiako o otimâo utgrkmo.
Qg sispga`o pirqug eo peoagmto oporgag kmaibpegto i mi iaurrg ge oeubfrobkgmti. Qg jgfg
`oagr umo gxtroaakñm bomuoe fohi omgstgsko `osto gstor sgnuris qug ge øtgri gstï voaâi i fkgm,
rgoekzor umo gxpeiroakñm bomuoe utgrkmo, gm eis aosis gm qug porgzao qug mi qugjom rgstis
peoagmtorkis.

Eoagroakimgs Agrvkaoegs y/i Sonkmoegs

Zgragro aouso jg @TT (?4% jg eis aosis), ngmgroebgmtg osiakojos o um porti kmstrubgmtoji, o
eo prgsgmako jg um cgti boarisñbkai, o um porti qug iaurrg rïpkji, omtgs jg jkeotoakñm agrvkaoe
aibpegto, i o eo rgoekzoakñm jg gpkskitibâo. Ge jkonmistkai sg `oag auomji sg `o jgsaortoji eo
gxkstgmako jg otimâo utgrkmo y eo prgsgmako rgstis peoagmtorkis rgtgmkjis. Qg gxobkmo vonkmo y
>
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

aërvkx, poro ei qug sg rgqukgrg omgstgsko. Ge jkonmñstkai aim crgaugmako gs torjâi, auomji ge
oaøbuei jg somnrg gm gspoaki pgrkvonkmoe y ciso ksqukirrgatoe gs tom kbpirtomtg qug eo
poakgmtg prgsgmto kmgstofkekjoj `gbijkmïbkao, oetgroakimgs gm eo aionueoakñm y oubgmti jge
jieir pëevkai. Eo gpkskitibâo pugjg jgrkvor gm um somnroji kbpirtomtg sk mi sg rgporo primti.

Kmvgrskñm Wtgrkmo Aibpekaoakñm roro y nrovg (?/?.444-6.744 portis)

Eo gxtgrkirkzoakñm porakoe i aibpegto jge augrpi jge øtgri o trovës jge aërvkx sg prijuag
auomji sg `oag umo troaakñm gxagskvo jge airjñm ubfkekaoe i sg opekao prgskñm ofjibkmoe
gxagskvo, sg vg covirgakjo pir eo gxkstgmako jg otimâo utgrkmo. Ge jkonmñstkai gs ifvki. Eo aeâmkao
kmaeuyg jieir ofjibkmoe, nrom përjkjo `gbïtkao g kmgstofkekjoj `gbijkmïbkao. Qg jgfg rgvgrtkr
ge øtgri jg kmbgjkoti. Qg mgagskto umo fugmo rgeohoakñm utgrkmo, sg gbpegom mktrotis gm
prkbg
prkbgro
ro eâmgo
eâmgo,, aibi
aibi tia
tiaie
ieâtk
âtkais
ais,, osi
osiako
akojis
jis o vos
vosipr
iprgsi
gsirgs
rgs pit
pitgmt
gmtgs
gs por
poroo aim
aimtro
trosto
storr eo
`kpitgmskñm.

Oetgroakimgs Jg Eo Aionueoakñm

Tug
Tugjgm
jgm sgraibi
aimnëmktos aou
aouso
soojqukrkjos
i aim
aimsga
sgaugm
ugmako
sgom ako
aousojgjgsgmaojgmomtg
@TT,
@TT, oum
oumqug
qug gsjgror
rorii qug
@TT, eos jg
oe rgvës aio
aionue
nueipo
eos ipotâo
tâosprgvkos.
aousos s tom
tomti
ti
Itro aeoskaoakñm jg eos aousos jg eo `gbirronko pistporti gs eo jgmibkmojo jg eos ―:Z‒ sgnøm
ge jgcgati jgtgatoji. Cug pripugsto
pripugsto pir eo Qiakgjoj Aomojkgmsg jg Ifstgtrkako y Nkmgaieinâo
Nkmgaieinâo y
eo rgaing eo QGNI gm sus pritiaieis. Qg utkekzo eo rgneo mgbitëamkao jg eos AWOZVI ―Z‒ poro
rgairj
rga irjor
or eos aou
aousos
sos bïs crg
crgaug
augmtg
mtgss jg @TT
@TT88 Zim
Zimi
i (ot
(otimâ
imâoo utg
utgrkm
rkmo),
o), Zghkj
Zghkji
i (rg
(rgtgm
tgmakñ
akñmm jg
prijuatis jg eo aimagpakñm), Zroubo (egskimgs jge aomoe ngmktoe) y Zribfkmo (oetgroaki
(oetgroakimgs
mgs jg eo
aionueoakñm).

Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKA
@KTISIEËBKAI
I
Gm ge porti eo buhgr gstï gxpugsto kmgvktofegbgmtg pir umo sktuoakñm jg përjkjo somnuâmgo jg

kmtgmskjoj vorkofeg.
pgrbktgm tiegror Wmo
gsto sgrkg jg
përjkjo bgaomksbis
vieëbkao skieñnkais
skm boyirgs jgsorrieeojis
aimsgaugmakos. Eosjuromtg ge gbforozi
`gbirronkos nrovgs
sim umo jg eos prkmakpoegs aousos jg bugrtg botgrmo gm tiji ge bumji. Oergjgjir jg µ jg
gsos bugrtgs iaurrgm gm ge pgrâiji pugrpgroe kmbgjkoti (prkbgros 6: `iros), eo boyirâo
jgfk
jgfkjo
jo o eo `g `gbi
birrrron
onko
ko.. Gs
Gstg
tg rk
rkgs
gsni
ni gs ?44 vgag
vgagss bo
boyi
yirr gm poâs
poâsgs
gs gm jgso
jgsorr
rrie
ieei
ei,,
aibporotkvobgmtg o eis poâsgs jgsorrieeojis. Nrom portg pijrâom sgr gvktojos, pir bghir
jkonmñstkai prgmotoe, pir bghir otgmakñm jge porti y pugrpgrki, aibi tobfkëm pir bgjkjos
gaoags jg peomkaoakñm cobkekor.

Jgcmkakñm.

Ge s`ial gs jgmkji aibi `kpipgrcuskñm jg eis tghkjis, aim jksbkmuakñm jg eo rgspkroakñm

ageueor (OAIN,
gs aousojo pir?;;>). Gm ge s`ial
eo jksbkmuakñm jge`kpivieëbkai, gsto
uhi somnuâmgi pirrgjuaakñm jgejgaimsubi
eo përjkjo jg ixângmi
nrom aomtkjoj ageueor
jg somnrg i
0
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

jg eâqukji kmtrovosaueor, gm sktuoakimgs jimjg mi `oy `gbirronko (Akorl, 644?). Eos përjkjos jg
oergjgjir jg ?4 o ?7% jge vieubgm somnuâmgi titoe mi priviaom gcgati sknmkaotkvi gm ge jëfkti
aorjkoai y prgskñm ortgrkoe (@icbgyr, 644?). Tir gmakbo jg 67% jge vieubgm somnuâmgi gm
gbforozojos sim aimskjgrojos aibi `gbirronkos nrovgs (Fimmor, 6444). Wmo `gbirronko
boskvo gs eo përjkjo jg somnrg qug rgqukgrg eo sustktuakñm jge vieubgm somnuâmgi titoe jg eo
poakgmtg i eo troscuskñm jg bïs qug ?4 umkjojgs jg somnrg gm 6: `iros (@gwktt, ?;;0< Fimmor,
6444).
Coatirgs jg rkgsni y aousoegs.

Ge rkgsni jg bugrtg botgrmo pir `gbirronko oubgmto aim eo gjoj, prkmakpoebgmtg pir gmakbo
jg 17 oÿi
oÿiss (Fi
(Fimmo
mmor,
r, 64
6444)
44) y gm bobojrg
jrgss omë
omëbk
bkaos
aos mi air
airrgn
rgnkjo
kjoss jur
juromt
omtgg eo ngs
ngstoa
toakñm
kñm
(Nukeegspkg, ?;;0). Gm pifeoakimgs kmjkngmtgs jg Obërkao y ge Aorkfg eo omgbko cgrripëmkao gm
eos gbforozojos gs buy oeto (gmtrg ge 64% o 74%) (Aoevi, 644?).

Aousos

Eos prkmakpoegs aousos jg `gbi

`gbirronko
rronko nrovg gm ifstgtrkak
ifstgtrkakoo sim8


Jgsprgmjkbkgmti
Teoagmto prgvko. prgboturi jg eo peoagmto mirboebgmtg kmsgrtojo.
 Gbforozi gxtroutgrkmi.
 Ofirti.
 @gbirronkos gm ge oeubfrobkgmti (tgragr pgrâiji jge porti) y pugrpgroegs.
 Vupturo utgrkmo.
 @gbirronkos kmtroipgrotirkos.
 Teoagmto oargto.
Ge oargtksbi peoagmtorki oubgmtñ su kmakjgmako pir ge ofusi jg priagjkbkgmtis aibi eos
ipgroakimgs agsïrgos y ge aurgtohg. Itros aousos, bïs roros, kmaeuygm ge `gbotibo `gpïtkai, eo
coeeoo `gpït
coee `gpïtkao
kao rgau
rgaurrgmt
rrgmtgg jge `âno
`ânoji
ji nros
nrosi,
i, eo gbfi
gbfieko
eko pir eâquk
eâqukji
ji obmk
obmkñtkai
ñtkai,, pomar
pomargotk
gotktks
tks

onujo, troubos, gta.

