FLUIDS AND ELASTICITY

14
Conceptual Questions

14.1. (a) The density will not change. Although the mass and volume both increase by 23 = 8 times, their ratio is unchanged.
(b) The volume V has increased by 23 = 8 times, but the mass has not changed, so the new density ρ ′ is
ρ ′ = m /(8V ) = ρ /8 . The new density has decreased by a factor of 8.

14.2. The pressure only depends on the depth with respect to the top surface of the liquid. Since points a, b, and c
are all at the same depth (i.e., with respect to point e) the pressure is the same for each, so
pa = pb = pc

14.3. The pressure only depends on the depth from the surface of the liquid. Since point d is the deepest and point e
the highest, then
pd > pf > pe
A point halfway between point e and point b would have a pressure about the same as the pressure at point d.

14.4. (a) The pressure at the bottom of each tank is given by p = ρ gd , so it will be the same because the depth of
the water in each tank is the same. The area of the bottom of tank A is larger than the area of the bottom of tank B.
From p = F / A, we have F = pA, so the FA > FB because the bottom area of tank A is larger.
(b) The pressure at any given depth is the same in both tanks because the water depth is the same. Since the area of
the sides indicated in Figure Q14.4 is the same for each tank, the force on these sides is also the same, so FA = FB .
This makes sense. Since there’s more water in tank A, the total force of the water on the bottom of tank A is larger.

14.5. A floating object displaces it weight in liquid, so placing the boat above point A will increase the depth of the
body of water just enough to compensate for the boat’s weight. Thus, the depth of point B is increased slightly so that
it is at the same pressure as point A, and pA = pB .
While a column above point A contains the ship, it also contains less water than a similar column above point B, but
both columns contain the same weight (or mass if we assume a uniform gravitational field).

14.6. Archimedes’ principle tells us that the displaced liquid has the same weight as the floating object, so
ρ LVL = ρBVB ⇒ ρB = ρL (VL / VB )
where the subscripts L and B refer to liquid and block, respectively. The ratio VL / VB is the fraction of the block that
is under the liquid, so the densest block is the one for which this fraction is the largest. Thus,
ρA > ρC > ρB

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14-1
14-2 Chapter 14

You’ve heard that only 10% of an iceberg is visible above the surface of the ocean. That means 90% of the iceberg is
below the surface. Therefore the density of ice is 90% the density of seawater. You can verify this by looking in
Table 14.1 and finding on the Web the density of ice: ρice = 917 kg/m3 .

14.7. Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
the object. Each object displaces exactly the same amount of fluid since each is the same volume. Therefore, the
buoyant force on all three objects is the same, so Fa = Fb = Fc . Note that the buoyant force does not depend on the
mass or location of the object.

14.8. For objects that are completely submerged the buoyant force is proportional to the volume of the object. If the
densities of objects A, B, and C are the same, then the objects with greater mass (A and C) must also occupy a larger
volume. Thus, A and C will experience a larger buoyant force than B.
FA = FC > FB

14.9. The sphere is floating in static equilibrium, so the upward buoyant force exactly equals the sphere’s
weight: FB = w. But according to Archimedes’ principle, FB is the weight of the displaced liquid. That is, the weight
of the missing water in B is exactly matched by the weight of the added ball. Thus, the total weights of both
containers are equal.

14.10. The lower the velocity of fluid, the higher the pressure at a given point in the pipe (Bernoulli’s principle). The
pressure p in the horizontal liquid-containing pipe is p = ps + ρ gd , where d is the depth of the liquid in the vertical
pipes a, b, or c and ps is the gas pressure at the liquid surface. Thus, the vertical pipes with the highest liquid level d
have the lowest surface pressure ps , or the highest gas velocity. Therefore, the gas velocities are vb > va > vc .

14.11. The pressure is reduced at the chimney due to the movement of the wind above (Bernoulli’s principle). Thus,
the air will flow in the window and out the chimney.
Prairie dogs ventilate their burrows this way; a small breeze above their mound lowers the pressure there and allows
the air in the burrow to move between openings of different types or heights.

14.12. Equation 14.34 is F / A = Y (Δ L / L). The second wire is the same material, and has length L′ = 2 L and area
A′ = π (2r )2 = 4π r 2 = 4 A. The force required to stretch it the same length Δ L = 1 mm is
ΔL ΔL ⎛ ΔL ⎞
F ′ = A′Y = 4 AY = 2 ⎜ AY = 2F
L′ 2L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
So the force required is 4000 N.

14.13. The stress F/A on the wire is proportional to the strain ΔL/L in the elastic region. The breaking point is past
the elastic limit. The elastic limit is reached at a particular strain. Since the wire is the same diameter the area A stays
the same, so an equal force of 5000 N will also take the wire to its elastic limit.

Exercises and Problems

Exercises
Section 14.1 Fluids
14.1. Solve: The volume of the liquid is
m m 0.055 kg ⎛ 106 mL ⎞
ρ= ⇒ V= = ⎜ ⎟ = 50 mL
V ρ 1100 kg/m3 ⎜⎝ m3 ⎟⎠

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-3

Assess: The liquid’s density is slightly higher than that of water (1000 kg/m3 ), so it is reasonable that it requires
slightly less than 55 mL to get a mass of 55 g.

14.2. Model: Model the helium as an ideal gas.

Visualize: Look up the densities of helium gas and glycerin in Table 14.1. Since the cylinders have the same height,
the volumes scale with the radius squared, VA = 4VB .
Solve:
mB VB ρ B ⎛ VB ⎞ ρ B 1 (1260 kg/m3 )
= =⎜ ⎟ = = 1800
mA VA ρ A ⎝ VA ⎠ ρ A 4 0.18 kg/m3
Assess: Helium at 1 atm pressure is not very dense.

14.3. Model: The densities of gasoline and water are given in Table 14.1.
Solve: (a) The total mass is
mtotal = mgasoline + mwater = 0 . 050 kg + 0 . 050 kg = 0 . 100 kg
The total volume is
mgasoline mwater 0 . 050 kg 0. 050 kg
Vtotal = Vgasoline + Vwater = + = + = 1 .24 × 10−4 m3
ρgasoline ρwater 680 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3
mtotal 0 . 100 kg
ρavg = = = 8.1 × 102 kg/m3
Vtotal 1 . 24 × 10−4 m3
(b) The average density is calculated as follows:
mtotal = mgasoline + mwater = ρwaterVwater + ρgasolineVgasoline
ρwaterVwater + ρgasolineVgasoline (50 cm3 )(1000 kg/m3 + 680 kg/m3 )
ρavg = = 3
= 8 .4 × 102 kg/m3
Vwater + Vgasoline 100 cm
Assess: The average densities above are between those of gasoline and water, which is reasonable.

14.4. Model: The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 .

Visualize:

Solve: Volume of water in the swimming pool is

V = 6. 0 m × 12 m × 3 .0 m − 12 (6 .0 m × 12 m × 2. 0 m) = 144 m3
The mass of water in the swimming pool is
m = ρV = (1000 kg/m3 )(144 m3 ) = 1. 4 × 105 kg

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14-4 Chapter 14

Section 14.2 Pressure

14.5. Visualize:

Solve: The pressure at the bottom of the vat is p = p0 + ρ gd = 1 . 3 atm. Substituting into this equation gives
1.013 × 105 Pa + ρ (9.8 m/s 2 )(2.0 m) = (1.3)(1.013 × 105 ) Pa ⇒ ρ = 1550.5 kg/m3
The mass of the liquid in the vat is
m = ρV = ρπ (0.50 m) 2 d = (1550.5 kg/m3 )π (0.50 m) 2 (2.0 m) = 2.4 × 103 kg

14.6. Model: The density of sea water is 1030 kg/m3 .

Solve: The pressure below sea level can be found from Equation 14.5 as follows:
p = p0 + ρ gd = 1.013 × 105 Pa + (1030 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(1.1 × 104 m)
= 1.013 × 105 Pa + 1.1103 × 108 Pa = 1.1113 × 108 Pa = 1.1 × 103 atm
where we have used the conversion 1 atm = 1 .013 × 105 Pa.
Assess: The pressure deep in the ocean is very large.

14.7. Model: Assume the mercury is in hydrostatic equilibrium.

Visualize: We are given the radius of the cylinder, but we don’t need it. We look up in the table the density of
mercury: ρ Hg = 13,600 kg/m3.
Solve:
p − p0 50 kPa
p = p0 + ρ gd ⇒ d = = = 38 cm
ρg (13,600 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s 2 )
Assess: This is a reasonable height for a 3.0-cm-diameter tube.

14.8. Model: The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the density of ethyl alcohol is 790 kg/m3 .
Solve: (a) The volume of water that has the same mass as 8 . 0 m3 of ethyl alcohol is
m m ρ V ⎛ 790 kg/m3 ⎞
Vwater = water = alcohol = alcohol alcohol = ⎜ ⎟ (8 . 0 m3 ) = 6 . 3 m3
ρwater ρwater ρwater ⎜ 1000 kg/m3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(b) The pressure at the bottom of the cubic tank is p = p0 + ρwater gd:
p = 1 . 013 × 105 Pa + (1000 kg/m3 )(9 . 8 m/s2 )(6. 3)1/ 3 = 1. 2 × 105 Pa
where we have used the relation d = (Vwater )1/3 .

