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1. a)
i. State two ways in which the molecular structure of a liquid is different from the molecular
structure of a solid.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
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2. .......................................................................................................................................
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[2]
ii. Explain, in terms of energy, the process which takes place as a solid at its melting point
changes into a liquid at the same temperature.
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]

b) During a severe snowstorm, a layer of snow (ice crystals) forms on the body of an animal in a
field. The snow and the surrounding air are at 0 °C. The snow begins to melt.
i. The mass of snow that falls on the animal is 1.65 kg. The specific latent heat of fusion of
snow is 330 000 J / kg.
Calculate the thermal energy needed to melt this snow.

thermal energy = ............................................... [2]

ii. The animal derives energy from its food to maintain its body temperature.
State the energy change that takes place.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
2. a) Fig. 2.1 shows a gas contained in a cylinder enclosed by a piston.

Fig 2.1
At first, the length of cylinder containing the gas is 100 cm. The pressure of the gas, shown by
the pressure gauge, is 300 kPa. The area of cross-section of the cylinder is 0.12 m2.
i. Describe the motion of the molecules of the gas. [1]

ii. Use the idea of momentum to explain how the molecules exert a force on the walls of the
cylinder. [2]

b) The piston is moved so that the new length of cylinder occupied by the gas is 40 cm. The
temperature of the gas is unchanged.
i. Calculate the new pressure of the gas.

pressure = [2]
ii. Explain, in terms of the behaviour of the molecules, why the pressure has changed. [2]
 [Total: 7]

3. a) Puddles of water form on a path after rainfall on a windy day.

In terms of molecules, state and explain how the rate of evaporation of the puddles is
affected by
i. a reduction of wind speed,
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
ii. an increase of water temperature.
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b) Fig. 3.1 shows two puddles.

Fig: 3.1
State and explain how the rate of evaporation from the large puddle compares to that from the
small puddle under the same conditions.
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.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
c) Describe an experiment to demonstrate the difference between good and bad emitters of
infra-red radiation. You may include a diagram to help your description. State what readings
 should be taken.
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...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of a double-walled glass vacuum flask, containing a hot liquid.
The surfaces of the two glass walls of the flask have shiny silvered coatings.
 Fig: 4.1
a) Explain
i. why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by conduction
is very low,
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ii. why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by radiation is
very low.
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[3]
b) Suggest, with reasons, what must be added to the flask shown in Fig. 4.1 in order to
keep the liquid hot.
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...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]
5. a) The source of solar energy is the Sun.
Tick the box next to those resources for which the Sun is also the source of energy.

b)
Fig. 5.1 shows a solar water-heating panel on the roof of a house.

Fig: 5.1
Cold water flows into the copper tubes, which are heated by solar radiation. Hot water flows
out of the tubes and is stored in a tank.
i. Explain why the tubes are made of copper and are painted black.
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
ii. In 5.0 s, 0.019 kg of water flows through the tubes. The temperature of the water increases
from 20 °C to 72 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in 5.0 s.

thermal energy = ...........................................................[3]

iii. The efficiency of the solar panel is 70%.
Calculate the power of the solar radiation incident on the panel.
 power = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 9]

6. a) Fig. 6.1 represents the waveform of a sound wave. The wave is travelling at constant speed.

(i) On Fig. 6.1,

1. label with the letter X the marked distance corresponding to the amplitude of the wave [1]

2. label with the letter Y the marked distance corresponding to the wavelength of the wave [2]
(ii) State what happens to the amplitude and the wavelength of the wave if

1. the loudness of the sound is increased at constant pitch,

amplitude ...................................................................................................................
wavelength .................................................................................................................
[1]
2. the pitch of the sound is increased at constant loudness.
 amplitude ...................................................................................................................
wavelength .................................................................................................................
[1]
b) A ship uses pulses of sound to measure the depth of the sea beneath the ship. A sound pulse
is transmitted into the sea and the echo from the sea-bed is received after 54 ms. The speed
of sound in seawater is 1500 m / s.
Calculate the depth of the sea beneath the ship.

depth = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]

7. Some plane waves travel on the surface of water in a tank. They pass from a region of deep water into a
region of shallow water. Fig. 7.1 shows what the waves look like from above.

Fig. 7.1
a) State what happens at the boundary, if anything, to
i. the frequency of the waves,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
ii. the speed of the waves,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
iii. the wavelength of the waves.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
b) The waves have a speed of 0.12 m / s in the deep water. Wave crests are 0.08 m apart in
the deep water.
 Calculate the frequency of the source producing the waves. State the equation that you
use.

frequency = ................................................ [3]

c) Fig. 6.2 shows identical waves moving towards the boundary at an angle.

Fig. 6.2
On Fig. 6.2, draw carefully the remainder of waves A and B, plus the two previous waves which reached
the shallow water. You will need to use your ruler to do this. [3]
[Total: 9]
8. a) Draw a straight line from each wave to the most appropriate speed on the right.

b) Fig. 6.1 shows a railway-line testing-team checking a continuous rail of length 120 m.
The diagram is not to scale.
One tester strikes one end of the rail with a hammer. The other tester hears the sound transmitted through
the air and transmitted through the rail. He hears the two sounds at different times.

The speed of sound in steel is 5000 m / s.

Calculate the time difference, using your value from (a) for the speed of sound in air.

time difference = ..................................................[4]

[Total: 7]