Bgaomksbis cskieñnkais jg ojoptoakñm
Eos bij
bijka
kaoak
oakimg
imgss jge irn
irnomk
omksbi
sbi bot
botgrm
grmii jurom
juromtg
tg ge gb
gbfor
forozi
ozi sim kbpir
kbpirtom
tomtgs
tgs por
poroo
aibpgmsor eo përjkjo somnuâmgo jge porti. Wmo ngstomtg mirboe tkgmg um vieubgm jg 3-> ektris
oe moe jge gbforozi, ei qug airrgspimjg o aosk ?4% jg su pgsi y o ?-6 ektris bïs qug um ojueti
mirboe. Gstg `ga`i y ge oubgmti jg prijuaakñm jg coatirgs jg eo aionueoakñm sim bgaomksbis
pritgatirgs aimtro eo `gbirronko. Gm ngmgroe, eos `gbirronkos jg 744 o ?444 be sim tiegrojos.
Gstïm osiakojos o pgqugÿos bijkaoakimgs jg eis mkvgegs tgmskimoegs y jge jëfkti urkmorki
(@icbgyr, 644?). Gm eos `gbirronkos omtgs jge porti, oumqug mi sg prgsgmtgm sgÿoegs jg
jgsaibpgmsoakñm, ge ifstgtro tgmjrï qug prgiauporsg pir ge cgti, pugs eo ixkngmoakñm cgtoe

jksbkmuyg aim eo rgjuaakñm jge vieubgm bkmuti aorjkoai jg eo bojrg.

;
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Eos aot
aotgai
gaieob
eobkmo
kmoss oub
oubgmt
gmtom
om eo rgs
rgskst
kstgma
gmako
ko gm eos ort
ortgrk
grkieo
ieoss gsp
gspkro
kroeoj
eojos
os jg eo peo
peoagm
agmto,
to,
jksbkmuygmji oøm bïs eo ixkngmoakñm cgtoe.

Ckskipotieinâo8

Eo prkmakpoe aouso jg s`ial gm ifstgtr

ifstgtrkako
kako gs eo `kpiviegbko sgaumjorko o eo `gbirronko,
`gbirronko, qug
rgjuag eo prgskñm jg pgrcuskñm skstëbkao y ge rgtirmi vgmisi, priviaomji rgjuaakñm jge jëfkti
aorjâoai.

Gsto rgjuaakñm vieëbkao priviao oetgroakimgs gm eos ortgrkieos y gm eos vëmueos, bgjkojos pir ge
QMA y bgaomksbis mgurigmjiarkmis, aousomji kmkakoebgmtg umo rgjuaakñm jge 46 ortgrkoe.
Trijua
Trijuakgm
kgmji
ji umo rgj rgjua
uaakñ
akñm
m oag
oagmtu
mtuojo
ojo y ngm
ngmgro
groekz
ekzojo
ojo jg eo ic
icgrt
grtoo jg ix
ixâng
ângmi
mi y it
itris
ris
mutrkgmtgs o eis tghkjis, priviaomji egskñm ageueor.

Eo `kpixko ageueor kmjuag ge aobfki jge bgtofieksbi ogrifki poro omogrifki, aim oubgmti jg
eo prijuaakñm jg eoatoti y oakjisks. Gm gstojkis kmkakoegs eos egskimgs ageueorgs sim rgvgrskfegs.
Auomji sg prieimno i onrovo ge s`ial, eos aëeueos sg tirmom kmaopoags jg utkekzor gmgrnâo,

pgrjkgmji
eegvomji o eosubugrtg
kmtgnrkjoj, aim rupturo jg eksisibos y ekfgroakñm jg gmzkbos outi jkngstkvos,
ageueor.

Juromtg eo `kpixgbko `oy oubgmti jg eis aopkeorgs pgrcumjkjis y vosijkeotoakñm ortgrkieos,

jgsgma
jgs gmaojg
ojgmoj
mojis
is pir bgj
bgjkoj
kojirg
irgss eiaoe
eiaoegs,
gs, oub
oubgmt
gmtomj
omji i eo ao
aopoa
poakjo
kjoj
j jg rgsrgskst
kstgma
gmako
ko o eo
`kpixgbko. Auomji gsto oeaomzo mkvgegs arâtkais, `oy um oubgmti skstëbkai jg eo oatkvkjoj
ojrgmë
ojrgmërnk
rnkao,
ao, prkvke
prkvkegnk
gnkomj
omji
i ge uhi
uhi jge agr
agrgfr
gfri,
i, air
airozñ
ozñm
m y sup
supror
rorrgm
rgmoeg
oegs.
s. Eo priprijua
juaakñ
akñm
m
gmgrnëtkao gstï prinrgskvobgmtg aibpribgtkjo. Aim eo gvieuakñm jge auojri, eos bktiaimjrkos
sg cr
cron
onbg
bgmt
mtom
om y eo prij
prijua
uaak
akñm
ñm gm
gmgr
grnë
nëtk
tkao
ao agso
agso.. Eo aëeu
aëeueo
eo pk
pkgr
grjg
jg eo ao aopo
poak
akjo
jojj jg
bomtgmkbk
bomtg mkbkgmti
gmti jge bgjki kmtgrmi y eo kmtg
kmtgnrkjo
nrkjoj j jg eos jkvgr
jkvgrsos
sos bgbfrom
bgbfromos,os, sucrkg
sucrkgmji
mji um
rïpkji priagsi jg mgarisks (Olobkmg, ?;;0).

Gm eos cosgs
prgskñm kmkakoegs
vgmiso `oy jksbkmuakñm
agmtroe, jge vieubgmjg eo prgskñm
y trofohi jgortgrkoe,
gygaakñm jgejge
vieubgm bkmuti
airozñm, jg eoaorjâoai, jgjg
soturoakñm eo
ixângmi gm eo somnrg vgmiso y jge aimsubi jg ixângmi. Eo poakgmtg tiegro eos përjkjos `osto
akgrti
akgrti pu pumti
mti,, o tro
trovës
vës jg sus bg bgaom
aomksb
ksbis
is aib
aibpgm
pgmsot
sotirk
irkis.
is. O por
portkr
tkr jg gmtgmtima
imags,
gs, sk eo
`gbirronk
`gbi rronkoo mi gs aimtraimtrieoj
ieojo,
o, pgqug
pgqugÿos
ÿos përjk
përjkjos
jos pugj
pugjgm gm priv
priviaor
iaor nromj
nromjgs gs oetg
oetgroaki
roakimgs,
mgs,
argïmjisg um akaei vkakisi jg mgarisks ageueor y vosiaimstrkaakñm, qug priviaom ksqugbko jg eis
ñrnomis, përjkjo jg eo kmtgnrkjoj jg eos bgbfromos jg eis aopkeorgs y përjkjo oum boyir jge
eâqukji kmtrovosaueor. Ge s`ial gs um jksturfki prinrgskvi sk mi gs feiqugoji. Ovomzo pir
gstojkis skipotieñnkais, pugsti qug eis bgaomksbis jge augrpi fusaom aibfotkr eo përjkjo
onujo jg eo somnrg (Akorl, 644?). Qg gstkbo qug eo jgsaibpgmsoakñm `gbijkmïbkao y ge s`ial
iaurrom aim përjkjos mi aibpgmsojos oergjgjir jg 67% o 14% jge vieubgm somnuâmgi titoe
(OAIN, ?;;>). Auomji ge jëfkti aorjâoai gstï oergjgjir jg :4% jge mirboe, eo poakgmtg pugjg
sifrgv
sif rgvkvk
kvkrr pir pia
piaos
os `ir
`iros.
os. Auo
Auomji
mji eo prg
prgskñ
skñm
m ort
ortgrk
grkoe
oe aog bu bua`i
a`i,',' ge uh
uhi
i som
somnuâ
nuâmgi
mgi

?4
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

airimorko
airimo rkomi
mi jks
jksbkm
bkmuyg
uyg jgf
jgfohi
ohi jge mga
mgagso
gsorki
rki por
poroo eo ojg
ojgauo
auojo
jo mut
mutrka
rkakñm
kñm jge bki
bkiaor
aorjki
jki,,
rgsuetomji gm jgprgskñm aorjâoao, jksbkmuakñm jg su trofohi y oøm boyir jg eo prgskñm ortgrkoe
(@icbgyr, 644?).

Bgaomksbis aibpgmsotirkis y bgjkojirgs jge s`ial.

Gm ge s`ial `gbirrïnkai iaurrg oatkvoakñm jg bgaomksbis mgurigmjiarkmis aibpgmsotirkis,

qug pugjgm onrovor eis gcgatis jg eo `kpiviegbko. Qk mi sg airrkngm, gstis priagsis eegvom
rïpkjobgmtg o eo `kpitgmskñm, `kpipgrcuskñm, `kpixko y bugrtg (Akorl, 644?).

Osâ, iaurrgm vosiaimstrkaakñm pgrkcërkao, oubgmti jg eo oatkvkjoj aorjkoao, jg eo prijuaakñm jg

`irbi
`ir bimo
mo omt
omtkjk
kjkurë
urëtka
tkao,
o, airtk
airtksie
sie,, oej
oejist
istgri
grimo
mo y ao
aotga
tgaieo
ieobkm
bkmos
os (OA
(OAIN
IN,, ?;
?;;>
;>).
). Qk gst
gstos
os
oetgroakimgs sim kmtgmsos, pugjg `ofgr rgjuaakñm jg eo pgrcuskñm jg ñrnomis "mi vktoegs",
gstofegakgmji uhi prgcgrgmakoe poro bkiaorjki y agrgfri. Auomji eo prgskñm skstñekao aog pir
jgfohi jg >4 bb @n, ge uhi jg gstis ñrnomis tobfkëm gstï aibpribgtkji
aibpribgtkji..

Bomkgstoakimgs aeâmkaos.

Jgpgmjgm jg eo kmtgmskjoj jg eo përjkjo vieëbkao, jg itros aibpekaoakimgs osiakojos i

jgpg
jgpgmj
mjkg
kgmt
mtgs
gs jg
jgee s`
s`ia
ial,
l, jg eis
eis bg
bgao
aomk
mksb
sbis
is aibp
aibpgm
gmso
soti
tirk
rkis
is y jg eo gcga
gcgatk
tkvk
vkjo
joj
j jge
jge
trotobkgmti (Qg bugstro gm ge sknukgmtg auojri).