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-5

14.9. Model: The density of oil is ρoil = 900 kg/m3 and the density of water is ρwater = 1000 kg/m3.
Visualize:

Solve: The pressure at the bottom of the oil layer is p1 = p0 + ρoil gd1, and the pressure at the bottom of the water layer is
p2 = p1 + ρwater gd 2 = p0 + ρoil gd1 + ρwater gd 2
p2 = (1 . 013 × 105 Pa) + (900 kg/m3 )(9. 8 m/s 2 )(0 . 5 m) + (1000 kg/m3 )(9. 8 m/s 2 )(1 . 2 m) = 1. 2 × 105 Pa
Assess: A pressure of 1 . 2 × 105 Pa = 1 . 2 atm is reasonable.

14.10. Model: The density of seawater is ρseawater = 1030 kg/m 2 .

Visualize:

Solve: The pressure outside the submarine’s window is pout = p0 + ρseawater gd , where d is the maximum safe depth
for the window to withstand a force F. This force is F / A = pout − pin , where A is the area of the window. With
pin = p0 , we simplify the pressure equation to
F F
pout − p0 = = ρseawater gd ⇒ d=
A Aρseawater g
1 . 0 × 106 N
d= = 3 . 2 km
π (0 .10 m) 2 (1030 kg/m 2 )(9 . 8 m/s 2 )
Assess: A force of 1 . 0 × 106 N corresponds to a pressure of
F 1. 0 × 106 N
ρ= = = 314 atm
A π (0. 10 m)2
A depth of 3 km is therefore reasonable.

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14-6 Chapter 14

14.11. Visualize:

We assume that the seal is at a radius of 5 cm. Outside the seal, atmospheric pressure presses on both sides of the
cover and the forces cancel. Thus, only the 10-cm-diameter opening inside the seal is relevant, not the 20 cm
diameter of the cover.
Solve: Within the 10 cm diameter area where the pressures differ,
Fto left = patmos A Fto right = pgas A
where A = π r 2 = 7 .85 × 10−3 m 2 is the area of the opening. The difference between the forces is
Fto left − Fto right = ( patmos − pgas ) A = (101,300 Pa − 20,000 Pa)(7. 85 × 10−3 m 2 ) = 0 . 64 kN
Normally, the rubber seal exerts a 0.64 kN force to the right to balance the air pressure force. To pull the cover off,
an external force must pull to the right with a force > 0. 64 kN.

14.12. Model: Oil is incompressible and has a density 900 kg/m3 .

Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX14.12.
Solve: (a) The pressure at point A, which is 0.50 m below the open oil surface, is
pA = p0 + ρoil g (1 .00 m − 0. 50 m) = 101,300 Pa + (900 kg/m3 )(9. 8 m/s 2 )(0 .50 m) = 106 kPa
(b) The pressure difference between A and B is
pB − pA = ( p0 + ρ gd B ) − ( p0 + ρ gd A ) = ρ g (d B − d A ) = (900 kg/m3 )(9 . 8 m/s 2 )(0 .50 m) = 4 . 4 kPa
Pressure depends only on depth, and C is the same depth as B. Thus pC − pA = 4 .4 kPa also, even though C isn’t
directly under A.
Section 14.3 Measuring and Using Pressure
14.13. Model: The density of water is ρ = 1000 kg/m3.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure 14.14.
Solve: From the figure and the equation for hydrostatic pressure, we have
p0 + ρ gh = patmos
Using p0 = 0 atm, and patmos = 1 . 013 × 105 Pa, we get
0 Pa + (1000 kg/m3 )(9. 81 m/s 2 )h = 1. 013 × 105 Pa ⇒ h = 10. 3 m
Assess: This large value of h is due to water having a much smaller density than mercury.

14.14. Model: Assume that the vacuum cleaner can create zero pressure.
Visualize:

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-7

Solve: The gravitational force on the dog is balanced by the force resulting from the pressure difference between the
atmosphere and the vacuum ( phose = 0) in the hose. The force applied by the hose is
F = ( patmos − phose ) A = patmos A = mg
(10 kg)(9. 8 m/s 2 )
A= = 9 . 7 × 10−4 m 2
1 . 013 × 105 Pa
Since A = π (d /2) 2 , the diameter of the hose is d = 2 A/π = 0.035 m = 3.5 cm.

14.15. Model: Assume that the oil is incompressible. Its density is 900 kg/m3 .
Visualize: Please refer to Figure 14.16. Because the liquid is incompressible, the volume displaced in the left
cylinder of the hydraulic lift is equal to the volume displaced in the right cylinder.
Solve: Equating the two volumes,
2 2
⎛r ⎞ ⎛ 0 . 040 m ⎞
A1d1 = A2d 2 ⇒ (π r12 ) d1 = (π r22 ) d 2 ⇒ d1 = ⎜ 2 ⎟ d 2 = ⎜ ⎟ (0.20 m) = 3.2 m
⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 . 010 m ⎠

Section 14.4 Buoyancy

14.16. Model: The buoyant force on the sphere is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Solve: The sphere is in static equilibrium because it is neutrally buoyant. That is,
∑ Fy = FB − FG = 0 N ⇒ ρlVl g − ms g = 0 N
The sphere displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume, Vl = Vs , so
ms ms 0 . 0893 kg
ρl = = 3
= 3
= 7 .9 × 102 kg/m3
Vs 4 π r 4 π (0 . 030 m)
3 s 3

A density of 790 kg/m3 in Table 14.1 identifies the liquid as ethyl alcohol.
Assess: If the density of the fluid and an object are equal, we have neutral buoyancy.

14.17. Model: The buoyant force on the block is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Vcyl is the volume of the block and Vw is the volume of the water displaced by the block. Note that the volume
displaced is only from the part of the block that is immersed in water.

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14-8 Chapter 14

Solve: The block is in static equilibrium, so FB = FG . The buoyant force is the weight ρ wVw g of the displaced
water. Thus
Vw
FB = ρ wVw g = FG = mg = ρ blVbl g ⇒ ρ wVw = ρ blVbl ⇒ ρcyl = ρ w
Vbl
A(0 . 040 m)
ρ bl = (1000 kg/m3 ) = 6 .7 × 102 kg/m3
A(0 . 060 m)
where A is the cross-sectional area of the block.
Assess: ρcyl < ρ w for a block floating in water is an expected result.

14.18. Model: Since the cube floats in the lake 2/3 submerged, the cube’s density is 2/3 of the density of the liquid
in the lake.
Visualize:

Solve: Start with the pressure at a depth d in a liquid: p = p0 + ρ gd . We want to know the depth at which p = 2 p0 .
p0
p = 2 p0 ⇒ p0 = ρliquid gd ⇒ d =
ρliquid g
We are given p0 = 85 kPa but we must find ρliquid and g.
ρliquid = 32 ρcube = 32 (840 kg/m3 ) = 1260 kg/m3
According to the table this liquid could be glycerin. Now find g on this planet.
21 N 21 N
mg = 21 N ⇒ g = = = 116 m/s 2
ρcubeVcube (840 kg/m3 )(0.060 m)3
Now put it all together.
p0 85 kPa
d= = = 58 cm
ρliquid g (1260 kg/m3 )(116 m/s 2 )
That is, at a depth of 58 cm the pressure in the liquid in the lake is twice the atmospheric pressure.
Assess: The acceleration of objects in free fall is quite large on this planet.

14.19. Model: The buoyant force on the sphere is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-9

Solve: The sphere is in static equilibrium. The free-body diagram on the sphere shows that
1 4
∑ Fy = FB − T − FG = 0 N ⇒ FB = T + FG = FG + FG = FG
3 3
4 3 3
ρ wVsphere g = ρsphereVsphere g ⇒ ρsphere = ρ w = (1000 kg/m ) = 750 kg/m3
3
3 4 4

14.20. Model: The buoyant force on the rock is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Solve: Because the rock is in static equilibrium, Newton’s first law gives
Fnet = T + FB − ( FG ) rock = 0 N
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ m g ⎞ ⎛ ρ ⎞
T = ρ rockVrock g − ρ water ⎜ Vrock ⎟ g = ⎜ ρ rock − ρ water ⎟Vrock g = ⎜ ρ rock − ρ water ⎟ ⎜ rock ⎟ = ⎜1 − water ⎟ mrock g
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ρ rock ⎠ ⎝ 2 ρ rock ⎠
Using ρ rock = 4800 kg/m3 and mrock = 5. 0 kg, we get T = 44 N.

14.21. Model: The buoyant force on the aluminum block is given by Archimedes’ principle. The density of
aluminum and ethyl alcohol are ρ Al = 2700 kg/m3 and ρethyl alcohol = 790 kg/m3.
Visualize:

The buoyant force FB and the tension due to the string act vertically up, and the gravitational force on the aluminum block
acts vertically down. The block is submerged, so the volume of displaced fluid equals VAl , the volume of the block.
Solve: The aluminum block is in static equilibrium, so
∑ Fy = FB + T − FG = 0 N ⇒ ρf VAl g + T − ρ AlVAl g = 0 N ⇒ T = VAl g ( ρ Al − ρf )
T = (100 × 10−6 m3 )(9 .81 m/s 2 )(2700 kg/m3 − 790 kg/m3 ) = 1 .9 N
where we have used the conversion 100 cm3 = 100 × (10−2 m)3 = 10−4 m3 .
Assess: The gravitational force on the aluminum block is ρAlVAl g = 2 . 65 N. A similar order of magnitude for T is
reasonable.

