Rose Cultivation
Select this paragraph to edit
2
Uses / Nutrient Values
The rose, because of its place amongst the flower
crops and is one of the oldest of fragrant flowers to be
cultivated by man. Its different types having beautiful
flowers of exquisite shape, sizes, bewitching colours and
most delightful fragrance has made it an important flower
for its varied uses. Most important uses of flower are
given below.
Alternative Uses
Loose flower, cut flower, perfumery industry, bedding
purpose, medicinal and cosmetic industry, colour making,
garland, decoration, etc.
Cut flower
Roses are of foremost commercial importance and cut
roses have the highest demand throughout the world and
year round. The cut flowers are used for vase and table
decoration .
Garden Display :-Roses are also the most important perennial garden
plants in almost all parts of the world. Roses are not only hardy, the
variation in growth and many forms of flowers having numerous
colours have made them the suitable garden plants for different uses.
They can be used as bushes, standards, climbers, hedges and
edges, hangers and in rock gardens.
Pot plants:-
Roses as pot plants in suitable containers are also
commercially grown and kept both indoor as well as outdoors.
Perfume and allies products
Rose water
Rose water is commercial product from rose petals. It is used as a perfume
and in medicines and confectionary. In has the property of cooling. used
in eye lotions and eye drops for its soothing qualities. It is also used in
drinking water and sprinkled on the guests at weddings, feasts and other
social functions.
Rose oil
Rose oil is important commercial product obtained from rose petals. Apart
from sweet fragrance, it has medicinal property and is often used in
Ayurveda. Bulgarian rose ‘‘otto” is largely used in perfuming soaps and
cosmetics.
Gulkand
Rose petals are also preserved for direct consumption, by making
gulkand which is prepared by pounding equal proportions of petals
and white sugar. It is considered both as tonic and laxative.
Pankhuri
Dried rose petals are known as pankhuri which is occasionally used
for preparing sweetened cold drinks.
Gul-roghan
It is rose hair oil prepared from rose petals with wet sesamum seeds.
Symbolism Rose colors symbolize soft feelings for many
special occasions.
Grace and Elegance Innocence and Purity
Love and Romance
Enthusiasm Friendship & Welcome
Botanical Description:
The stem is prickly. The leaves are alternate and pinnately
compound. The oval leaflets are sharply toothed. The fleshly
berry like fruit is known as hips.
CLIMATE
• The temperature should be maintained between 15-18 C.
• High temperature in polyhouse can be managed by simple
ventilation,evaporative cooling from pad and fan system, micro sprinklers.
• A light duration lesser than 6-10 hrs leads to lower number of flowers and
the flowers are of inferior quality too.
• Humidity is maintained between 50-60% in poly house during hot
summer months.
• CO₂ level of 1000 ppm is ideal for quality bloom production of rose.
• In open field condition ideal temperature is 15-28 C and humidity 75%.
Soil requirement and preparation
•It should have proper drainage with sufficient organic matter.
•The ideal soil should be medium loam,
•with a pH of 6.0 and 7.5.
•With a fine tilth up to a depth of 50 cm
•The soil should be free from gravel, stones, brick pieces and other
foreign material and exposed to sun for at least a week.
Planting Distance:
•The planting distance depends on the types of roses and location.
•For cut flower production, a spacing of 60 x 30 cm is
recommended.
•Normally roses are planted at 60 x 60 cm spacing
PROPAGATION
• Commercial method:- T budding
• Dormant eyes on a scion of chosen variety are budded by T method
on a roots.
• Rootstock:- R. multiflora is more suitable for southern parts as
indicated by research done at IIHR. Bangalore.
• Budded plants take less time to build up and produce economic
production in short time.
Varieties
.
different classes of roses according to the type of flowers they bear:
(A) Hybrid Tea =Hy.perpetuals Tea roses of china
This is the most important class of roses.
The flower buds are longer and look beautiful.
The flowers of this class are slow opening and spikes
are longer and hence can be kept in vases for a longer
time. La france-1 st hybrid
Red: First Red, Avon, Happiness, Mr. Lincoln,
Raktagandha, Black Lady, Montezuma, etc.
Yellow: Aalsmeer Gold, Gold Medal, Golden
Star, Golden Time, Yellow Success,
Orange: Super Star, Summer Hoilday,
President and Grand Gala
Bi-colour: Anvil Spark, Mudhosh, Double
Delight, Supriya, Abhisarika, Kiss of Fire, Tata
Centenary.
Scented: Avon, Granda, Papa Meilland, Blue
Perfume, Eiffel Tower, Oklahoma
(B) Floribunda = Hybrid Tea Polyantha
There is profuse flowering in this class of roses but the
flowers shed soon.