BOMKCGQZOAKIMGQ
BOMKCGQZOAKIMGQ AEÂMKAOQ JGE Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Omskgjoj, aimcuskñm bgmtoe, jgekrki,

kmqukgtuj, rgjuaakñm jge mkvge jg
QMA aimakgmako.
Qknmis y sâmtibos
Qkstgbo rgspkrotirki Vgspkroakñm airto, jksmgo,
`kpgrvgmtkeoakñm

Qkstgbo ao
aorjkivosaueor Toepktoakimgs

Tkge Crâo, poekjgz

Oporoti nostrikmtgstkmoe Qgj, opgtkti pir soe

Oporoti urkmorki Vgjuaakñm jge jëfkti urkmorki, ieknurko,

omurko.

(Qgnøm @iemgyr, 644?.)

Ge jkonmñstkai jg `kpiviegbko mi gs cïake8 oubgmti jg eo CA (=14 eot. /bkm), `kpitgmskñm y

buaisos pïekjos pugjgm mi oporgagr aeorobgmtg.
aeorobgmtg. Eo toqukaorjko g `kpitgmskñm, skm gbforni
gbforni,,

??
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

sim eis prkmakpoegs `oeeoznis (Qkffoej, 644?). Eo tgbpgroturo airpiroe aog pir eo rgjuaakñm jge
bgtofieksbi. @oy jgfkekjoj busaueor pir eo foho ixkngmoakñm y oaubuei jg eoatoti gm eis
bøsaueis. Jksturfkis bgmtoegs g kmqukgtuj iaurrgm aim ge onrovobkgmti jge s`ial, eegnomji o
umo sktuoakñm jg kmaimsakgmako. Mi `oy aimtrie vosibitir y jg eo rgspkroakñm y ge jëfkti
urkmorki jksbkmuyg. Aibpekaoakimgs aibi jgsprgmjkbkgmti peoagmtorki pugjgm onrovor oøm
bïs ge auojri.

Gxkstgm bua`os aeoskaoakimgs jge s`ial `kpivieëbkai

`kpivieëbkai,, aimskjgromji eo përjkjo somnuâmgo y
tobfkëm su prinrgskñm. Qkm gbforni, eo jg bïs utkekjoj prïatkao gs eo fosojo gm eo nrovgjoj jg
eos bomkcgstoakimgs aeâmkaos. Cosg prkborko prgaiz i torjâo, y sgaumjorko (sg bugstro gm ge
sknukgmtg auojri).

AEOQKCKAOAKÑM JGE Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI QGNØM BOMKCGQZOAKIMGQ

AEÂMKAOQ
QKNMI Q@IAL TVKBOVKI Q@IAL QGAWMJOVKI
AEÂMKAI
TVGAIX ZOVJÂO

Gstoji bgmtoe Oegrto y omskiso Aimcuskñm Aibo

Ospgati Mirboe y aoekgmtg Tïekjo y crâo Akomñtkao y crâo
ngmgroe
Trgskñm @kpi
pitg
tgms
mskñ
kñm
m eg
egvg
vg @k
@kpi
pittgm
gmsk
skñ
ñm @kpitgmskñm nrovg
ortgrkoe bijgrojo
Qkstgbo Zoq
oquukpm
pmggo egv
gvgg Zoqu
oqukp
kpmg
mgoo Zoqu
Zoqukkpmg
mgoo y akomi
komissks
rgspkrotirki
Jëfkti 14-34be/` (4,7- 14 be/` ( 4,7 Omurko
urkmorki ?,4be/`) be/ln/`)

Vgspugsto jg ojbkmkstroakñm jg vieubgm8

Trgskñm Oubgmti Oubgmti Mi rgspimjg
ortgrkoe Oubgmti jksargti Mi rgspimjg
Jëfkti Oubgmti
urkmorki jksargti
(Ziboji jg OAIN, ?;;>.)

Jkonmñstkai

Eis sknmis vktoegs, aibi eo prgskñ

prgskñmm ortgrkoe y eo crgaugmako aorjkoao
aorjkoao sim eis porïbgtris kmkakoegs
kmkakoegs
usojis. Ge rgaimiakbkgmti prgaiz jge s`ial pugjg sgr jkcâake, oum gm prgsgmako jg `gbirronko
sknmkaotkvo, jgfkji o eis bgaomksbis aibpgmsotirkis qug gmtrom gm oaakñm gm buhgrgs somos.
Tërjkjos pir gmakbo jg 14% jge vieubgm somnuâmgi titoe prgsgmtom sgÿoegs jg coeeo irnïmkao
bøetkpeg. Ge ifhgtkvi gs kmtgmtor rgaimiagr gstos cosgs, omtgs jge jgsorrieei jg coeeo irnïmkao.
Ojgbïs, gs kbpirtomtg bghiror eo pgrcuskñm jg eis tghkjis gvktomji eos aibpekaoakimgs jg eo

rgpiskakñ
rgpiskakñm
m vieë
vieëbkao
bkao (^kesim
(^kesim,, 6441
6441).
). Oenum
Oenumis
is bëti
bëtijis
jis poro ge jkon
jkonmñstk
mñstkai
ai sim eo prgsk
prgskñm
ñm
vgmiso agmtroe, prgskñm aopkeor puebimor y ortgrkoe bgjko, ojgbïs jge ixângmi, jkcgrgmako jg
?6
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

fosgs y eoatoti peosbïtkai. Auomji ge s`ial gs pir umo përjkjo gxtgrmo, ge jkonmñstkai gs
ifvki, pgri `oy um nrom grrir oe gstkbor vksuoebgmtg ge vieubgm jg somnrg pgrjkji. Qk ge s`ial
iaurrg kmgspgrojobgmtg juromtg ge trofohi jg porti i o pistgrkirk, skm aouso oporgmtg, sg jgfg
sispga`or jg gbfieko pir eâqukji obmkñtkai.

Qim mgagsorkis eis rgsuetojis jg `gbineifkmo, `gbotiarkti, rgaugmti jg peoqugtos, tgst jg

aionueoakñm, prugfo aruzojo jg somnrg, gegatrñektis, urgo y argotkmkmo. Itris arktgrkis poro ge
jkonmñstkai sim jëfkti aorjâoai fohi, soturoakñm vgmiso jg ixkngmi gegvojo, eoatoti gegvoji y
p@ fohi (Olobkmg gt oe., ?;;0).

Oe kmkaki jg umo `gbirronko boskvo iaurrg jksbkmuakñm jg eo prgskñm ortgrkoe, jg eo prgskñm

vgmiso agmtroe (TSA), jg eo prgskñm jg aopkeor puebimor (TAT) y jg eo soturoakñm jg 46 jg eo
somnrg vgmiso.

Bomghi urngmtg.

Qg jgfg gstofegagr jg kmbgjkoti umo i jis vâos kmtrovgmisos jg nrugsi aoekfrg poro pgrbktkr
umo rïpkjo ojbkmkstroakñm jg sieuakimgs arkstoeikjgs y jg somnrg. Gs kbpirtomtg rgstofegagr eo
akraueoakñm, eo pgrcuskñm jg eis tghkjis y aimtrieor eo `gbirronko. Gm eo gbforozojo, ge jgaøfkti
jirsoee `irk
jirso `irkzimto
zimtoee pugjg privia
priviaor
or aibp
aibprgsk
rgskñm
ñm jg eo aovo kmcgrki
kmcgrkir,
r, y gbpg
gbpgiror
iror ge rgti
rgtirmi
rmi
vgmisi, gcgati nrovg poro ge cgti y poro eo bojrg. Qg jgfg bomtgmgr ge jgaøfkti eotgroe jg pir
ei bgmis 14´.

Tugjgm sgr mgagsorkos umo sgrkg jg bgjkjos corboaieñnkaos, qukrørnkaos y aibi bomkifros
ifstëtrkaos. Eos jis bgjkjos gsgmakoegs kmkakoegs sim eo ixkngmoakñm botgrmo y eo rgpiskakñm
vieëbkao8

o) Eo ojbkmkstroakñm jg 0 o ?4 ektris jg 46 pir bkmuti gs øtke poro rgtorjor eo kmstoeoakñm jg eo

`kpixko jg eis tghkjis (Aeorl, 644?).

Qâ eo ixkngmoakñm aimtkmøo prgaorko, jgfg rgoekzorsg eo kmtufoakñm iri troqugoe y eo vgmtkeoakñm

bgaïmkao.
f) Eo itro prkirkjoj gs eo rgpiskakñ
rgpiskakñm
m rïpkjo jg vieubgm, oe bksbi tkgbpi
tkgbpi qug sg kmstktuygm
bgjkjos poro bomutgmakñm jg eos cumakimgs vktoegs y aimtrie jg eo `gbirronko.

Oumqug ge cgti gstë vkvi, eo prkirkjoj gs eo bojrg, pugs osâ sg pugjg bghiror eo aimjkakñm cgtoe.
Eis pria
priagjkb
gjkbkgmti
kgmtiss kmkakoeg
kmkakoegss gsgmakoe
gsgmakoegs
gs sim8 osgnuror umo vâo vgmiso ojgauo
ojgauojojo y gxtro
gxtrogr
gr
somnrg poro eis gxïbgmgs mgagsorkis y skgbprg qug sgo piskfeg, bomtgmgr eis bkgbfris
kmcgrkirgs gegvojis.

Ge Aiegnki Obgrkaomi jg Ifstgtrkako y Nkmgaiein

Nkmgaieinâo
âo (OAIN, ?;;>) utkekzo umo rgneo mgbitëamkao¾8
"IVJGV"8

• Ixkngmor.

?1
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

• Vgstofegagr ge vieubgm akraueotirk

akraueotirki.
i.

• Jrinos- utkekzor.

• Gvoeuor.

• Vgsievgr ge prifegbo fïskai.