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14-10 Chapter 14

14.22. Model: The buoyant force on the steel cylinder is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

The length of the cylinder above the surface of mercury is d.

Solve: The cylinder is in static equilibrium with FB = FG . Thus
FB = ρHgVHg g = FG = mg = ρcylVcyl g ⇒ ρHgVHg = ρcylVcyl ⇒ ρHg A(0. 20 m − d ) = ρcyl A(0. 20 m)
ρcyl ⎛ 7900 kg/m3 ⎞
d = 0. 20 m − (0 .20 m) = (0. 20 m) ⎜1 − ⎟ = 0. 084 m = 8. 4 cm
ρHg ⎜ 13,600 kg/m3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
That is, the length of the cylinder above the surface of the mercury is 8.4 cm.

14.23. Model: The buoyant force on the ceramic statue is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Solve: The gravitational force on the statue is the 28.4 N registered on the scale in air. In water, the gravitational
force on the statue is balanced by the sum of the buoyant force FB and the spring’s force on the statue; that is,
11.4 N mstatue
( FG )statue = FB + Fspring on statue ⇒ 28.4 N = ρ wVstatue g + 17.0 N ⇒ Vstatue = =
g ρw ρstatue
( mstatue g ) ρ w (28.4 N)(1000 kg/m3 )
ρstatue = = = 2.49 × 103 kg/m3
(11.4 N) (11.4 N)

14.24. Model: The buoyant force on the sphere is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-11

Solve: For the Styrofoam sphere and the mass not to sink, the sphere must be completely submerged and the buoyant
force FB must be equal to the sum of the gravitational force on the Styrofoam sphere and the attached mass.
Neglecting the volume of the hanging mass, the volume of displaced water equals the volume of the sphere, so
⎛ 4π ⎞
FB = ρwaterVwater g = (1000 kg/m3 ) ⎜ ⎟ (0 . 25 m)3 (9 .8 m/s 2 ) = 641 . 4 N
⎝ 3⎠
⎡4 ⎤
( FG )Styrofoam = ρStyrofoamVStyrofoam g = (150 kg/m3 ) ⎢ π (0 . 25 m)3 ⎥ (9 . 8 m/s 2 ) = 96. 2 N
⎣3 ⎦
Because ( FG )Styrofoam + mg = FB ,
FB − ( FG )Styrofoam 641 . 4 N − 96 . 2 N
m= = = 55 . 6 kg
g 9 .8 m/s 2
To two significant figures, the mass is 56 kg.

14.25. Model: The buoyant force is determined by Archimedes’ principle. Ignore any compression the air in the
beach ball may undergo as a result of submersion.
Solve: The mass of the beach ball is negligible, so the force needed to push it below the water is equal to the buoyant force.
⎛4 ⎞ ⎡4 ⎤
FB = pw ⎜ π R3 ⎟ g = (1000 kg/m3 ) ⎢ π (0 .30 m)3 ⎥ (9 . 8 m/s 2 ) = 1 . 1 kN
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ 3 ⎦
Assess: It would take a 113 kg (250 lb) person to push the ball below the water. Two people together could do it.
This seems about right.
Section 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
14.26. Visualize: Q is the volume flow rate, so Q = V / Δt. We are given V = 600 L and v = 3.0 m/s.
Solve:
V
Q = vA = ⇒
Δt
V 600 L ⎛ 1000 mL ⎞ ⎛ 1 m3 ⎞
Δt = = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 410 s = 6.8 min
vA (3.0 m/s)π (0.0125 m) ⎝ 1 L ⎠ ⎜⎝ 1,000,000 mL ⎟⎠
2

Assess: 6.8 minutes seems like a realistic amount of time to fill a child’s wading pool.

14.27. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid so that the flow in the tube follows the continuity equation.
Visualize:

( 12 L ) . The above equation simplifies to

2
Solve: The equation of continuity is v0 A0 = v1 A1, where A0 = L2 and A1 = π
2
⎛L⎞ ⎛4⎞
v0 L2 = v1π ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ v1 = ⎜ ⎟ v0 = 1 . 27v0
⎝2⎠ ⎝π ⎠

14.28. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid. The pipe itself is a flow tube, so the equation of continuity applies.
Visualize:

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14-12 Chapter 14

Note that A1, A2 , and A3 and v1, v2 , and v3 are the cross-sectional areas and the speeds in the first, second, and
third segments of the pipe, respectively.
Solve: (a) The equation of continuity is
A1v1 = A2v2 = A3v3 ⇒ π r12v1 = π r22v2 = π r32v3 ⇒ r12v1 = r22v2 = r32v3
(0.0050 m) 2 (4.0 m/s) = (0.010 m) 2 v2 = (0.0025 m)2 v3
2 2
⎛ 0.0050 m ⎞ ⎛ 0.0050 m ⎞
v2 = ⎜ ⎟ (4.0 m/s) = 1.0 m/s v3 = ⎜ ⎟ (4.0 m/s) = 16 m/s
⎝ 0.010 m ⎠ ⎝ 0.0025 m ⎠
(b) The volume flow rate through the pipe is
Q = A1v1 = π (0 . 0050 m) 2 (4 . 0 m/s) = 3 . 1 × 10−4 m3 /s

14.29. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoulli’s equation. The pressure at the surface is p1 = patmos
and v1 ≈ 0 m/s. The water discharges into air, so p2 = patmos at the exit.
Visualize:

Solve: Use Bernoulli’s equation with v1 ≈ 0 m/s and p1 = p2 (so that term drops off both sides).

ρ gy1 = 12 ρv22 ⇒ v2 = 2 gy1 = 2(9.8 m/s 2 )(0.23 m) = 2.1 m/s

Assess: The water’s exit speed from the hole is the same as if it fell 23 cm from the surface of the bucket. This is not
surprising since we assumed a nonviscous liquid. We did not need to know the size of the hole at the bottom.

14.30. Model: Treat the oil as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoulli’s equation. Consider the path connecting point 1 in
the lower pipe with point 2 in the upper pipe a streamline.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX14.30.
Solve: Bernoulli’s equation is
p2 + 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2 = p1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 ⇒ p2 = p1 + 12 ρ (v12 − v22 ) + ρ g ( y1 − y2 )
Using p1 = 200 kPa = 2 . 0 × 105 Pa, ρ = 900 kg/m3 , y2 − y1 = 10 . 0 m, v1 = 2 . 0 m/s, and v2 = 3 . 0 m/s, we get
p2 = 1 .096 × 105 Pa = 110 kPa.

14.31. Visualize:

Solve: (a) Because the patient’s blood pressure is 140/100, the minimum fluid pressure needs to be 100 mm of Hg above
atmospheric pressure. Since 760 mm of Hg is equivalent to 1 atm and 1 atm is equivalent to 1 . 013 × 105 Pa, the minimum

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-13

pressure is 100 mm = 1 .333 × 104 Pa. The excess pressure in the fluid is due to force F pushing on the internal
6.0-mm-diameter piston that presses against the liquid. Thus, the minimum force the nurse needs to apply to the syringe is
F = fluid pressure × area of plunger = (1. 333 × 104 Pa) ⎡π (0. 0030 m)2 ⎤ = 0. 38 N
⎣ ⎦
(b) The flow rate is Q = vA, where v is the flow speed of the medicine and A is the cross-sectional area of the
needle. Thus,
Q 2.0 × 10−6 m3 /2.0 s
v=
= = 20 m/s
A π (0.125 × 10−3 m) 2
Assess: Note that the pressure in the fluid is due to F that is not dependent on the size of the plunger pad. Also note
that the syringe is not drawn to scale.
Section 14.6 Elasticity
14.32. Model: The dangling mountain climber creates tensile stress in the rope.
Solve: Young’s modulus for the rope is
F / A stress
Y= =
ΔL / L strain
The tensile stress is
(70 kg)(9 . 8 m/s 2 )
= 8 . 734 × 106 Pa
π (0. 0050 m) 2
and the strain is 0 . 080 m/50 m = 0 . 00160 . Dividing the two quantities yields Y = 5 . 5 × 109 N/m 2 .

14.33. Model: Turning the tuning screws on a guitar string creates tensile stress in the string.
Solve: The tensile stress in the string is given by T/A, where T is the tension in the string and A is the cross-sectional
area of the string. From the definition of Young’s modulus,
T /A T ⎛L⎞
Y= ⇒ ΔL = ⎜ ⎟
ΔL /L A⎝Y ⎠
Using T = 2000 N, L = 0. 80 m, A = π (0. 00050 m) 2 , and Y = 20 × 1010 N/m 2 (from Table 14.3), we obtain
Δ L = 0 . 010 m = 1.0 cm.
Assess: 1.0 cm is a large stretch for a length of 80 cm, but 2000 N is a large tension.

