Chapter 5: The concrete bridge

designed by AASHTO

Lecturer: Dr. LENG Khundadino

Part 1-2-3-4-5
Chapter 5
- Part 1 :
1. Investigate Service Limit State
2. Verification section
3. Control of cracking
- Part 2 :
4. Location of neutral axis
5. Moment of inertia of cracked section
6. Live load deflection

Page 01a
- Part 3 :
7. The deflection of group beam duo to live load
8. The deflection of group beam duo to dead load
- Part 4 :
8. Strength Limit State
9. Limit of reinforcement
- Part 5 :
10. Fatigue Limite State

Page 01b
1. Investigate Service Limit State

❖ Service I Limite State

- Moment in Interior beam
I
M Service I = 1. 
1.M I
DC + 1.M I
DW + 1.M I

LL + IM 

- Moment in Exterior beam

E
M Service I = 1. 
1.M E
DC + 1.M E
DW + 1.M E

LL + IM 

❖ Approximate reinforcement rebar

M ax
M Service
As =
I
= Max( M fs  j  d
Max E I
M Service I Service I ,M Service I )
f s = 0.6  f y
f y = Tensile strength of steel (Mpa)
j = 0.875(Coefficient to approximate the reinforcement rebar)
d = Effective depth: distance between the outside compressive fiber and the center of gravity of the tensile reinforcement (mm)
Page 02
1. Investigate Service Limit State
+ Calculate the reinforcement rebar of T section beam with the bending moment below.
I = 1259kN .m and M Service I = 1418kN .m
I E
- Moment in Interior and exterior beam M Service

M ax
M Service 1418
I = Max (1418kN .m,1259kN .m) = 1418kN .m
 As = = =
Max I 2
M Service 86.56 cm
fs  j  d 240  103  0.875  0.78
f s = 0.6  f y = 0.6  400 MPa = 240 MPa
Use: 1DB32 = 8.04cm 2 / bar
j = 0.875
86.56
d = 0.78m  As = = 10.76  12bars
8.04 Page 03
2. Verification section
+ Calculate the deq

As1  d1 + As 2  d 2 As 3  d3 + As 4  d 4
d eq =
As1 + As 2 + As 3 + As 4
As1 = As 2 = As 3 = As 4 = As
d1 + d 2 + d3 + d 4 850 + 780 + 710 + 640
 d eq = = = 745mm
4 4 Page 04
2. Verification section

+ Verify the section of beam for As = 12DB32

M ax
M Service 1418
 As = = =  12DB32 ok !
I 2
90.61cm
f s  j  d eq 240  10  0.875  0.745
3

Page 05
3. Control of cracking

+ In order to control the crack, we need to verify:

f c  0.8 f r Section is uncracked.

f c  0.8 f r Section is cracked.

f c : stress in concrete for the gross uncracked section (MPa)

f r : modulus of rupture of concrete (MPa).

f r = 0.63 f c'

f c' : strength of concrete (MPa).

M
fc =  '
IG

Page 06
3. Control of cracking
+ Calculate the centriole of the section

S1d1 + S 2 d 2 0.5  0.8 + 0.315  0.35

 '= = = 0.626m
S1 + S 2 0.5 + 0.315

Page 07
3. Control of cracking
+ Calculate the moment of inertia of the section

bh3
IG =
12
I G = I G1 + I G 2 + S1 ( d1 − v ') + S 2 ( d 2 − v ')
2 2

2.5  0.23 0.45  0.73

IG = + + 0.5(0.8 − 0.626) 2 + 0.315(0.35 − 0.626) 2 = 0.0536m 4
12 12
Page 08
3. Control of cracking

M 1418  0.626
 fc =  ' = = 16.53MPa
IG 0.0536

Page 09
3. Control of cracking

f c' = 30 MPa  f r = 0.63 f c' = 3.45MPa  0.8 f r = 2.76 MPa

f c = 16.53MPa  0.8 f r = 2.76MPa  Section is cracked

Page 10
3. Control of cracking

Simple beam

Continuous beam

Page 10a
3. Control of cracking
Z
f s  f sa =  0.6 f y
( dc A)
1/3

Z = f s 3 dc A ( Z : crack parameter)
Z = 30000 N / mm, It is in moderate exposure condition.
Z = 23000 N / mm, It is in severe exposure condition
f y : strength of rebar (MPa).

d c : concrete cover measured from the extreme tension

fiber to the center of the closest barbut not to be
taken greater than 50mm
A : Area of concrete having the same centoid, as the
principle tensile reinforcement divided
by the number of the rebar.

Page 11
Cracked width
3. Control of cracking

2t  b 310mm  450mm
A= = = 11625mm 2 ( A = Area of concrete with same centoid per bar)
N 12
Z 30000
f sa = = = 359.5 MPa (For moderate exposure condition)
( dc A) ( 50 11625)
1/3 1/3

Z 23000
f sa = = = 275.6 MPa (For severe exposure condition)
( dc A) ( 50 11625)
1/3 1/3
Page 12
Homework 4 (Deadline: 23/11/2021-at 5PM (max))

I = 1180kN .m I = 873kN .m
E I
+ The bending moment has found in Exterior and Interior beam M Service And M Service

1). Calculate the reinforcement rebar for the T section below.

2). Verify the crack in this section.