Ge usi jg jrinos vosioatkvos gs piai crgaugmtg y jgfgm utkekzorsg aibi øetkbi rgaursi. Eo
jipo bkmo, o jisks fohos (?-1 ·n/ln/bkm) oatkvom rgagptirgs fgto ojrgmërnkais, aousomji
vosijkeotoakñm y oubgmti jge uhi rgmoe, bgsgmtërkai, airimorki y agrgfroe. Jisks kmtgrbgjkos
(1-?4
(1-?4 ·n/l
·n/ln/bk
n/bkm)
m) oatk
oatkvom
vom rgag
rgagptirg
ptirgss fgto ojrg
ojrgmërnk
mërnkais,
ais, aim oubg
oubgmti
mti jg eo aimt
aimtroatk
roatkekjoj
ekjoj
bkiaïrjkao y bghiro jg eo cumakñm aorjâoao. Jisks oetos (pir gmakbo jg ?4 ·n/ln/bkmR oatkvom
rgag
rgagpt
ptir
irgs
gs oe
oeco
co oj
ojrg
rgmë
mërn
rnka
kais
is,, aim
aim vo
vosi
siai
aims
mstr
trka
kaak
akñm
ñm (k(kma
maeu
eusi
si jge
jge øtgr
øtgri
i y akakra
raue
ueoa
oakñ
kñm
m
utgripeoagmtorko).

Vgpiskakñm vieëbkao. Gs umi jg eis pumtis bïs kbpirtomtgs jge trotobkgmti yo qug ge
irnomksbi tiegro bghir eo omgbko qug eo `kpiviegbk
`kpiviegbkoo (@icbgyr, 644?).

Gm ge s`ial, ojgbïs jg eo përjkjo jg somnrg, iaurrg tobfkëm oetgroakñm jg eo pgrbgofkekjoj

aopkeor, aim soekjo jg ekqukjos poro ge kmtgrstkaki. Tir gsi sim mgagsorkis nromjgs vieøbgmgs
poro gstofkekzor o eo poakgmtg, boyirgs qug eo përjkjo somnuâmgo gstkbojo.

Gm sktuoakimgs gxtrgbos, sk mi sg aimiag ge nrupi somnuâmgi i mi sg jkspimg jg somnrg jge

nrupi jg eo poakgmtg, sg ipto pir eo troscuskñm jg somnrg tkpi I V` mgnotkvi, pgri `oy boyir
rkgsni jg rgoaakimgs tromscuskimoegs.

Ge "e
"eâqu
âqukji
kji kjg
kjgoe"
oe" sgr
sgrâo
âo oqu
oquge
ge qug puj
pujkgr
kgroo pri
pripir
piraki
akimor
mor gxp
gxpoms
omskñm
kñm rïp
rïpkjo
kjo y jur
jurojg
ojgro
ro jge
vieubgm peosbïtkai, bghiromji eos vorkofegs `gbijkmïbkaos, trospirtg y aimsubi jg 46,
mirboe
mirboekzo
kzomji
mji eis mkv
mkvge
gegs
gs jg eoa
eoatot
toti
i y air
airrkn
rknkgm
kgmji
ji eo oak
oakjis
jisks
ks kmt
kmtroa
roageu
geueor
eor,, skm pri
privia
viaor
or
aibpekaoakimgss gm itris sgatirgs (Cgrmomjgs, ?;;0).
aibpekaoakimg

Toro rgsto
rgstofegag
fegagrr ge vieu
vieubgm
bgm 'kmt
'kmtrovos
rovosaueo
aueor,
r, sg usom sieuaki
sieuakimgs
mgs arkst
arkstoeik
oeikjgs
jgs (ksi
(ksitñmk
tñmkaos
aos i
`kpgrtñmkaos) y sieuakimgs
sieuakimgs aieikjgs (pritgka
(pritgkaos
os y mi pritgkaos). Eo bghir gvkjgmako jkspi
jkspimkfeg
mkfeg
opumto poro ge usi jg arkstoeikjgs (Omjgrsim, 6444), rgairjomji qug gsis ekqukjos, umo vgz
ojbkmkstrojis, pgrbomgagm gm pgqugÿo aomtkjoj gm ge gspoaki kmtrovosaueor, ei qug pugjg
priviaor gjgbo kmtgrstkakoe (Fimmor, 6444).

Eos sieuakimgs arkstoeikjgs sim8

• Ksitñmkaos. Eis sugris aibumgs (skieñnkai,'Vkmngr skbpegs i eoatoti), prkbgro eâmgo jg
tgropk
tgropkoo gm poapoakgm
kgmtgs
tgs aim s`i
s`ial
al `kp
`kpivi
ivieëb
eëbkai
kai.. Jgf
Jgfgm
gm sgr Kmc
Kmcumj
umjkj
kjis
is rïpkjo
rïpkjobgm
bgmtg
tg por
poroo
rgaupgror eo prgskñm ortgrkoe (Akorl, 644?). Oumqug bghirom ge trospirtg jg 46, priviaom gjgbo
kmtgrstkakoe, gbpgiromji eo ixkngmoakñm ageueor.

?:
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Gm eis aosis jg `gbirronko aim përjkjo onujo jg oprixkbojobgmtg 67% jg eo viegbko, sg jgfg
ojbkmkstror sieuakñm ksitñmkao. Eo rgpiskakñm jg arkstoeikjgs jgfg sgr ge trkpeg jg vieubgm
pgrjkji. Osâ, sk eo buhgr prgsgmto sgÿoegs y skm tibos jg `kpiviegbko, eo përjkjo jg somnrg
jgfg sgr supgrkir o ?444 be y, gmtimags, eo rgpiskakñm jg sieuakñm soekmo ksitñmkao jgfgrï sgr
jg 1444 be. Qk eo përjkjo onujo gs supgrkir o 67%, ojbkmkstror arkstoeikjgs y aieikjgs.

• @kpgrtñmkaos. Ge aimagpti jg rgsuaktoakñm aim rïpkjo

Kmcuskñm jg pgqugÿo jisks jg sieuakñm jg AKMo `kpgrtñmkao cug jgcgmjkji aibi tgropko kmkakoe
poro s`ial `kpivieëbkai `oag jis jëaojos (Moloyobo, ?;0:). Gs fosojo gm eo bivkekzoakñm
kmbgjkoto jg ukji o trovës jg um nrojkgmtg isbñtkai gmtrg ge aibportkbkgmti kmtrovosaueor g
Kmtgrstkakoe. Trijuag gcgatis rïpkjis, aim bgmir vieubgm kmcumjkji, ei gs øtke gm eo gbgrngmako
`gbirrïnkao. Gs mgagsorko boyir gvkjgmako poro pijgr rgaibgmjor gsto prïatkao (@icbgyr,
644?).

Eos sieuakimgs aieikjgs sim8

• Tritëkaos. Oef
Oeføbk
øbkmo
mo y peo
peosbo
sbo crg
crgsai
sai aimng
aimngeoj
eoji.
i. Eo oef
oeføbk
øbkmo
mo pri
privia
viaoo umo rgs
rgspug
pugsto
sto
`gbi
`gbijk
jkmï
mïbk
bkao
ao bgbghi
hirr qug
qug eis
eis arks
arksto
toei
eikj
kjgs
gs,, pgri
pgri pugj
pugjgg ao
aous
usor
or `k `kpi
piao
aoea
eagb
gbko
ko g
`kpifrkmingmgbko aibi gcgatis aieotgroegs y gs aistiso (Oejgrsim gt oe., 6444). Ge peosbo
crgsai aimngeoji jgfg sgr usoji poro rgpiskakñm jg coatirgs jg aionueoakñm y mi aibi
gxpomsir jg vieubgm, pir ge rkgsni jg oeikmbumkzoakñm aimtro omtângmis jge skstgbo @EO y jg
trosbkskñm jg kmcgaakimgs.

• Mi pritgkaos. Ngeotkmos y jgxtromis. Eos ngeotkmos tkgmgm rkgsni jg jgsgmaojgmor rgoaakimgs

omoeïatkaos. Tgrbomgagm gm ge peosbo pir :-7 `iros. Eis jgxtromis jgsorrieeom prgskñm
aieikjisbñtkao qug gs ge jifeg jg eo oeføbkmo, aim aisti bgmir, pgri pugjg iaurrkr gjgbo
pir jgpegakñm pritgkao kmtrovosaueor.

Aibpekaoakimgs. Ngmgroebgmtg sim jgfkjos o eo rgpiskakñm vieëbkao gxagskvo y sg jgfg o eo

sifrgaorno akraueotirko i oe gjgbo kmtgrstkakoe8 kmsuakgmako aorjkoao, sâmjribg jg omnustko
rgspkrotirko jge ojueti, âegi poroeâtkai, gta.
• Vgpiskakñm jg `gbi-aibpimgmtgs. Qâ mi sg einro rgspugsto aim eo kmcuskñm jg 1444 be jg
sugri skieñnkai, pgmsor gm umo `gbirronko aim përjkjo jg 64-67% jge vieubgm jg somnrg
titoe, airrgspimjkgmtg o ?444-?744 be. Mi sg ojbktg umo botgrmkjoj qug mi tgmno um sgrvkaki
jg `gb
`gbitg
itgrop
ropko
ko eiaoe
eiaoe i buy prñprñxkb
xkbo,
o, ofk
ofkgrt
grti
i 6: `ir
`iros
os y qug nor
noromt
omtkag
kag umo tro
troscu
scuskñ
skñm
m
somnuâ
som nuâmgo
mgo oe bïx
bïxkbi
kbi gm 14 bk bkmut
mutis
is jgs
jgspuë
puëss jg si
sieka
ekakto
ktoji,
ji, aim tij
tijos
os eos pru
prugfo
gfoss jg
aibpotkfkekjoj y sgrieinâos rgoekzojos (VAIN, ?;;:). Gm eo oatuoekjoj, eo somnrg titoe mi gs
usojo, pgri sk sus croaakimgs i aibpimgmtgs. Eo kjgo gs rgpimgr ei qug coeto. Gm gbgrngmakos,
gs cumjobgmtoe aimiagr rïpkjobgmtg ge tkpi jg eo somnrg, bomtgmgr ojgauojos eo tgbpgroturo
y vgeiakjoj jg kmcuskñm jge `gbi-aibpimgmtg.

?7
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

• Aimagmtroji jg neñfueis rihis.

rihis . Jgspuës jg eo bghiro aim ge usi jg arkstoeikjgs, eo rgpiskakñm
jg som
somnrg
nrg jgfgr
jgfgrïï sgr fosoj
fosojoo gm eis
eis jot
jotis
is aeâmk
aeâmkais
ais,, mkv
mkvge
gegs
gs jg `gb
`gbine
ineifk
ifkmo
mo (5F n/je} y
`gbotiarkti (567%). Ge ifhgtkvi gs bomtgmgr ge `gbotiarkti gmtrg 67-14% (aojo umkjoj jg
aimagmtroji jg, `gbotâgs oubgmto eo `gbineifkmo gm?, 7 n y ge `gbotiarkti gm 1%).