14.34. Model: The load supported by a concrete column creates compressive stress in the concrete column.
Solve: The gravitational force on the load produces tensile stress given by F/A, where A is the cross-sectional area of
the concrete column and F equals the gravitational force on the load. From the definition of Young’s modulus,
F /A ⎛ F ⎞⎛ L ⎞ ⎡ (200,000 kg)(9 . 8 m/s 2 ) ⎤ ⎛ 3.0 m ⎞
Y= ⇒ ΔL = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ 2 ⎥⎜ 10 2 ⎟ = 1 mm
ΔL /L ⎝ A ⎠⎝ Y ⎠ ⎣⎢ π (0 .25 m) ⎦⎥ ⎝ 3 × 10 N/m ⎠
Assess: A compression of 1.0 mm of the concrete column by a load of approximately 200 tons is reasonable.

14.35. Model: Water is almost incompressible and it applies a volume stress.

Solve: (a) The pressure at a depth of 5000 m in the ocean is
p = p0 + ρsea water g (5000 m) = 1.013 × 105 Pa + (1030 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s 2 )(5000 m) = 5.057 × 107 Pa = 5.1 × 107 Pa
(b) Using the bulk modulus of water,
ΔV p 5 . 057 × 107 Pa
=− =− = −0 . 025
V B 0 . 2 × 1010 Pa
(c) The volume of a mass of water decreases from V to 0.975V. Thus the water’s density increases from ρ to
ρ /0. 975. The new density is
1030 kg/m3
ρ5000 m = = 1056 kg/m3
0 .975

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14-14 Chapter 14

14.36. Model: The aquarium creates tensile stress.

Solve: Weight of the aquarium is
FG = mg = ρ waterVg = (1000 kg/m3 )(10 m3 )(9 . 8 m/s 2 ) = 9 . 8 × 104 N
where we have used the conversion 1 L = 10−3 m3 . The weight supported by each wood post is 1 (9 . 8 × 104
4
N) =
2 .45 × 104 N. The cross-sectional area of each post is A = (0 . 040 m)2 = 1 . 6 × 10−3 m 2 . Young’s modulus for the
wood is
F /A FL
Y = 1 × 1010 N/m 2 = =
ΔL / L AΔL
FL (2 . 45 × 104 N)(0. 80 m)
ΔL = = = 1. 23 × 10−3 m = 1 mm
AY (1 . 6 × 10−3 m 2 )(1 × 1010 N/m 2 )
Assess: A compression of 1 mm due to a weight of 2 .45 × 104 N is reasonable.

14.37. Model: The air pressure on earth applies a volume stress to the sphere, which is removed when the sphere is in
outer space.
Visualize: Decreasing the pressure will increase the diameter of the sphere, so we remove the negative sign from the
equation in the book so Δ r will be positive as the sphere is launched into space. We are given rsphere = 2.5 m and
we look up in the table BAl = 7 × 1010 N/m 2 .
Solve:
F ΔV Vp
= p=B ⇒ ΔV =
A V B
We also have from calculus Δ V = 4π r 2Δ r. Set these expressions for Δ V equal to each other and solve for Δ r .
4 π r3 p
Vp rp (2.5 m)(101.3 kPa)
3
Δr = 2
= = 2
= = 1.2 μ m
4π r B 4π r B 3B 3(7 × 1010 N/m 2 )
The diameter changes by twice this, increasing 2.4 µm.
Assess: The sphere expands by just a tiny amount, as expected.

Problems

14.38. Model: Assume that the oil is incompressible and its density is 900 kg/m3 .
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.38.
Solve: (a) The pressure at depth d in a fluid is p = p0 + ρ gd . Here, pressure p0 at the top of the fluid is due both to
the atmosphere and to the gravitational force on the piston. That is, p0 = patm + ( FG ) p / A. At point A,
( FG ) P
pA = patm + + ρ g (1 . 00 m − 0 .30 m)
A
(10 kg)(9 . 8 m/s 2 )
= 1 . 013 × 105 Pa + + (900 kg/m3 )(9 . 8 m/s 2 )(0. 70 m) = 185,460 Pa
π (0 . 020 m)2
FA = pA A = (185,460 Pa)π (0. 10 m)2 = 5. 8 kN
(b) In the same way,
( FG ) P
pB = patm + + ρ g (1 . 30 m) = 190,752 Pa ⇒ FB = 6 . 0 kN
A
Assess: FB is larger than FA , because pB is larger than pA .

14.39. Model: We assume that there is a perfect vacuum inside the cylinders with p = 0 Pa. We also assume that
the atmospheric pressure in the room is 1 atm.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.39.

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-15

Solve: (a) The flat end of each cylinder has an area A = π r 2 = π (0 . 30 m) 2 = 0. 283 m 2 . The force on each end is thus
Fatm = p0 A = (1 . 013 × 105 Pa)(0 .283 m 2 ) = 2 . 86 × 104 N
To two significant figures, the force on each end is 2 . 9 × 104 N.
(b) The net vertical force on the lower cylinder when it is on the verge of being pulled apart is
∑ Fy = Fatm − ( FG )players = 0 N ⇒ ( FG ) players = Fatm = 2 . 86 × 104 N
2 . 86 × 104 N
number of players = = 29 . 2
(100 kg)(9. 8 m/s 2 )
That is, 30 players are needed to pull the two cylinders apart.

14.40. Model: Assume that blood is incompressible.

Solve: When lying down, the pressure at both the heart and the brain is at 118 mm Hg (gauge pressure) or 118 mm Hg +
760 mm Hg = 878 mm Hg absolute pressure. Upon standing up, the pressure in the heart remains at 878 mm Hg, but the
pressure in the brain is reduced according to the hydrostatic pressure equation:
pH = pB + ρ gh
where B and H refer to brain and heart, respectively. Inserting h = 0.40 m and solving for pB gives
⎛ 760 mm Hg ⎞
pB = pH − ρ gh = 878 mm Hg − (1060 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s 2 )(0.40 m) ⎜ ⎟ = 847 mm Hg
⎝ 101.3 kPa ⎠
In gauge pressure, the blood pressure in the brain is pB = 847 mm Hg − 760 mm Hg = 87 mm Hg.
Assess: This blood pressure is below the 90 mm Hg that can cause fainting, which explains why people whose blood
vessels do not constrict to compensate for this effect feel faint when standing from a prone position.

14.41. Model: The tire flattens until the pressure force against the ground balances the upward normal force of the
ground on the tire.
Solve: The area of the tire in contact with the road is A = (0 . 15 m)(0. 13 m) = 0 . 0195 m 2 . The normal force on each
tire is
FG (1500 kg)(9. 8 m/s 2 )
n= = = 3675 N
4 4
Thus, the pressure inside each tire is
n 3675 N 14. 7 psi
pinside = = 2
= 188,500 Pa = 1. 86 atm × = 27 psi
A 0 . 0195 m 1 atm

14.42. Model: Assume that oil is incompressible and its density is ρ = 900 kg/m3 .
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.42.
Solve: (a) The hydraulic lift is in equilibrium and the pistons on the left and the right are at the same level.
Therefore, Equation 14.10 simplifies to
Fleft piston Fright piston ( FG )student ( FG )elephant
= ⇒ 2
=
Aleft piston Aright piston π ( rstudent ) π (relephant ) 2
⎛ (F ) ⎞ (70 kg) g
rstudent = ⎜ G student ⎟ (relephant ) = (1.0 m) = 0.2415 m
⎜ ( FG )elephant ⎟ (1200 kg) g
⎝ ⎠
The diameter of the piston the student is standing on is therefore 2 × 0.2415 m = 0.48 m.
(b) With the second student added, the pistons are no longer at the same height. Therefore, Equation 15.10 gives
Fright piston Fleft piston
= − ρ gh
Aright piston Aleft piston

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14-16 Chapter 14

With Fleft piston = ms g + (70 kg)g and h = 0.35 m, we can solve for the second students mass ms:
melephant Aleft piston
ms = − 70 kg + ρ hAleft piston
Aright piston
(1200 kg)(0.2415 m) 2
= − 70 kg + (900 kg/m3 )(0.35 m)π (0.2415 m) 2 = 58 kg
(1.0 m) 2
14.43. Model: Assume that the oil is incompressible and its density is 900 kg/m3 .
Visualize:

Solve: The pressures p1 and p2 are equal. Thus,

F1 F F1 F2
p0 + = p0 + 2 + ρ gh ⇒ = + ρ gh
A1 A2 A1 A2
With F1 − m1g , F2 = 4m2 g , A1 = π r12 , and A2 = π r2 2 , we have
1/2 − 1/ 2
m1g 4m2 g ⎛ 4m g ⎞ ⎛ m1g ⎞
= + ρ gh ⇒ r2 = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 − ρ gh ⎟⎟
π r12 π r22 ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ π r1 ⎠
Using m1 = 55 kg, m2 = 110 kg, r1 = 0 . 08 m, ρ = 900 kg/m3 , and h = 1. 0 m, the calculation yields r2 = 0. 276 m.
The diameter is 55 cm.
Assess: Both pistons are too small to hold the people as shown, but the ideas are correct.