That’s why these roses are largely used for decoration and bedding
purpose.
The important varieties under this class are as follows:
White: Iceberg, Summer Snow, Margette Maril, Chitchor, Chandrama
Pink: Prema, Sadabahar, King Arthur, Bridal Pink
Yellow: Arthur Bell, Dr. Foun, Allgold, Sea Pearl, Golden Times
Mauve: Neelambari, Angel Face, Africa Star
Orange: Doris Norman, Suryakiran, Jorina, Jambra
Bi-colour: Charisma, Mask Red, Paint Box, Nav Sadabahar, Red
Gold, Rare Addition
Scented: Angel Face, Delhi Princess
Rodhatte- 1st floribunda variety
C) Grandifloras: Mainly obtained from crosses
between Hybrid Tea and Floribunda type.
Produces large number of flowers in cluster with fine
form. Eg: Montezuma (1955), Queen Elizabeth
(1954),
(C) Polyantha
These roses are small and the flowers come in cluster.
The main varieties of this class are Anjani, Rashmi, Nartaki, Priti,
Swati, etc.
(D) Miniature
The roses are dwarf in stature and the twigs and the leaves
are also small. These flowers are used in flower arrangement:
Red: Beauty Secret, Dark Beauty, Fast Fire
White: Green Ice, Z-Trail, Aany
Pink:Windy City, Sweet Fairy, Dizzler
Yellow: Baby Gold Star, Kale Gold, Delhi Star Late
Mauve: Silver Tip, Blue Bird
Orange: Angel Ripyance, Petayit Foly
Bi-colour: Star and Strip, Jainy Williums, Over the Rainbow
Miniature Roses
(E) Climber
The branches of these roses are soft and spread like climber.
They flower at the end of the branches in small clusters. They are
used for raising over the pergolas and the walls. The important
varieties are as follows:
Red: Climbing Crimson Glory, Blaze, Cocktail, Black Boy
White: Delhi White Pearl, Shelderer White, Rambler, American Pear,
Lamark
Pink: Climbing Show Girl, Lady Water Loo, Climbing of Silk, Soft
Silk, Climbing Piece, Pink Meradan
Lemon: Miracle Neel, All Gold, Golden Shower, High Moon
There is profuse demand of red, pink and orange coloured cut roses.
It is suggested that the following varieties are more profitable to
grow:
Gladiator, Queen Elizabeth, Bull’s Red, First Red, Happiness, Grand
Gala, Confetti, etc.
Climber Rose
Cabbage roses:
• The cabbage roses called such due to their numerous petals that
create a large, full bloom resembling a cabbage.
• They belongs to species R.centifolia.
Indian cultivars:
1. Hybrid Teas: Abhisarika, Akashsundari, Anupama,
Anuraag, Arjun, Ganga, Dr. B.P. Pal, Golden afternoon,
Haseena, Mridula, Nurjehan, Poornima, Rakta gandha,
President Radhakrishnan
2. Floribundas: Akash nartaki, Arunima, Delhi Princess,
Himangini,Madhura, Mohini, Sindhur
3. Polyanthas: Anjani, Nartaki, Swati,
4. Miniatures: Chandrika, Pushkala,
5. Climbers: Akash pradip, Delhi white pearl
EXHIBITION VARIETIES
EXPORT VARIETIES
PROPAGATION
• Commercial method:- T budding
• Dormant eyes on a scion of chosen variety are budded by T method
on a roots.
• Rootstock:- R. multiflora is more suitable for southern parts as
indicated by research done at IIHR. Bangalore.
• Budded plants take less time to build up and produce economic
production in short time.
B) Budding
Hybrid tea and Floribunda roses mainly propagated
through budding. ‘T’ budding is the common method. Root
stocks used are R. multiflora (Briar root stock), R. indica
var. odorata( p.m.resistant), R. bourboniana.
propagation is by cutting
Season
•Planting can be avoided during hot summer and heavy rains.
•In plains roses can be best planted during Sep-Oct after the
cessation of the rains.
•In hills, planting can be done during Oct-Nov/ Feb-Mar.
depending upon the temperature but the former season is more
suited.
Spacing
For,
Cut flower production – 60 x 30 cm
Oil extraction – 2.5 x 0.5 m
Vigorously growing cultivars. 60 x 75 cm / 75 x 75 cm
Polyanthas – 45 cm
Miniatures – 30 cm
Climbing types – 3 m
Cultural Operations
1) Weed Management
• Manual weed control is effective if done frequently.
• Diuron @ 2 kg ai/hac.
• Oxyfluorofen @0.5 kg ai/hac.
• Rice straw mulch is also effective.