• Teosbo rgsai aimngeoji (TCA). Qkrvg poro eo rgpiskakñm jg coatirgs jg aionueoakñm, auomji
yo cu
cugro
gromm tro
troscu
scumjk
mjkjos
jos vor
vorkos
kos umk
umkjoj
jojgs
gs jg neñ
neñfue
fueis
is rih
rihis
is i pgr
pgrsks
skstgm
tgm oetgro
oetgroaki
akimgs
mgs jg
aionueoakñm. Qg pijrï `oagr, aibi bëtiji prïatkai y sgmakeei jg gvoeuoakñm jg eo aionueoakñm,
pir bgjki jge tgst jg ^kgmgr8 sg aiegatom ?4 be jg somnrg gm um tufi sgai y sg aieiao gm
gstuco o 1>´A i aoegmtobkgmti bomuoe, jghor gm rgpisi pir ?4 bkmutis. Qâ ge aiïnuei gs rbg y
gstofeg, ge frkmñngmi gs supgrkir o ?44 bn/je y ge rkgsni jg aionueipotâo gs pgqugÿi. Qk eo
cirboakñm gs jëfke i sk sg jksugevg, gbpgzor ge trotobkgmti. Gstg tgst mi sg hustkao jimjg eis
gxïbg
gxïbgmgs
mgs eof
eofiro
irotir
tirkoe
koegs
gs sim rïprïpkji
kjiss y gakg
gakgmtg
mtgs.
s. Gsq
Gsqugb
ugboo jg utkek
utkekzoa
zoakñ
kñmm jge peo
peosbo
sbo
aimngeoji8 jisks jg otoqug gs ?4 be/ln jg pgsi< bomtgmkbkgmti jg ?4-14 be/ln/jâo, jkvkjkji gm
: jisks. Toro aojo : i 7 fiesos jg aimagmtroji jg NV, sg rgaibkgmjo troscumjkr
troscumjkr umo jg TCA.

• Aimagmtroji jg peoqugtos.
peoqugtos. Eo troscuskñm jg peoqugtos jgfg sgr rgo
rgoekzojo
ekzojo sñei sâ ge aimtgi gs
bgmir qug 64.444/bb1, i auomji gs 5 74.444/bb1 y eo poakgmtg gstï somnromji, i sâ gs
sibgtkjo o um priagjkbkgmti qukrørnkai. Gm gstg aosi gs aimvgmkgmtg ojbkmkstror peosbo'
crgsai aimngeoji.

Jisks8 ?W/? I ln jg pgsi ? i 6 pir jâo (aojo fieso oubgmto ge møbgri gm 7444-?4.444 peoqugtos
pir umkjoj troscumjkjo).

• Arkiprgakpktoji. Gm poakgmtgs ifstëtrkaos, ge usi jg arkiprgakpktoji gs kmcrgaugmtg y su

prkmakpoe kmjkaoakñm gs gm ge aimtrie jg eo AKJ. Ge ifhgtkvi gs oubgmtor eo aimagmtroakñm jg
frkmñngmi. Qâ gstg gs 5 74 bn% i sk ge ge trotobkgmti mi sg airrkng aim ge usi j
jgg TCA, rgoekzor
kmcuskñm jg arkiprgakpktoji ? W/>- ?4 ln/jâo.

Aimtrie jg eo `gbirronko. Ge aimtrie jge somnroji gs bgjkjo ifvko y ifeknotirko. Mi skgbprg gs

piskfeg um aimtrie jgmktkvi, prkmakpoebgmtg gm eis bibgmtis kmkakoegs. Bgjkjos tgbpirorkos
pugjgm sgr øtkegs, jgpgmjkgmji jg eos aimjkakimgs ¾jge eunor, aouso y sktuoakñm jg eo poakgmtg.
Gs cumjobgmtoe gvoeuor eo `kstirko y rgoekzor gxobgm câskai, kmaeuygmji gxobgm vonkmoe, yo qug
`oy aimjkakimgs jge augeei (eoagroakimgs, aïmagr) y vonkmo (vorkags, eoagroakimgs, tubirgs) qug
pugjgm sgr ge irkngm jg eo `gbirronko. Eos cirbos jg aimjuaakñm jg eos poakgmtgs aim peoagmto
prgvko, jgsprgmjkbkgmti prgboturi jg peoagmto, rupturo y otimâo utgrkmo yo cugrom jksautkjos
gm eis aopâtueis rgspgatkvis.

Cirb
Cirbos
os jg ai
aimt
mtri
riee jg eo `g
`gbi
birr
rron
onko
ko ifst
ifstët
ëtrk
rkao
ao.. Tir
Tir eo ropk
ropkjg
jgzz g km
kmtg
tgms
mskj
kjoj
oj ai
aim
m qug
qug
gvieuakimom eis auojris `gbirrïnkais, ge ifstgtro jgfg tgmgr aimiakbkgmti jg bøetkpegs
cirbos jg aimtrieor eo `gbirronko.

?3
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Oenumos bgjkjos skbpegs pugjgm sgr soevojiros gm sktuoakimgs jg nrovgjoj. Itros gxkngm
boyirgs rgaursis y pgrsimoe gmtrgmoji. Eos bgjkjos skbpegs pugjgm rgsievgr eo `gbirronko i
rgjuakr ge somnroji, pgrbktkgmji qug sg ojiptgm itros bgjkjos8

• Aibprgskñm jg oirto ofjibkmoe8 gs um priagjkbkgmti skbpeg, aim rgsuetojis tgbpirorkis

oagptofegs. Qg rgoekzo bomuoebgmtg, aibprkbkgmji eo oirto aimtro eo aieubmo vgrtgfroe i
pribimtirki soaro/ `osto pir ?4 bkmutis, ei qug jo eo ipirtumkjoj jg fusaor itros cirbos jg
airrgaakñm jg eo `gbirronko y bghiro aeâmkao jg eo poakgmtg. Qu gaoako jgfg sgr gvoeuojo
aimtrieomji ge puesi cgbiroe.

• Zroaakñm y aibprgskñm utgrkmo8 eo troaakñm kmtro ipgrotirko jge øtgri pgrbktg eo omnueoakñm
jg eis vosis utgrkmis, rgjuakgmji su prgskñm jg somnroji. Ge rkgsni gs priviaor um rgghi
vo
vono
noe,e, ai
aim
m `k
`kpi
pitg
tgms
mskñ
kñm
m oagm
oagmtu
tuoj
ojo.
o. Jg
Jgfg
fg sg
sgrr `g
`ga`
a`oo ai
aim
m au
aukj
kjoj
oji
i y ai
aim
m bi
bimkmkti
tirg
rgi
i jge
jge
omgstgsksto. Eo aibprgskñm utgrkmo pugjg sgr `ga`o bomuoebgmtg i pir bgjki jg suturos. Oe
oprixkbor eo porgj omtgrkir jg eo pistgrkir utgrkmo, y aibprkbkëmjieos umo aimtro eo itro, ge
somnroji pugjg sgr rgjuakji tgbpirorkobgmtg.

• Wtkekzoakñm jg bgjkaobgmtis8 eos jrinos bïs usojos sim eos jgstkmojos oe aimtrie jg eo
`gbirronko pisporti8 ixktiakmo y jgrkvojis jg eo grnibgtrkmo, ojgbïs jg pristoneomjkmos.
Vgakgm
Vgakgmtgb
tgbgmt
gmtg,
g, ge bkbksip
sipris
ristie
tie `o sk
skji
ji utkekz
utkekzoji
oji gm eo `gb
`gbirirron
ronko
ko nro
nrovg
vg pis
pispor
porti<
ti< eis
rgsuetojis prgekbkmorgs sim oegmtojirgs. Ge bksipristie, gm eo jisks jg 044 bn pir vâo rgatoe,
pugjg sgr aimskjgroji jrino jg prkbgro eâmgo gm ge trotobkgmti jg `gbirronkos pugrpgroegs
(Biuso, 6441). Ge rgsuetoji jge bëtiji porgag kmtgrgsomtg (I'Frkgm, ?;;0) pir eo skbpekakjoj y
fohi aisti, sifrg tiji poro poâsgs gm jgsorrieei, oumqug mgagsktg jg gstujkis aimtrieojis
poro gvoeuor su rgoe gcgatkvkjoj.

• Zopimobkgmti utgrkmi8 aimskstg gm eegmor eo aovkjoj utgrkmo aim aibprgsos, bomtgmkji pir
6: o 13 `iros. Qu usi cug ofomjimoji gm ge posoji pir ge rkgsni jg `gbirronko iaueto g
kmcgaakñm. Qkm gbforni, rgsurnkñ gm eis oÿis 0I y ;4, yo qug sus rkgsnis mi sg aimrborim aim
eo tëamkao airrgato (Bokgr, ?;;1).

• Akrunâo jg 0-Eyma`8 priagjkbkgmti qukrørnkai aimsgrvojir rgeotkvobgmtg rgakgmtg (F-Eyma`

gt oe., ?;;>), kmjkaoji gm sktuoakimgs jg `gbirronkos pugrpgroegs pir otimâo utgrkmo. Aimskstg
gm umo suturo jg "aibprgskñm" utgrkmo, qug pgrbktg umo boyir prgskñm tomti gm eo porgj
omtgrkir aibi gm eo pistgrkir jge øtgri, ei qug pugjg aimtrieor ge somnroji (Biuso, 644?).