14.44. Model: Water and mercury are incompressible and immiscible liquids.
Visualize:

The water in the left arm floats on top of the mercury and presses the mercury down from its initial level. Because
points 1 and 2 are level with each other and the fluid is in static equilibrium, the pressure at these two points must be
equal. If the pressures were not equal, the pressure difference would cause the fluid to flow, violating the assumption
of static equilibrium.
Solve: The pressure at point 1 is due to water of depth d w = 10 cm:
p1 = patmos + ρw gd w
Because mercury is incompressible, the mercury in the left arm goes down a distance h while the mercury in the right
arm goes up a distance h. Thus, the pressure at point 2 is due to mercury of depth d Hg = 2h:
p2 = patmos + ρHg gd Hg = patmos + 2 ρHg gh

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-17

Equating p1 and p2 gives

1 ρw ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1000 kg/m3 ⎞
patmos + ρw gd w = patmos + 2 ρHg gh ⇒ h = dw = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (10 cm) = 3. 7 mm
2 ρHg ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 13,600 kg/m3 ⎟⎠
The mercury in the right arm rises 3.7 mm above its initial level.

14.45. Model: Assume the liquid is incompressible.

Visualize:
Solve: (a) Can 2 has moved down with respect to Can 1 since the water level in Can 2 has risen. Since the total
volume of water stays constant, the water level in Can 1 has fallen by the same amount. The water level is equalized
in the two cans at the middle of the height change, so the change in height of the water is half the relative change in
height of the cans. Can 2 has moved relative to Can 1 (6 .5 cm − 5 .0 cm) × 2 = 3 .0 cm down.
(b) The water level in Can 1 has fallen by the same amount. The new level is 5.0 − 1.5 cm = 3.5 cm.
Assess: The two cans are an inexpensive method of measuring relative changes in height.

14.46. Model: Glycerin and ethyl alcohol are incompressible and do not mix.
Visualize:

Solve: The alcohol in the left arm floats on top of the denser glycerin and presses the glycerin down distance h from
its initial level. This causes the glycerin to rise distance h in the right arm. Points 1 and 2 are level with each other
and the fluids are in static equilibrium, so the pressures at these two points must be equal:
p1 = p2 ⇒ p0 + ρeth gdeth = p0 + ρgly gdgly ⇒ ρeth g (20 cm) = ρgly g (2h)

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 790 kg/m ⎞
3
1 ρeth
h= (20 cm) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (20 cm) = 6. 27 cm
2 ρgly ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 1260 kg/m3 ⎟⎠
You can see from the figure that the difference between the top surfaces of the fluids is
Δ y = 20 cm − 2h = 20 cm − 2(6 . 27 cm) = 7. 46 cm ≈ 7 . 5 cm

14.47. Model: The water is in hydrostatic equilibrium.

Visualize:

Solve: (a) The force of the liquid on the bottom is the pressure p = ρ gD times the area A = WL. This gives
F = pA = ρ gDWL

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14-18 Chapter 14

(b) The pressure on the front panel of the aquarium can be found by integrating the force on a thin strip dy (see
figure above). Using F = pA, we find
dF = ρ gyLdy
D
F = ∫ ρ gyLdy = 12 ρ gD 2 L
0
(c) For a 100-cm-long, 35-cm-wide, 40-cm-deep aquarium filled with water, the force from the liquid on the front window is
F = 12 (1000 kg/m3 )(9 .8 m/s 2 )(0. 40 m) 2 (1 . 0 m) = 784 N ≈ 0. 78 kN
The force on the bottom is
F = (1000 kg/m3 )(9 . 8 m/s 2 )(0 . 40 m)(0 .35 m)(1 . 0 m) = 1372 N ≈ 1 . 4 kN
Assess: The force on the bottom is significantly greater than the force on the front because the bottom must support
all the weight of the water.

14.48. Visualize:

The figure shows a small column of air of thickness dz, of cross-sectional area A = 1 m 2 , and of density ρ ( z ). The
column is at a height z above the surface of the earth.
Solve: (a) The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 . 013 × 105 Pa . That is, the weight of the air column with a
1 m 2 cross section is 1 . 013 × 105 N. Consider the weight of a 1 m 2 slice of thickness dz at a height z. This slice has
volume dV = Adz = (1 m 2 )dz, so its weight is dw = ( ρ dV ) g = ρ g (1 m 2 )dz = ρ0e − z /z0 g (1 m 2 )dz. The total weight of
the 1 m 2 column is found by adding all the dw. Integrating from z = 0 to z = ∞,
∞
w = ∫ ρ0 g (1 m 2 )e− z /z0 dz
0
∞
= ⎡ − ρ0 g (1 m 2 ) z0 ⎤ ⎡e− z /z0 ⎤
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦0
= ρ0 g (1 m 2 ) z0
Because w = 101,300 N = ρ0 g (1 m 2 ) z0 ,
101,300 N
z0 = = 8 . 1 × 103 m
(1 . 28 kg/m3 )(9 . 8 m/s 2 )(1 . 0 m 2 )
(b) Using the density at sea level from Table 14.1,
3 3
ρ = (1. 28 kg/m3 )e− z / (8.08×10 m)
= (1. 28 kg/m3 )e−1600 m/(8.08×10 m)
= 1. 05 kg/m3
This is 82% of ρ0 .

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-19

14.49. Model: Ignore the change in water density over lengths comparable to the size of the fish.
Visualize:

Solve: The buoyant force is the force of gravity on the volume of water displaced by the fish times, or
FB = ρ w (VF + Vb ) g
where the subscripts w, F, and b indicate water, fish, and bladder, respectively. The force due to gravity on the fish is
FG = ρ FVF g + ρairVb g
For neutral buoyancy, the two forces must have equal magnitude. Equating them and solving for the Vb gives
ρ w (VF + Vb ) g = ρ FVF g + ρairVb g
ρw − ρF 1000 kg/m3 − 1080 kg/m3
Vb = VF = VF = 0 . 0801VF
ρair − ρ w 1 .19 kg/m3 − 1000 kg/m3
so the fish needs to increase its volume by 8.01%.
Assess: The result of 8% is reasonable because the fish is about 8% denser than water and the air density is much
less than the water density.

14.50. Model: The buoyant force on the cylinder is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) Initially, as it floats, the cylinder is in static equilibrium, with the buoyant force balancing the
gravitational force on the cylinder. The volume of displaced liquid is Ah, so
FB = ρliq ( Ah) g = FG
Force F pushes the cylinder down distance x, so the submerged length is h + x and the volume of displaced liquid is
A( h + x). The cylinder is again in equilibrium, but now the buoyant force balances both the gravitational force and
force F. Thus
FB = ρliq [ A(h + x)]g = FG + F
Since ρliq ( Ah) g = FG , we’re left with
F = ρliq Agx
(b) The amount of work dW done by force F to push the cylinder from x to x + dx is dW = Fdx = ( ρliq Agx) dx. To
push the cylinder from xi = 0 m to xf = 10 cm = 0. 10 m requires work
xf xf

∫ Fdx = ρliq Ag ∫ xdx = 12 ρliq Ag ( xi

2
W= − xf2 )
xi xi

= 1 (1000
2
kg/m )π (0 . 020 m) 2 (9 . 8 m/s 2 )(0. 10 m) 2 = 0 . 62 J
3

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14-20 Chapter 14

14.51. Model: The buoyant force on the cylinder is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Let d1 be the length of the cylinder in the less-dense liquid with density ρ1, and d 2 be the length of the cylinder in
the more-dense liquid with density p2 .
Solve: The cylinder is in static equilibrium, so
∑ Fy = FB1 + FB2 − FG = 0 N ⇒ ρ1( Ad1) g + ρ 2 ( Ad 2 ) g = ρ A(d1 + d 2 ) g
ρ1 ρ
d1 + d 2 = ( d1 + d 2 )
ρ2 ρ2
Since l = d1 + d 2 ⇒ d1 = l − d 2 , we can simplify the above equation to obtain
⎛ ρ − ρ1 ⎞
d2 = ⎜ ⎟l
⎝ ρ 2 − ρ1 ⎠
That is, the fraction of the cylinder in the more dense liquid is f = ( ρ − ρ1 ) / ( ρ 2 − ρ1 ).
Assess: As expected f = 0 when ρ is equal to ρ1, and f = 1 when ρ = ρ 2 .

14.52. Model: The buoyant force on the cylinder is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Solve: The tube is in static equilibrium, so

∑ Fy = FB − ( FG ) tube − ( FG ) Pb = 0 N ⇒ ρliquid A(0. 25 m) g = (0. 030 kg) g + (0 . 250 kg) g
(0 . 280 kg) (0 . 280 kg)
ρliquid = = = 8 .9 × 102 kg/m3
A(0 .25 m) π (0 . 020 m) 2 (0 .25 m)
Assess: This is a reasonable value for a liquid.

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-21

14.53. Model: Archimedes’ principle determines the buoyant force.

Visualize:

Solve: The plastic hemisphere will hold the most weight when its rim is at the surface of the water. The buoyant
force balances the gravitational force on the bowl and rock.
∑ Fy = FB − ( FG ) rock − ( FG ) bowl = 0 N
Thus
⎛ 1⎞ ⎡ 4 ⎤
mg = pwVbowl g − mbowl g = (1000 kg/m3 ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ π (0 .040 m)3 ⎥ (9 . 8 m/s 2 ) − (0 .021 kg)(9 .8 m/s 2 ) ⇒ m = 0 . 16 kg
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ 3 ⎦
Assess: Putting a rock as big as 160 g in an 8-cm-diameter bowl before it sinks is reasonable.