• Major weeds of rose :- Anagallis arvensis, Melilotus
albums. Chinopodium alba, Poligonum etc.
2) Irrigation
• Roses do not like water logging condition but need
plenty of water for their growth and development.
• Frequency of irrigation depends on the water
requirement of particular varieties.
• Ideal method- Drip irrigation system
• Another method of irrigation –Sub surface ,in which
water is directly delivered at the root zone without
any losses.
3) Mulching
• It conserve soil moisture.
• Supply humus.
• Suppress weeds.
• It is done with paddy straw, dried leaves.
• Also promotes growth and flowering.
• It promotes physical properties of the soil.
Special practices
• Bending helps in maintaining enough leaf area on the
plants. The maximum leaf area is required to build up a
strong root system. Leaves are important for producing
carbohydrates
DISBUDDING
Disbudding is the practice of removing undesirable flower buds
PINCHING AND REMOVAL OF WILD ROOT
STOCK OF ROSE
Removal of part of terminal growing portion of stem is called
pinching.
This operation reduce plant height but promotes auxiliary branching.
Maturity of flower bud was also prevented by this practice.
Chemical pinching also done by using BA, Promilin (BA+GA3),
ethephon, alar etc in some cultivars like sonia, marcedes.
If the spent blooms are not removed in time, there is a chance of developing
fruits bearing seeds.
Once hips are formed and reach the advance stage of development, growth
and flowering are severely reduced during the season.
Cutting of faded flowers forced strong laterals which produce good quality
flowers.
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ROSE PLANTATION
⦿ Support system makes intercultural operation easy &
protects the buds from being damaged, by not allowing the
stems bend into the path.
45
Bud netting
• Regulate the shape of the buds
• Some varieties should be covered with bud nets.
Pruning: Pruning refers to the removal of certain portion
of a plant. It is an important operation for maintenance of
floriferousness and flower quality along with vigour of
rose plants.
Objects of Pruning in rose:
---To remove the unproductive growth, ensure production
of large number of strong and healthy shoots, which will
bear flowers and improve the quality of blooms.
---To force the strongest shoot bud to break in growth.
---To Keep the rose bush in proper shape and size.
---To allow light and air to reach the centre of plant
Pruning time:
The best time of pruning is the period when the activity of
the rose plant is least and the plant is at dormant to
near dormant stage.
The most usual time for pruning is during October-
November in Indo- Gangetic plains after the rains are
well over and the cold season is Approaching.
Manures and Fertilizers:
well rotten O.M @ 4-5 t/ha
Fertilizer dose 250:500:375 kg NPK/ha
DISEASES
1. Dieback- Diplodia rosarum
2. Powdery mildew- Sphaerotheca pannosa.
3. Rust- Phragmidium mucronatum.
4. Downy mildew- Peronospora sparsa
PESTS
1. Aphids- Macrosiphum rosae
2. Thrips- Scirtothrips dorsalis
3. Cottony cushion scale- Icerya purchasi
49
Dieback Powdery mildew Black spot
Rust Anthracnose Rose mosaic virus
50
Aphid Thrips
Cottony cushion scale Leaf cutting bee 33
Bull head
Blind shoots
• No flower bud initiation
Shoots do not initiates of
pistils and stamens
primordial.
• causes
• ×Low temperature
• ×Boron deficiency
• Control :
• ×ccc@500ppm and
GA@100ppm
• ×Boron @30 to 60 ppm
Harvesting
•Flowering starts from 1st year onwards.
•Economic yield starts 2nd to 10th year.
•Flowers are harvested when the flower buds are in
half open stage.
•cut flowers, harvested at Tight bud stage with long
stalks.
Handling
As soon as the flowers are harvested, the stems are
lowered in to clean buckets containing water with
preservative. The flowers are then cooled down to 2-4 0
C for 5-6 hours.
POST HARVEST HANDLING
Freshly harvested cut roses Grading of roses
Bunching of graded roses Packing of bunched roses 27
Corrugated devider
Arrangement
Cable ties
Cushioned vase
Outer Corrugated box
Outer Corrugated
box
58
Grading: The flowers are graded according to
the length of the flower stalk.
It varies from 40-110 cm depending on the
variety and packed 20 stacks per bunch.
Yield
• Loose flowers : 7.5 t/ha
• Cut flowers : 1st year : 100-120 flowers/m2
2nd year: 200-240 flowers/m2
3rd year: 300-360 flowers/m2
GULKAND
ROSE OIL
POTPO
URII
ROSE
PERFUMES
ROSE GARDEN
,OOTY, TN
ROSE
GARDEN,LALBAGH,BENGALURU,KARNATAKA
ROSE GARDEN,
CHANDIGARH
THANK YOU