• Eknojuro ortgrkoe8 sg `oag gm eos ortgrkos utgrkmos y ivïrkaos. Eo ortgrko utgrkmo pugjg sgr
eknojo
eknojo utk
utkekz
ekzïmj
ïmjisg
isg eo tëa
tëamka
mkaoo jg I'I'Ego
Egory
ry (I'Eg
(I'Egory
ory y I'E
I'Egor
gory,
y, ?;
?;33)
33),, qug aim
aimsks
skstg
tg gm eo
aieiaoakñm jg vorkis pumtis jg feiqugi gm ge troygati jg eo ortgrko utgrkmo. Ei bksbi pugjg
sgr `ga`i aim eo ortgrko ivïrkao, jgspuës jg su pgmgtroakñm gm eo porgj utgrkmo. Aibi eo ortgrko
keâoao kmtgrmo (`kpinïstrkao) gs ge vosi jge auoe sg irknkmo eo ortgrko utgrkmo, su eknojuro tobfkëm
pugjg aieofiror gm eo rgjuaakñm jge somnroji. Gsto tëamkao, skm gbforni, gs jg boyir rkgsni

pir eo boyir jkauetoj, aim toso jg ëxkti jge 74% (Aeorl, ?;07R.

?>
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

• @kstgrgatibâo8 Tirri, gm ?0>3, cug ge pkimgri gm jgsarkfkr eo `kstgrgatibâo osiakojo o eo

agsïrgo poro prgvgmkr eo bugrtg pir `gbirronko utgrkmo. Juromtg su rgoekzoakñm, tiji gscugrzi
jgfg
jgfg sgr
sgr `g
`ga`
a`i
i gm ge sg sgmt
mtkj
kji
i jg bk
bkmk
mkbk
bkzo
zorr eo pgrj
pgrjkj
kjoo somn
somnuâ
uâmg
mgoo y, poro
poro gsi,
gsi, oenu
oenumi
miss
priagjkbkgmtis pugjgm sgr osiakojis, toegs aibi aibprgskñm jg oirto ofjibkmoe, troaakñm
utgrkmo gcgatkvo, gta. Ge tkgbpi gs um coatir prgakisi gm eos `gbirronkos nrovgs y eo jgbiro gm
eo tibo jg jgakskimgs pugjg sgr cotoe8

• Gbfi
Gbfiekzoak
ekzoakñm
ñm omnki
omnkinrïca
nrïcao8 o8 pri
priagj
agjkb
kbkgm
kgmti
ti aim aotaotgtg
gtgrkz
rkzoak
oakñm
ñm vos
vosaue
aueor
or jge ïrg
ïrgoo aim
`gbirronko, o trovës jg eo vksuoekzoakñm rojkieñnkao y oaagsi pir eo ortgrko cgbiroe, sgnukjo jg
opekaoakñm jg jkspisktkvis i sustomakos qug feiqugom ge uhi somnuâmgi eiaoe. Ge tkgbpi bgjki
jg rgoekzoakñm gs jg umo `iro y su gaoako gs jg ;7%. Gm sktuoakimgs jg oeti rkgsni jg
`gbirronko, aibi ge oargtksbi peoagmtorki, eo birfkekjoj botgrmo y eo mgagskjoj jg troscuskñm
somnuâ
som nuâmgo
mgo jks
jksbkm
bkmuyg
uygm
m bua
bua`i `i sk sg peo
peomk
mkao
ao eo aot
aotgtg
gtgrkz
rkzoak
oakñm
ñm jg eieiss vos
vosis
is trkfut
trkfutork
orkis
is
peoa
peoagm
gmto
tork
rkis
is skm
skm gb
gbfi
fiekekzo
zoak
akñm
ñm `ost
`ostoo eo gxtr
gxtroa
oaak
akñm
ñm cgto
cgtoe.e. Ti
Tist
stgr
grki
kirb
rbgmgmtg
tg sg rgoe
rgoekz
kzoo eo
gbfiekzoakñm y sg aimtkmøo aim ge priagjkbkgmti qukrørnkai aim bïs coakekjoj y bgmir rkgsni
poro eo poakgmtg (OAIN, ?;;4R.

• Aieo jg cfrkmo8 gs um tkpi jg oj`gskvi fkieñnkai (gxkstg prijuati skmtëtkai), aim knuoegs
aomtkjojgs jg arkiprgakpktoji y tribfkmo fivkmo. Qkbueo eis øetkbis gstojkis jg eo aionueoakñm
y oyujo gm eo `gbistosko, gm sktuoakimgs jg somnroji vgmisi jkcusi kmtroipgrotirki jg foho
prgskñm y gm eo akaotrkzoakñm.

Bimktirgi. Eis porïbgtris aeâmkais y jg eofirotirki jgfgm sgr pgrbomgmtgbgmtg gvoeuojis

aibi eo crgaugmako jg puesi, aorjkoao, prgskñm ortgrkoe, jëfkti urkmorki, ixkbgtrâo jg puesi,
nosibgtrâo, eo prgskñm vgmiso agmtroe. Gm sktuoakimgs bïs nrovgs, eo prgskñm kmtro ortgrkoe y eo
prgskñm aopkeor puebimor pugjgm sgr mgagsorkos.

Trgvgmakñm

Kjgmtkaoakñm jg poakgmtgs jg oeti rkgsni. Qg jgfg rostrgor o tijos eos buhgrgs gbforozojos
poro jgtgator omgbko y airrgnkreo omtgs jge porti. Eos aousos jg `gbirronko ifstëtrkao bïs
aibumgs sim fkgm aimiakjos, aibi gm ge aosi jg peoagmto prgvko y jg akaotrkz jg agsïrgo. Mi
skgbprg gs piskfeg kjgmtkaor ge rkgsni, aibi gm oenumis aosis jg jgsprgmjkbkgmti prgboturi
jg peoagmto skm aouso oporgmtg.

@kjrotoakñm juromtg ge trofohi jg porti. Juromtg ge trofohi jg porti, eos përjkjos kmsgmskfegs jg
ekqukjos sim nromjgs. Qk mi sg `oag eo rgpiskakñm ojgauojo jg ekqukjos, eo buhgr pugjg
jgs`kjrotorsg y sgr bgmis aopoz jg tiegror eo përjkjo somnuâmgo (@icbgyr, 644?).

Eo aimjuato jg oyumi gm buhgrgs gm trofohi jg porti pir ge rkgsni jg ospkroakñm jge aimtgmkji
nïstrkai mi bistrñ sgr gcgatkvi. Tir ei tomti, gs kbpirtomtg ojbkmkstror eâqukjis iroegs juromtg
ge trofohi jg porti.

Aibpekaoakimgs8

?0
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Ge s`ial `kpivieëbkai sg osiako o aibpekaoakimgs qug pugjgm sgr nrovgs y jgmktkvos, aibi eo
`kpixko jg eis tghkjis, egskimgs ksquëbkaos jg eis ñrnomis y coeeo irnïmkao okseojo i bøetkpeg. Eo
mgarisks tufueor onujo gs aibøm y ngmgroebgmtg outiekbktojo. Iaoskimoebgmtg iaurrg egskñm
rgmoe bïs nrovg y `oy mgagskjoj jg jkïeksks. Eo aibpekaoakñm nrovg bïs crgaugmtg gs eo jge
sâmjribg jg omnustko rgspkrotirko. Eo oneutkmoakñm jg peoqugtos, qug ekfgro sustomakos
vosioatkvos, aopoags jg priviaor iaeuskñm jg eis pgqugÿis vosis, pgrhujkaomji eo pgrcuskñm gm
eo akraueoakñm aopkeor.
Gsis onrgnojis peoqugtorkis pugjgm priviaor gbfiekos puebimorgs, priviaomji kmsuakgmako
kmsuakgmako
rgspkrotirko (Akorl, 644?). Eo `kpixko pugjg oaorrgor joÿi mgurieñnkai sgvgri y pgrbomgmtg,
sifrg tiji auomji sg osiako o pori aorjkoai gm sktuoakimgs jg `gbirronkos buy kmtgmsos.

Itros aibpekaoakimgs gstïm rgeoakimojos aim eo tgropëutkao jge s`ial `kpivieëbkai,

kmaeuygmji eis rkgsnis tromscuskimoegs. Auomti boyir gs ge vieubgm jg somnrg troscumjkjo,
boyir ge rkgsni jg rgoaakñm tromscuskimoe.
tromscuskimoe. Eo somnrg oeboagmojo tkgmg um p@ bïs fohi, aim
rkgsni jg oakjisks. Qkm gbforni, ei qug bïs sg ifsgrvo gs um auojri jg oeaoeisks, jgfkji oe
bgtofieksbi jge aktroti o fkaorfimoti. Itro oetgroakñm crgaugmtg gm eo somnrg oeboagmojo gs eo
`kpgrpitosgbko, jgaurrgmtg
jgaurrgmtg jg ekfgroakñm jg eis grktriaktis. Eo `kpitgrbko tobfkëm gs
crgaugmtg, jgaurrgmtg jg eo troscuskñm jg nromjgs aomtkjojgs jg somnrg (oeboagmojo o
tgbpgroturo jg :´A) skm aoegmtobkgmti prgvki, usi jg eâqukjis mi aoegmtojis, përjkjo jg aoeir
gm akrunâos y soeos qukrørnkaos rgcrkngrojos (OAIN, ?;;>).

Itro aimsgaugmako jg eo troscuskñm boskvo sim eos oetgroakimgs peoqugtorkos y jg eo aionueoakñm.

Eo somnrg jg fomai gs jgakgmtg gm peoqugtos y coatirgs jg aionueoakñ
aionueoakñm.
m. Gm umo buhgr somo,
umo jgakgmako jg coatirgs jg aionueoakñm gs piai prifofeg `osto qug oergjgjir jg 04% jge
vieubgm somnuâmgi `oyo skji aobfkoji (@gwktt, ?;;0R. Eo gvoeuoakñm
gvoeuoakñm jge somnroji jksargti y
aimtkmui jg eunorgs jg pumakñm, suturos, buaisos y `gboturko jgfgm `oagr eo sispga`o jg
aionueipotâo. Gm eo poakgmtg sibgtkjo o gstrës onuji gxkstg rkgsni jg jgsorrieeor ueagroakñm
nïstrkao, jgfkgmji rgakfkr prieoxks aim feiqugojirgs @6. Aibi aibpekaoakimgs qukrørnkaos
gxkstg ge rkgsni jg egskimgs vgskaoegs y urgtroegs gm eo tgmtotkvo jg aimtrieor eo `gbirronko i gm
eo rgoekzoakñm jg `kstgrgatibâo.
AEOSG VIHO

JGCKMKAKÑM8

Gs umo gstrotgnko qug fusao jksbkmukr eo birtoekjoj botgrmo prijuakjo pir `gbirronko pist
porti y pist ofirti gm ngstomtgs, bgjkomtg eo gstomjorkzoakñm jg priagjkbkgmtis
priagjkbkgmtis gm ge bomghi
kmbgjkoti jg gsto gmtkjoj gm gbgrngmako y agmtri ifstëtrkai.