14.54. Model: The buoyant force is determined by Archimedes’ principle. The spring is ideal.
Visualize:

Solve: The spring is stretched by the same amount that the cylinder is submerged. The buoyant force and spring
force balance the gravitational force on the cylinder.
∑ Fy = FB + FS − mg = 0 N
pw Ayg + ky = mg
mg (1 . 0 kg)(9 . 8 m/s 2 )
y= =
pw Ag + k (1000 kg/m3 )π (0 .025 m) 2 (9 .8 m/s 2 ) + 35 N/m
= 0 . 181 m = 18 cm
Assess: This is difficult to assess because we don’t know the height h of the cylinder and can’t calculate it without
the density of the metal material.

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14-22 Chapter 14

14.55. Model: The buoyant force is determined by Archimedes’ principle, and the boat and masses are floating in
static equilibrium.
Visualize:

Solve: For the boat to float, the buoyant force must have the same magnitude as the force due to gravity. When the
boat sinks to a depth d, it displaces a volume Ad of liquid. Thus
FB = Fg ⇒ ρ Adg = ( M + m) g
where ρ is the density of the liquid, ρ Adg is the weight of the displaced liquid, M is the mass of the empty boat, and
m is the added mass. Rearranging this expression gives the submerged depth after n blocks are added.
1 M
d= m+
ρA ρA
If we plot the depth d versus mass m, the graph should be a straight line with slope 1/ ρ A and y-intercept M /ρ A.

The linear fit is quite good. From the slope of the line, we have
1 1
ρ= = − 4 2
= 1067 kg/m3 = 1 . 1 × 103 kg/m3
A × slope (25 × 10 m )(0 . 374 m/kg)
From the y-intercept, we get
M = ρ A × intercept = (1070 kg/m3 )(25 × 10−4 m 2 )(0 . 11) = 0. 29 kg = 290 g
Assess: The mass of the boat is around 6 times greater than the mass of the blocks, which is not unreasonable. The
density of the liquid is slightly greater than the density of water, which is also a reasonable result.

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-23

14.56. Model: The buoyant force on the can is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

The length of the can above the water level is d, the length of the can is L, and the cross-sectional area of the can is A.
Solve: The can is in static equilibrium, so
∑ Fy = FB − ( FG )can − ( FG ) water = 0 N 12 ρ water A( L − d ) g = (0 . 020 kg) g + mwater g
The mass of the water in the can is
⎛V ⎞ 355 × 10−6 m3
mwater = ρ water ⎜ can ⎟ = (1000 kg / m3 ) = 0 .1775 kg
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
0 . 1975 kg
ρ water A( L − d ) = 0. 020 kg + 0. 1775 kg = 0. 1975 kg ⇒ d − L = − = 0 . 0654 m
ρ water A
Because Vcan = π (0 .031 m) 2 L = 355 × 10−6 m3 , L = 0.1176 m. Using this value of L, we get d = 0 . 0522 m ≈ 5 . 2 cm.
Assess: d / L = 5 . 22 cm / 11 . 76 cm = 0. 444, thus 44.4% of the length of the can is above the water surface. This is
reasonable.

14.57. Model: The two pipes are identical.

Visualize:

Solve: The water speed is the same in both pipes. The flow rate is
Q = 3 . 0 × 106 L/min = 2(vA)
⎛ 1 ⎞
(3 .0 × 106 )(10−3 ) ⎜ ⎟ m3 /s
Q ⎝ 60 ⎠
v= = = 3 . 5 m/s
2A 2π (1 . 5 m) 2

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14-24 Chapter 14

14.58. Model: Treat the liquid as an ideal liquid obeying Bernoulli’s equation (Equation 14.27).
Visualize:

Solve: (a) Bernoulli’s equation gives

p0 + 12 ρ v02 + ρ gy0 = p1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1
Because the pipe expands equally in the positive and negative y directions, the contributions from the gravitational-
potential-energy term cancel by symmetry, so Bernoulli’s equation reduces to
p0 + 12 ρ v02 = p1 + 12 ρ v12
Expressing p1 in terms of p0 gives
p1 = p0 + 12 ρ (v02 − v12 )
Finally, we can express the velocity v1 in terms of v0 using the continuity equation (Equation 14.17):
d 02
v0 A0 = v1 A1 ⇒ v1 = v0
d12
Inserting this into the expression for p0 gives
⎛ d4 ⎞
p1 = p0 + 12 ρ v02 ⎜1 − 04 ⎟
⎜ d ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠
(b) Inserting the given values gives
⎡ 4⎤
p1 = 50 kPa + 1 (1000 kg/m3 )(10 . 0 m/s) 2 ⎢1 − ⎛ 16 . 8 cm ⎞
⎥ = 50 kPa + 25 . 1 kPa = 75 kPa
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎢
⎠ ⎥ 20 . 0 cm
⎝
⎣ ⎦
Assess: We find that the pressure increases where the velocity has decreased, which is in accordance with
Bernoulli’s equation.

14.59. Model: Treat the sap as incompressible and assume sap is almost entirely made of water.
Solve: To replace the water lost to the atmosphere, the vessels must supply 110 g/h of sap. The sap provided by each
vessel is ρvπ(d/2)2, so for N = 2000 sap vessels, the flow rate in each vessel is
2
⎛d⎞ 4(0 .110 kg/h)(1 h/3600 s)
N ρ vπ ⎜ ⎟ = 0 . 110 kg/h ⇒ v = 3 −6 2
= 1 .87 × 10−3 m/s = 1 . 87 mm/s
2
⎝ ⎠ π (1040 kg/m )(2000)(100 × 10 m)
Assess: The motion of the sap would be fast enough to observe with the naked eye.

14.60. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoulli’s equation. A streamline begins in the bigger size
pipe and ends at the exit of the narrower pipe.
Visualize: Please see Figure P14.60. Let point 1 be beneath the standing column and point 2 be where the water
exits the pipe.
Solve: (a) The pressure of the water as it exits into the air is p2 = patmos .
(b) Bernoulli’s equation, Equation 14.26, relates the pressure, water speed, and heights at points 1 and 2:
p1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 = p2 + 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2 ⇒ p1 − p2 = 12 ρ (v22 − v12 ) + ρ g ( y2 − y1)
From the continuity equation,
v1 A1 = v2 A2 = (4 m/s)(5 × 10−4 m 2 ) ⇒ v1(10 × 10−4 m 2 ) = 20 × 10−4 m3 /s ⇒ v1 = 2. 0 m/s
Substituting into Bernoulli’s equation,
p1 − p2 = p1 − patmos = 12 (1000 kg/m3 )[(4 . 0 m/s)2 − (2 .0 m/s) 2 ] + (1000 kg/m3 )(9 . 8 m/s)(4 . 0 m)
= 6000 Pa + 39,200 Pa = 45 kPa

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-25

But p1 − p2 = ρ gh, where h is the height of the standing water column. Thus
45 × 103 Pa
h= = 4.6 m
(1000 kg/m3 )(9. 8 m/s 2 )

14.61. Model: Air is an ideal gas and obeys Boyle’s law.

Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.61. The quantity h is the length of the air column when the mercury fills the
cylinder to the top. A is the cross-sectional area of the cylinder.
Solve: For the column of air, Boyle’s law is p0V0 = p1V1, where p0 and V0 are the pressure and volume before any
mercury is poured, and p1 and V1 are the pressure and volume when mercury fills the cylinder above the air. Using
p1 = p0 + ρ Hg g (1 .0 m − h), Boyle’s law becomes
p0V0 = [ p0 + ρ Hg g (1 . 0 m − h)]V1 ⇒ p0 A(1 .0 m) = [ p0 + ρ Hg g (1 . 0 m − h)] Ah
p0 1 . 013 × 105 Pa
p0 (1 . 0 m − h) = ρ Hg g (1 . 0 m − h)h ⇒ h = = = 0 .76 m = 76 cm
ρ Hg g (13,600 kg/m3 )(9. 8 m/s 2 )

14.62. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoulli’s equation. A streamline begins at the faucet and
continues down the stream.
Visualize:

The pressure at point 1 is p1 and the pressure at point 2 is p2 . Both p1 and p2 are atmospheric pressure. The
velocity and the area at point 1 are v1 and A1 and they are v2 and A2 at point 2. Let d be the distance of point 2
below point 1.
Solve: The flow rate is
2 . 0 × 1000 × 10−6 m3 2 . 0 × 10−4 m3 /s
Q = v1 A = = 2 . 0 × 10−4 m3 /s ⇒ v1 = = 1 . 0 m/s
10 s π (0 .0080 m)2
Bernoulli’s equation at points 1 and 2 is
p1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 = p2 + 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2 ⇒ ρ gd = 12 ρ (v22 − v12 )
From the continuity equation,
v1 A1 = v2 A2 ⇒ (1 . 0 m/s)π (8 . 0 × 10−3 m)2 = v2π (5. 0 × 10−3 m)2 ⇒ v2 = 2. 56 m/s
Going back to Bernoulli’s equation, we have
gd = 12 [(2. 56 m/s)2 − (1. 0 m/s)2 ] ⇒ d = 0 .283 m ≈ 28 cm

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14-26 Chapter 14

14.63. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid. Assume that it is in free fall between the opening of the pipe and the
bucket.
Visualize:

Solve: First find the speed of the water as it hits the bucket. Use a kinematic equation.
v22 = v12 + 2 g Δ y ⇒ v2 = v12 + 2 g Δy
Now use the equation of continuity.
A v v1 2.0 m/s
v1 A1 = v2 A2 ⇒ 2 = 1 = = = 0.1628
A1 v2 2
v1 + 2 g Δy (2.0 m/s) + 2(9.8 m/s 2 )(7.5 m)
2

Now use A = 4π r 2 .
d 2 2r2 A2 / π A2 v
= = = = 1 = 0.1628 = 0.40
d1 2r1 A1 / π A1 v2
That is, d 2 = 0.40d1 = 0.40(10 cm) = 4.0 cm.
Assess: We know from experience the stream gets narrower as it falls, and this seems like a reasonable answer.