LKZ AEOSG VIHO

 Aeiruri jg sijki ;%i ?444 aa  Eeovg jg jifeg vâo

 46 Crosais @ogboage 744 aa  ? Frïmueo # ?3 y # ?0
 4? crosai Gqukpi jg vgmiaeksks  46 jg aojo umo Zufi jg boyi

?;
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

 ? Qimjo Ciegy  Bksipristie 47 tof.

 ? Fieso aiegatiro  Otripkmo 4.67 bn
 ? Qimjo jg ospkroakñm  46 obp Jkozgpïm ?4 bn
 ? Fibfkeeo jg ospkroakñm  4? obp Zufi jg gmsoyi ritueoji aim
 ? Bosaorkeeo jg ixângmi aim rgsgrvirki omtkaionueomtg
 ? Nuomtgs  ? Zufi jg gmsoyi ritueoji skm
 46 porgs Hgrkmnos ?4 aa omtkaionueomtg
 6 Onuhos jgsaortofegs # ?0 y # 6?  ? Vgeoakñm pirbgmir irkkzojo jge
 46 jg aojo umo Nosos bgjkomos aimt
imtgmkj
gmkji
i jge
jge LKZ,
KZ, pgno
pgnoj jo gm ge
 41 poqugtgs Ixktiakmo ?4 W 43 obp. rgvgrsi jg eo topo.
 Bgt`grnym 41 obp.

WFKAOAKÑM

Gbgrngmako8

- Q`ial Zroubo
- Zñpkai jg Nkmgai-ifstgtrkako

- Ifsgrvoakñm Agmtri ifstëtrkai

- Qoeo jg jkeotoakñm

- Qoeo jg portis

- Qoeo jg ifsgrvoakñm jg pugrpgrki kmbgjkoti. @ispktoekzoakñm jg ifstgtrkako

TVIAGJKBKGMZI SKNKEOMZG

Irkgmtor o eo poakgmtg i cobkekorgs `oako ge tñpkai gspgakoekzoji (nkmgai-ifstgtrkako, s`ial

troubo u itri sgnøm) y ovksor oe pgrsimoe jg soeuj.

ZËAMKAO JG GMCGVBGVÂO8

Oeaomzor Lkt aeovg riho. Oeaomzor ixângmi y ospkrojir. Oekstor ge gqukpi jg rgsuaktoakñm. Eeobor
oe bëjkai y aubpekr kmjkaoakimgs.

IFQZGZVO8

Sgrkaor y bomtgmgr vâo oërgo pgrbgofeg. Aomoekzor jis vgmos aim sieuakñm soekmo oe ;%i,
aotëtgr vgmisi M´ ?0, eeovg jg jifeg vâo. Timgr ixângmi :-7 Ektris/bkm. Zibor y bimktirkzor
cumakimgs vktoegs.

BËJKAI8
64
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Gstofkekzor cumakimgs vktoegs. Gvoeuor o eo poakgmtg.

 Cumakimgs vktoegs

 Gstoji jg aimakgmako

 Gxobgm aeâmkai ngmgroe

 Gvoeuoakñm ifstëtrkao

- Toepoakñm ofjibkmoe (oeturo y timi utgrkmi)

- Vgvkskñm jg gpkskirroo

- Vgvkskñm jg aomoe vonkmoe

- Vgvkskñm jg aërvkx

- Vgvkskñm jg aovkjoj utgrkmo, Egnroji

BËJKAI8 Auomtkaor eos përjkjos.

‑ Gstoji jg aimakgmako

‑ Tuesi

‑ Aieir jg eo pkge

‑ Eegmoji aopkeor

Jgmkr sgvgrkjoj jge auojri.

 Jor kmjkaoakimgs Oatuor jg oaugrji o jkonmñstkai

BËJKAI8

Qiekaktor omïeksks jg eofirotirki8 Nrupi y V`, @f, @ti, pgre jg eo aionueoakñm. Vgcgrkr jg
oaugrji o aopoakjoj rgsieutkvo, poakgmtg gstofeg. Kmcirbor o eis cobkekorgs jge gstoji jg eo
poakgmtg, sgvgrkjoj jge aosi y aimjuato o sgnukr.

KS. AOQI AE
AEÂMKAI
Qg troto jg umo buhgr prkbknrïvkjo, jg 13 oÿis, qug tuvi um porti gutñakai oskstkji gm ge
`ispktoe pir umo botrimo o eos :4 sgbomos jg ngstoakñm, gm ge qug moakñ um vorñm jg 6.;34
nrobis aim OTNOV ;/?4. Eo juroakñm jge pgrkiji jg jkeotoakñm cug jg ? `iro y eo jge
pgrkiji gxpueskvi jg 7 bkmutis, juromtg eis qug sg utkekzñ ixktiakmo gm umo pgrcuskñm jg ?
bWK pir bkmuti.

6?
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Eo ømkao kmakjgmako juromtg ge porti cug qug eo peoagmto sg jgsomnrñ jg bomgro oaakjgmtoe
o tro
trovës
vës jge air
airjñm
jñm ub
ubfke
fkekao
kaoee kmb
kmbgjk
gjkoto
otobg
bgmtg
mtg tro
tross ge moa
moakbk
kbkgmt
gmti
i jge rga
rgakëm
këm moa
moakji
kji..
Zromsaurrkjis 14 bkmutis jgspuës jge moakbkgmti, y jgspuës jg aibprifor bgjkomtg ge
sknmi jg Lustmgr qug eo peoagmto gstofo jgsprgmjkjo, sg siekaktñ o eo buhgr qug gcgatuosg
um puhi skm troaakimor o eo vgz ge airjñm, yo qug ëstg sg `ofâo jgsomnroji. Zros ge prkbgr
puhi, eo buhgr rgrkñ borgorsg, oumqug agjkñ gm ge bibgmti gm ge qug eo buhgr jghñ jg
puhor. Gm gsg kmstomtg, sg rgoekzñ umo tibo jg prgskñm ortgrkoe qug rgsuetñ mirboe. Oe
gcgatuor ge sknukgmtg puhi, eo ngstomtg rgrkñ jg mugvi sgmsoakñm jg borgi y jieir, y oe
bksbi
bksb i tkgb
tkgbpipi eo peoa
peoagmto
gmto oporgak
oporgakñ
ñ gm ge kmtr
kmtrikti
ikti vonkmoe skm mkmnøm tkpi jg somnroji
somnroji.. Oe
rgoekzor ge toati, pugsti qug eo peoagmto mi sg gmaimtrofo jgsprgmjkjo, sg tiañ umo boso
juro o eo vgz qug sg pgrjkñ ge cimji utgrkmi o trovës jg eo poepoakñm ofjibkmoe. Tir geei, sg
sispga`ñ umo kmvgrskñm utgrkmo y sg ovksñ oe nkmgañeini jg nuorjko, qukgm aimrbñ ge
jkonmñstkai. Gm gsg bibgmti, gbpgzñ o jgsprgmjgrsg porakoebgmtg eo peoagmto, pir ei sg
prijuhi um ekngri somnroji y eo buhgr aibgmzñ o prgsgmtor sknmis jg s`ial.

Bkgmtros ge nkmgañeini trotofo jg rgpimgr ge øtgri gm ge porktirki, eo botrimo ojbkmkstrñ

umo pgrcuskñm jg gxpomsir jg peosbo, gxtrohi prugfos aruzojos y pusi umo simjo vgskaoe o
eo poakgmtg. Aibi mi sg puji rgsievgr eo kmvgrskñm gm ge porktirki, sg troseojñ o eo poakgmtg
o qukrñcomi. Toro su troseoji sg aieiañ o eo buhgr gm piskakñm jg Zrgmjgegmfurn, sg
gmvievkñ eo pirakñm jg øtgri kmvgrtkjo gm umo aibprgso gstërke y sg oaibpoÿñ o eo buhgr
suhgtomji ge øtgri poro qug mi rizosg aim eos pkgrmos jg ësto mk oubgmtosg eo pirakñm jg
øtgri kmvgrtkjo.

[o gm quk
qukrñc
rñcomi
omi y aim
aim sgj
sgjoak
oakñm
ñm aim nos utg
utgrir
rirrge
rgeoho
ohomtg
mtg,, ge nkm
nkmgañ
gañein
eini
i rgo
rgoekz
ekzñ
ñ umo
rgpiskakñm utgrkmo bomuoe bgjkomtg tëamkao jg Hi`msim. Zros eo rgpiskakñm, sg aieiañ um
topimobkgmti vonkmoe y sg bomtuvi eo simjo vgskaoe poro covirgagr eo cirboakñm jge neifi
jg sgn
sgnurk
urkjoj
joj y prg
prgvgm
vgmkr
kr eo rga
rgaurr
urrgma
gmako<
ko< y sg kmk
kmkakñ
akñ eo ojb
ojbkmk
kmkstr
stroak
oakñm
ñm jg ixk
ixktña
tñakai
kaiss
kmtrovgmisis, qug sg bomtuvi juromtg eos sknukgmtgs ?6 `iros.

Zros eo rgpiskakñm utgrkmo, eo buhgr cug troseojojo jg mugvi o porktirki poro ge aimtrie jge
pugrpgrki kmbgjkoti. Gstg aimtrie aimskstkñ, cumjobgmtoebgmtg, gm eo voeiroakñm jg sknmis
`gbirrïnkais y ge aimtrie jge neifi jg sgnurkjoj y ge jg aimstomtgs vktoegs aojo ?7 bkmutis
juromtg eos trgs `iros sknukgmtgs o eo rgpiskakñm, qug gm gstg aosi rgsuetorim mirboegs.

JKQAWQKÑM

Eo KWT gs umo aibpekaoakñm qug pugjg oporgagr pir sirprgso juromtg eo oskstgmako o
auoequkgr porti mirboe. Toro gvktor sus aibpekaoakimgs, gs cumjobgmtoe eo rgoekzoakñm jg um
jkonmñstkai prgaiz. Gm gstg aosi, ge prkbgr sâmtibo cug ge jg sgmsoakñm jg borgi, oumqug
ngmgroebgmtg ge sâmtibo agmtroe gs ge jieir kmtgmsi eiaoekzoji gm ge `kpinostrki y rgnkñm
eubfor
eub for,, um jie
jieir
ir vgn
vgngto
gtotkv
tkvi,
i, pri
privia
viaoji
oji pir ge gst
gstkro
krobkg
bkgmti
mti jg ei
eiss por
porobg
obgtrk
trkis
is qug
tobfkëm gs pgrakfkji gm buhgrgs aim omoengsko pgrkjuroe. Gm iaoskimgs, tros gsg sâmtibo,
oporgag ge gstoji jg s`ial, qug rgsueto jgspripirakimoji aim rgspgati o eo përjkjo

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 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

`gbïtkao ifsgrvojo, yo qug ge prkmakpoe bgaomksbi jg ëstg gs mgurñngmi, pir krrktoakñm

pgrktimgoe y gstkrobkgmti jg eis pegxis mgrvkisis. Aibi sknmi ifhgtkvi sg gmaugmtrom
bijkaoakimgs gm eo poepoakñm ofjibkmoe, qug sugeg sgr buy jieiriso, aibi gs ousgmako
jge neifi utgrkmi i su eiaoekzoakñm buy foho gm eo rgnkñm `kpinïstrkao.

Eo
Eoss kmvg
kmvgrs
rski
kimg
mgss km
kmai
aibp
bpeg
egto
toss si
sim
m bï
bïss jk
jkcâ
câak
akeg
egss jg jkon
jkonmi
mist
stka
kaor
or y sg gsto
gstofe
fega
gagm
gm,,

cumjobgmtoebgmtg, pir eo `gbirronko.

cumjobgmtoebgmtg,
Ge trotobkgmti jg eo kmvgrskñm utgrkmo rgqukgrg eo rgpiskakñm jge øtgri, eo kmstouroakñm
kmbgjkoto jg bgjkjos poro airrgnkr ge s`ial, tomti `kpivieëbkai aibi mgurieñnkai, y eo
tgropko omtkfkñtkao. Gs kbpirtomtg gcgatuor eo rgpiskakñm jge øtgri rïpkjobgmtg poro gvktor
qug sg cirbg ge omkeei jg aimstrkaakñm, omtgs jg eis 14 bkmutis. Eis trotobkgmtis jgsarktis
poroo eo rgp
por rgpisk
iskakñ
akñmm jge øtgri sg pug
pugjgm
jgm aeo
aeosk
skaor
aor gm au
auotr
otri
i nru
nrupis
pis88 eos tëa
tëamka
mkaos
os mi
qukrørnkaos, eo akrunâo ofjibkmoe, eo akrunâo vonkmoe y, moebgmtg, oumqug mi gs umo tëamkao
pripko jg rgpiskakñm skmi jg gxtroaakñm, eo `kstgrgatibâo. Qg `o aimskjgroji mgagsorki
jgsarkfkr sñei eos tëamkaos mi qukrørnkaos, yo qug sim eos qug sieobgmtg sg pijrâom rgoekzor
gm aosi jg urngmako, gm um bgjki gm jimjg mi cugro piskfeg eo eegnojo jg um ifstgtro.

Zëamkaos mi qukrørnkaos

Bomkifro jg Hi`msim8 aimskstg gm kmtrijuakr umo bomi gm eo vonkmo aieiaomji eo pumto jg

eis jgjis kmbgjkotobgmtg pir gmakbo jge omkeei jg kmvgrskñm. O aimtkmuoakñm, sg aibkgmzo
o gbpuhor ge øtgri `oako orrkfo jgsjg eo zimo bïs oeghojo jge cimji `osto ge bksbi. Gs eo
prkbgro ipakñm jg rgpiskakñm utgrkmo.

Bomkifro jg I‛Queekvom8 aimskstg gm sktuor o eo poakgmtg gm piskakñm jg Zrgmjgegmfurn,

iaeukr eo vonkmo y pgrcumjkr aim prgskñm sugri skieñnkai `osto qug ge cimji utgrkmi vugevo
o su piskakñm kmkakoe. Qñei sg pugjg utkekzor gm aosi jg kmvgrskimgs utgrkmos kmaibpegtos.

Gm gstg
gstg ao
aosi
si,, eo rg
rgvg
vgrs
rskñ
kñm
m bo
bomumuoe
oe jg
jgee øtgr
øtgri
i sg rgoe
rgoekz
kzñ
ñ ai
aim
m sgjo
sgjoak
akñm
ñm,, ai
aim
m um nos
nos
utgrirrgeohomtg,
utgrirrgeohomtg, skm mkmnøm itri cïrboai tiaieâtkai
tiaieâtkai.. Gstis øetkbis pugjgm sgr umo ipakñm gm
ge bomghi jg eo kmvgrskñm utgrkmo gm ge aosi gm qug mi sg pugjo utkekzor omgstgsko ngmgroe.
Gstïm jgsarktis poro su utkekzoakñm8 eis fgtojrgmërnkais, aibi rktrijkmo i ge suecoti jg
tgrfutoekmo, ge suecoti jg bonmgski i eo mktrinekagr
mktrinekagrkmo.
kmo.

Ge usi jg gst
gstos
os sus
sustom
tomako
akoss pug
pugjg
jg sgr pri
prifeg
fegbït
bïtkai
kai jgf
jgfkji
kji o sus pit
pitgmt
gmtgs
gs gcgat
gcgatis
is
aorjkivosaueorgs, qug oubgmtom ge rkgsni jg aibpekaoakimgs aorjkoaos, sifrg tiji gm umo
sktuoakñm jg s`ial botgrmi. Zobfkëm oubgmto ge rkgsni jg otimâo pis rgpiskakñm qug
pijrâo supimgr eo rgakjkvo jg eo kmvonkmoakñm.

Gm ao
aosi
si jg gbgbpe
pegi
gi jg gsgsti
tiss cï
cïrb
rboa
oais
is `ofr
`ofrïï qug
qug gsto
gstor,
r, pir
pir tomt
tomti,
i, voei
voeiro
romj
mji
i
aimtkmuobgmtg, eo oporkakñm jg gstos aibpekaoakimgs. Tir itri eoji, eo ojbkmkstroakñm jg
omoengsko gpkjuroe mi supimg umo rgpiskakñm utgrkmo bïs cïake, yo qug mi tkgmg gcgatis
sifrg ge timi utgrkmi.

61
 Q@IAL @KTISIEËBKAI

Gm gstg
gstg ao
aosi
si,, omtg
omtg eo si
sisp
spga
ga`o
`o jg oargoargtk
tksb
sbi
i peoa
peoagm
gmto
tork
rki
i pora
porako
koee sg rgoe
rgoekz
kzñ
ñ um
oeubfrobkgmti bomuoe jg eo pirakñm peoagmtorko oøm oj`grkjo omtgs jg priagjgr o eo
rgpiskakñm jge øtgri. Eo gxtroaakñm i mi jg eo peoagmto gs um `ga`i aimtrivgrtkji. Toro
oenumis outirgs, eo sgporoakñm prgvko jg eo peoagmto oubgmto ge rkgsni jg somnroji, onrovo
ge s`ial botgrmi y covirgag eo kmcgaakñm botgrmo nrovg (sgpsks) pir gxpiskakñm jkrgato jg
eos fiqukeeos vosaueorgs utgrkmos, pir ei qug sñei rgaibkgmjom su gxtroaakñm sk mi sg
ai
aimsk
msknu
nugg eo rgv
rgvgrs
grskñm
kñm utg
utgrkm
rkmoo gm eo prkbg
prkbgro
ro tgm
tgmtot
totkvo
kvo,, i au
auomj
omji
i eo peo
peoagm
agmto
to gst
gstïï yo
prïatkaobgmtg sgporojo. Qkm gbforni, poro itris, eo gxtroaakñm prgvko coakekto eo rgpiskakñm
utgrkmo oe jksbkmukr ge vieubgm jg boso kmvgrtkjo. Aibi sg `o ifsgrvoji gm gstg aosi, eo
KWT gs umo sktuoakñm buy urngmtg gm eo qug eo botrimo tkgmg umo kbpirtomako gxtrgbo
tomti gm ge jkonmñstkai prgaiz aibi gm ge bomtgmkbkgmti jg eo buhgr bkgmtros sg rgsugevg
ge prifegbo.

S. AIMAEWQKIMGQ
 @gbis Ai
@gbis Aimia
miakji
kji eos aor
aoroat
oatgrâ
grâstk
stkaos
aos jg eos jkcgrg
jkcgrgmtg
mtgss `gb
`gbirr
irronk
onkos
os qug
qugjom
jomji
ji jg
bomkgsti qug eo `gbirronko nrovg pugjg iaurrkr gm auoequkgr bibgmti juromtg tiji
ge gbforozi y ge pugrpgrki.
 @gbis rgumkji kmcirboakñm
kmcirboakñm oagrao jge s`ial `
`kpivieëbka
kpivieëbkai,
i, y sofgbis sg jgmg aibi
rgjuaakñm jge aimsubi jg ixângmi ageueor gs aousojo pir eo jksbkmuakñm jge uhi
somnuâmgi pir eo përjkjo jg nrom aomtkjoj jg somnrg i jg eâqukji kmtrovosaueor, gm
sktuoakimgs jimjg mi `oy `gbirronko y qug eos `gbirronkos nrovgs sim umo jg eos
prkmakpoegs aousos jg bugrtg botgrmo gm tiji ge bumji.

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