14.64. Model: Treat the alcohol as an ideal fluid. The pressure above the alcohol in the cylinder is atmospheric pressure,
as is the pressure when it comes out the hole.
Visualize:

Solve: Use Bernoulli’s equation to find the speed the alcohol exits the hole.
p1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 = p2 + 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2
The pressures are the same and so drop out of the equation. We can then cancel ρ .
v22 = v12 + 2 g Δ y ⇒ v2 = v12 + 2 g Δy

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-27

Now use the equation of continuity.

A v v1 5.67 × 10−5 m/s
v1 A1 = v2 A2 ⇒ 2 = 1 = = = 9.166 × 10−6
A1 v2 2
v + 2 g Δy (5.67 × 10 −5 2 2
m/s) + 2(9.8 m/s )(1.95 m)
1
2
Now use A = 4π r .
d 2 2r2 A2 / π A2 v
= = = = 1 = 9.166 × 10−6 = 0.00303
d1 2r1 A1 / π A1 v2
That is, d 2 = 0.00303d1 = 0.00303( 2.0 m) = 6.1 mm.
Assess: This is a reasonable sized hole. The density of alcohol canceled, so the answer would be the same for any
ideal fluid.

14.65. Model: Treat the air as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoulli’s equation.
Solve: (a) The pressure above the roof is lower due to the higher velocity of the air.
(b) Bernoulli’s equation, with yinside ≈ youtside , is
2
1 1 ⎛ 130 × 1000 m ⎞
pinside = poutside + 12 ρair v 2 ⇒ Δp = ρair v 2 = (1. 28 kg/m3 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 835 Pa
2 2 ⎝ 3600 s ⎠
The pressure difference is 0.83 kPa.
(c) The force on the roof is (Δp ) A = (835 Pa)(6. 0 m × 15 .0 m) = 7 .5 × 104 N. The roof will blow up, because
pressure inside the house is greater than pressure on the top of the roof.

14.66. Model: The ideal fluid obeys Bernoulli’s equation.

Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.66. There is a streamline connecting point 1 in the wider pipe on the left with
point 2 in the narrower pipe on the right. The air speeds at points 1 and 2 are v1 and v2 and the cross-sectional area
of the pipes at these points are A1 and A2 . Points 1 and 2 are at the same height, so y1 = y2 .
Solve: The volume flow rate is Q = A1v1 = A2v2 = 1200 × 10−6 m3 /s. Thus
1200 × 10−6 m3 /s 1200 × 10−6 m3 /s
v2 = 2
= 95. 49 m/s v1 = = 3 . 82 m/s
π (0. 0020 m) π (0. 010 m) 2
Now we can use Bernoulli’s equation to connect points 1 and 2:
p1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 = p2 + 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2
p1 − p2 = 12 ρ (v22 − v12 ) + ρ g ( y2 − y1) = 12 (1. 28 kg/m3 )[(95. 49 m/s)2 − (3 . 82 m/s)2 ] + 0 Pa = 5. 83 kPa
Because the pressure above the mercury surface in the right tube is p2 and in the left tube is p1, the difference in the
pressures p1 and p2 is ρ Hg gh. That is,
5 .83 × 103 Pa
p1 − p2 = 5. 83 kPa = ρ Hg gh ⇒ h = = 4. 4 cm
(13,600 kg/m3 )(9 . 8 m/s 2 )

14.67. Model: The ideal fluid (i.e., air) obeys Bernoulli’s equation.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.67. There is a streamline connecting points 1 and 2. The air speeds at points 1
and 2 are v1 and v2 , and the cross-sectional areas of the pipes at these points are A1 and A2 . Points 1 and 2 are at
the same height, so y1 = y2 .
Solve: (a) The height of the mercury is 10 cm. So, the pressure at point 2 is larger than at point 1 by
ρ Hg g (0. 10 m) = (13,600 kg/m3 )(9 .8 m/s 2 )(0. 10 m) = 13,328 Pa ⇒ p2 = p1 + 13,328 Pa

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14-28 Chapter 14

Using Bernoulli’s equation,

p1 + 12 ρair v12 + ρair gy1 = p2 + 12 ρair v22 + ρair gy2 ⇒ p2 − p1 = 12 ρair (v12 − v22 )
2( p2 − p1) 2(13,328 Pa)
v12 − v22 = = 3
= 20,825 m 2 /s 2
ρair (1 . 28 kg/m )
From the continuity equation, we can obtain another equation connecting v1 and v2:
A2 π (0. 0050 m) 2
A1v1 = A2v2 ⇒ v1 = v2 = v2 = 25v2
A1 π (0. 0010 m) 2
Substituting v1 = 25v2 in the Bernoulli equation, we get
(25 v2 ) 2 − v22 = 20,825 m 2 /s 2 ⇒ v2 = 5 .78 m/s
2
Thus v2 = 5 . 8 m/s and v1 = 25v2 = 1 .4 × 10 m/s.
(b) The volume flow rate A2v2 = π (0 .0050 m)2 (5 . 78 m/s) = 4. 5 × 10−3 m3 /s.

14.68. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid that obeys Bernoulli’s equation. There is a streamline from the top
of the water to the hole.
Visualize: The top of the water (at y1 = h) and the hole (at y2 = y ) are at atmospheric pressure. The speed of the
water at the top is zero because the tank is kept filled.

Solve: (a) Bernoulli’s equation connecting the two points gives

0 + ρ gh = 12 ρ v 2 + ρ gy ⇒ v = 2 g (h − y )
(b) For a particle shot horizontally from a height y with speed v, the range can be found using kinematic equations.
For the y-motion, using t0 = 0 s, we have
y1 = y0 + v0 y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 ) 2 ⇒ 0 m = y + (0 m/s)t1 + 12 (− g )t12 ⇒ t1 = 2 y / g
For the x-motion,
x1 = x0 + v0 x (t1 − t0 ) + 12 ax (t1 − t0 ) 2 ⇒ x = 0 m + vt1 + 0 m ⇒ x = v 2 y /g
(c) Combining the results of (a) and (b), we obtain
x = 2 g (h − y ) 2 y / g = 4 y (h − y )
To find the maximum range relative to the vertical height,
dx 1 h
=0 ⇒ [4(h − y ) − 4 y ] = 0 ⇒ y=
dy 4 y (h − y ) 2
With y = 12 h, the maximum range is
⎛ h ⎞⎛ h⎞
xmax = 4 ⎜ ⎟⎜ h − ⎟ = h
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-29

14.69. Model: Treat the water as an ideal fluid that obeys Bernoulli’s equation. There is a streamline from the top
of the water to the hole.
Visualize: The top of the water and the hole are at atmospheric pressure. The speed of the water at the top is not zero
because the tank is emptying.

Solve: (a) Bernoulli’s equation connecting the two points gives

2 2
patm + ρ gh + 12 ρ vtop = patm + 12 ρ vhole + ρ g (h − d )
The continuity equation relates the flow rates at the surface and at the hole:
2
⎛r⎞
⇒ vtop = vhole ⎜ ⎟
vtop Atop = vhole Ahole
⎝R⎠
Inserting this into Bernoulli’s equation and solving for vhole gives
2 gd
vhole =
1 − (r / R)4
The volume flow rate Q through the hole is
2 gd
Q = Avhole = π r 2
1 − (r /R)4
(b) Inserting the given values, we find that the water level will initial at the following rate:
2 2 2
⎛r⎞ ⎛r⎞ 2 gd ⎛ 2 . 0 × 10−3 m ⎞ 2(9 . 8 m/s 2 )(1 . 0 m)
vtop = vhole ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 1 . 77 × 10−5 m/s
⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠ 1 − (r / R) 4 ⎜ 1.0 m ⎟ 1 − [(2 . 0 × 10−3 m)/(1 . 0 m)]4
⎝ ⎠
which converts to 1.1 mm/min.
Assess: For the given dimensions, the result seems reasonable.

14.70. Model: The weight of the person creates tensile stress in the disk cartilage.
Solve: The cross-sectional area of each disk of cartilage is π r 2 . Inserting this into Equation 14.34 gives
F ΔL
=Y
A L
FL mgL (33 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )(0.0050 m)
ΔL == = = 1.3 mm
YA YA (1.0 × 106 N/m 2 )π (0.020 m) 2
Assess: The cartilage experiences a significant compressive axial strain (~25%).

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14-30 Chapter 14

Challenge Problems

14.71. Model: The buoyant force on the boat is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

The minimum height of the boat that will enable the boat to float in perfectly calm water is h.
Solve: The boat barely floats if the water comes completely to the top of the sides. In this case, the volume of
displaced water is the volume of the boat. Archimedes’ principle in equation form is FB = ρ wVboat g . For the boat to
float FB = ( FG ) boat . Let us first calculate the gravitational force on the boat:
( FG )boat = ( FG ) bottom + 2( FG )side 1 + 2( FG )side 2 , where
( FG ) bottom = ρsteelVbottom g = (7900 kg/m3 )(5.0 × 10 × 0.020 m3 ) g = 7900 g N
( FG )side 1 = ρsteelVside 1g = (7900 kg/m3 )(5.0 × h × 0.0050 m3 ) g = 197.5gh N
( FG )side 2 = ρsteelVside 2 g = (7900 kg/m3 )(10 × h × 0.0050 m3 ) g = 395 gh
( FG )boat = [7900 g + 2(197.5 gh) + 2(395 gh)] N = (7900+1185 h) g N
Going back to the Archimedes’ equation and remembering that h is in meters, we obtain
ρ wVboat g = (7900 + 1185h) g N ⇒ (1000)[10 × 5. 0 × ( h + 0. 020)] = 7900 + 1185h
h = 14 cm

14.72. Model: Treat the fluid as ideal.

Visualize:

Solve: (a) The pressure changes with depth, so we must integrate to find the total force.
h
F = ∫ dF = ∫ ρdA = ∫ ρ ( wdy ) = w∫ p0 + 12 ρ g ( h − y ) dy
0

( )
h
= w ⎡ p0 y + ρ ghy − 12 ρ gy 2 ⎤ = w ⎡ p0h + 12 ρ gh 2 ⎤ = wh p0 + 12 ρ gh
⎣ ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦

If the top of the tank is open to the air then p0 = patmos .

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-31

(b) To produce no torque, the spring must be in the middle horizontally. To find the height d above the bottom where
the spring must be attached to produce no torque we want the “center of force.”
h
w∫ p0 y + ρ gy (h − y )dy ⎡ 1 p0 y 2 + 1 ρ ghy 2 − 1 ρ gy 3 ⎤
h
1 ⎣2 2 3 ⎦0
d = ∫ ydF = 0
=
F w ⎡ p0 h + 12 ρ gh 2 ⎤ ⎡ p0h + ρ gh ⎤
1 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
⎡ p0h + ρ gh − ρ gh ⎤ 1 p h2 + 1 ρ gh3
1 2 1 3 1 3 1 p0h + 61 ρ gh 2
=⎣ ⎦= 2 0
2 2 3 6 2
=
⎡ p0h + 1 ρ gh 2 ⎤ p0h + 12 ρ gh 2 p0 + 12 ρ gh
⎣ 2 ⎦

Assess: We expected the answer to (a) to depend on w, but not the answer to (b). We did not need the length of the
tank.

14.73. Model: The buoyant force on the cone is given by Archimedes’ principle.
Visualize:

Solve: It may seem like we need the formula for the volume of a cone. You can use that formula if you know it, but
it isn’t essential. The volume is clearly the area of the base multiplied by the height multiplied by some constant.
That is, the cone shown above has V = aAl where a is some constant. But the radius of the base is r = l tan α , where
α is the angle of the apex of the cone, and A = π r 2 , making A proportional to l 2 . Thus the volume of a cone of
height l is V = cl 3 , where c is a constant. Because the cone is floating in static equilibrium, we must have FB = FG .
The cone’s density is ρ0 , so the gravitational force on it is FG = ρ0Vg = ρ0cl 3 g. The buoyant force is the
gravitational force on the displaced fluid. The volume of displaced fluid is the full volume of the cone minus
the volume of the cone of height h above the water, or Vdisp = cl 3 − ch3. Thus FB = ρf Vdisp g = ρf c(l 3 − h3 ) g ,
and the equilibrium condition is
1/3
3 3 3
⎛ h3 ⎞ h ⎛ ρ0 ⎞
FB = FG ⇒ ρf c(l − h ) g = ρ0cl g ⇒ ρf ⎜1 − 3 ⎟ = ρ0 ⇒ = ⎜1 − ⎟
⎜ l ⎟⎠ l ⎝ ρf ⎠
⎝

14.74. Model: The grinding wheel is a uniform disk. We will use the model of kinetic friction and hydrostatics.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure CP14.74.
Solve: This is a three-part problem. First find the desired angular acceleration, then use that to find the force applied
by each brake pad, then finally the needed oil pressure. The angular acceleration required to stop the wheel is found
using rotational kinematics.
Δ ω ω f − ω i 0 rad/s − 900 × 2π × (1/60) rad/s
α= = = = − 18 .85 rad/s 2
Δt Δt 5.0 s

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14-32 Chapter 14

Each brake pad applies a frictional force f k = μk n to the wheel. The normal force is equal to the force applied by the
piston by Newton’s third law. Rotational dynamics can be used to find the magnitude of the force. f k is applied 12 cm
from the rotation axis on both sides of the disk.
τ net = Iα
⎛1 ⎞
−2 f k (0.12 m) = ⎜ MR 2 ⎟α
⎝2 ⎠
MR 2α (15 kg)(0. 13 m) 2 (− 18 .85 rad/s 2 )
n= = = 16 . 6 N
−4 μk (0 .12 m) − 4(0. 60)(0. 12 m)
The oil pressure required to generate this much force at each brake pad is
F 16 .6 N
p= = = 53 kPa
A π (0 . 010 m) 2
relative to atmospheric pressure. The absolute pressure is 53 kPa + 101.3 kPa = 154.3 kPa = 1.5 × 105 Pa to two
significant figures.
Assess: The required oil pressure is about half an atmosphere, which is quite reasonable.

14.75. Model: The volume of the fluid displaced is the same as the volume of the sphere: Vf = V .
Visualize:

Solve: (a) Use Newton’s 2nd law with the acceleration equal to zero at terminal speed. Solve for the terminal speed.
Σ Fy = FB + Fdrag − FG = ma y = 0
ρf Vf g + 6πη Rvterm − mg = 0
ρf ( 4 π R3
3 ) g + 6πη Rv − ( π R ) ρ g = 0
term
4
3
3

6πη Rvterm = ( π R ) ρ g − ρ ( π R ) g = π R g (ρ − ρ )
4
3
3
f
4
3
3 4
3
3
f

4 π R3 g ( ρ − ρf )
3 2R2 g
vterm = = ( ρ − ρf )
6πη R 9η
(b)
Σ Fy = FB + Fdrag − FG = ma y
dv y
ρf Vg + b(−v y ) − mg = m
dt
The sign on vy is negative because it is going down and the drag force must be up. Divide both sides by m and
rearrange terms.
ρf Vg b dv y
− g − vy =
m m dt
⎛ ρf ⎞ b dv y
⎜ − 1⎟ g − v y =
⎝ ρ ⎠ m dt

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 Fluids and Elasticity 14-33

⎛ρ ⎞ −b
Use some substitutions A = ⎜ f − 1⎟ g and B = for simplicity. Also note that A/ B = vterm .
⎝ ρ ⎠ m
Multiply both sides by dt. Then integrate.
dv y
A + Bv y =
dt
dv y
dt =
A + Bv y
t v
dv y
∫ dt = ∫ A + Bv y
0 0
Evaluate both integrals at the upper and lower limits. Then solve for vy.
v
⎡1 ⎤ 1 ⎛ A + Bv y ⎞
t = ⎢ ln( A + Bv y ) ⎥ = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎣B ⎦0 B ⎝ A ⎠
A + Bv y B
e Bt = = 1 + vy
A A
A Bt A
v y = (e − 1) = (1 − e Bt ) = −vterm (1 − e Bt )
B B
where the terminal speed is positive and vy is negative due to the downward direction. Substitute back for A and B.

v y (t ) = −
2R2 g
9η ( −bt
( ρ − ρf ) 1 − e m = −)2R2 g
9η
⎛ − 9η2 t ⎞
( ρ − ρf ) ⎜⎜1 − e 2 r ρ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
(c) Plug the data into the answer to part (a):
2R2 g 2(1.5 mm)2 (9.8 m/s 2 )
vterm = ( ρ − ρf ) = (2700 kg/m3 − 1000 kg/m3 ) = 8.3 m/s
9η 9(1.0 × 10−3 Pa ⋅ s)
Solve for t in the answer to part (b) with v y = ( 0.90 ) vterm .
⎛ − 9η2 t ⎞ vy ⎛ − 9η2 t ⎞ − 9η2 t
v y = vterm ⎜⎜1 − e 2 R ρ ⎟⎟ ⇒ = 0.90 = ⎜⎜1 − e 2 R ρ ⎟⎟ ⇒ 0.10 = e 2 R ρ
⎝ ⎠ vterm ⎝ ⎠
− 9η
t = ln ( 0.10 ) ⇒
2R2ρ
2R2ρ 2(0.0015 m)2 (2700 kg/m3 )
t= ln(0.10) = ln(0.10) = 3.1 s
− 9η −9(1.0 × 10−3 Pa ⋅ s)

Assess: We are glad to see that the answer to part (b) tends to the answer to part (a) in the limit of very large t.

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