Page 13
Part 2
4. Location of neutral axis
+ Location of neutral axis

(−) f s M ser (d eq − x) M ser  (d eq − x)

f C = =  fs = n 
n I cr I cr
Page 14
4. Location of neutral axis
+ Location of neutral axis

Es
n= Es : Young Modulus of steel
Ec
Ec : Young Modulus of concrete
n : Equality coefficient of concrete and reinforcement
 c : Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
Ec = 0.043   c1.5 f c'
Page 15
4. Location of neutral axis
+ Location of neutral axis

f c' : strength of concrete = 30MPa - Location of neutral axis : x

beff  x    = n  As  (d eq − x )
2
 c = 2400kg/m3 : unit density of concrete (kg/m 3 ) 2nAs d eq
nAs
x +2
2
x− =0
Ec = 0.043   c1.5 f c' = 27700MPa beff beff

Es = 200 10 MPa

3
Es x 2 + 2 Bx − C = 0
n= = 7.2  7
Ec  = B2 + C  x = −B + B2 + C Page 16
5. Moment of inertia of cracked section

Known: As = 12 DB32 = 12  8.04cm 2 / bar = 96.48cm 2

- Location of neutral axis : 1.25 x 2 = 7 As (d eq − x)
1.25 x 2 + 0.0675 x − 0.05 = 0
 = 0.254
 x = 0.174m Page 17
5. Moment of inertia of cracked section
+ Moment of inertia of cracked section Icr

 b x 3
 x 
2
   4
2
I cr = ( I Gi + Si d ) =  + beff  x     +  N  + nAs  (d eq − x ) 
2 eff

 12  2    64 
N : number of rebar.
 : Diameter of rebar. Page 18
5. Moment of inertia of cracked section

 2.5  0.1743  0.174     (32 10 )

2 −3 4
−4 2
I cr =  + 2.5  0.174     + 12  + 7  96.48  10  (0.745 − 0.174)  = 0.0264 m 4

 12  2    64 

M ser = M Service
M ax
I = 1418kN .m = 1.418MN .m

M ser  (d eq − x) 1.418  (0.745 − 0.174)

 fs = n  = 7 = 214.68MPa
I cr 0.0264

+ Known :

0.6  f y = 0.6  400 MPa = 240 MPa

f sa = 275.6 MPa (For severe exposure condition)

f s = 214.68MPa  0.6 f y = 240MPa ok !

f s = 214.68MPa  f sa = 275.6MPa ok !
Page 19
6. Live load deflection
+ Live load deflection limited :
L
 LL 
800
where L is the span

▪ Deflection will be the larger of :

1. Deflection resulting from the design truck (HS-20) alone

2. Deflection resulting from 25% of design truck plus the design lane load

 LL = max( Truck ;  Lane+25%Truck )

 beff x 3  x    
2 4

I cr = ( I Gi + Si d 2 ) =  + beff  x     +  N  + nAs  (d eq − x ) 2 
 12  2    64 
14
N1 + AS 1 (d1 − d eq ) 2
64 Page 20
6. Live load deflection
+ Wheel loaded :

 IM 
Pwheel = N L  m  P  1 + 
 100 

N L : number of design lanes

IM : Impact factor. IM=33%.

▪ Ex. NL =3 Lanes
- Front wheel : P1 = 3  0.85  35 1.33 = 118.7 kN
- Middle wheel : P2 = 3  0.85 145 1.33 = 491.8kN
- Behind wheel : P3 = 3  0.85 145  1.33 = 491.8kN

Page 21
6. Live load deflection

+ Find the deflection resulting from the design truck alone

P1 x1 + P2 x2 + P3 x3
xG =
P1 + P2 + P3

Page 22
6. Live load deflection

The center of gravity of truck :

P1 x1 + P2 x2 + P3 x3
xG =
P1 + P2 + P3
118.7  0 + 491.8  4.3 + 491.8  8.6
 xG = = 5.755m
118.7 + 491.8 + 491.8

xG = 2a + 4.3m
 a = 0.728m

Page 23
6. Live load deflection

 M cr 
3
  M cr  
3

Ie =    I g + 1 −     I cr
 Ma    M a  
Ig
M cr = f r
'
M a = M max, DL + M max, LL

Where M max, LL = max( M LL

I E
+ IM ; M LL + IM )

+ Moment due to live load on Interior and Exterior beam :

  IM  
M I
LL + IM =  Max ( M Truck , M Tandem )  1 +  + M Lane   DM
I

  100  
(Chapter 2)
  IM  
E
M LL + IM =  Max ( M Truck , M Tandem )  1 +  + M Lane   DM
E

  100   Page 24
6. Live load deflection

+ Calculate Ie
I g = I G = 0.0536m 4
I cr = 0.0264m 4
Suppose:
M max, DL = 2738kN .m
M max, LL = 2133kN .m
 M a = M max, DL + M max, LL = 4871kN .m

f r = 3.45MPa
Ig 0.0536
 M cr = f r = 3.45  103  = 295.39kN .m
' 0.626

 295.39 
3
  295.39  
3

 Ie =    0.0536 + 1 −     0.0264 = 0.026m

4

 4871    4871  
Page 25
6. Live load deflection

The deflection of truck :

Truck
max =  P1 +  P 2 +  P 3

 P1 : The deflection duo to front wheel loaded

 P 2 : The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded
 P 3 : The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded Page 26
6. Live load deflection

The deflection duo to front wheel loaded:

Pb
1 1x
 P1 = ( L2 − b12 − x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec = 27700 MPa
I = I e = 0.026m 4
118.7 10−3 1.222  6.978
  P1 = (12.52 − 1.2222 − 6.9782 ) = 2.06mm
6  27700  I e  12.5

Page 27
6. Live load deflection

The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded :

P2b2 x 2 2
P2 = ( L − b2 − x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec = 27700 MPa
I = I e = 0.026m 4
491.8 10−3  5.522  6.978
 P2 = (12.52 − 5.5222 − 6.9782 ) = 28.11mm
6  27700  I e  12.5

Page 28
6. Live load deflection

The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded :

P3b3 x 2 2
 P3 = ( L − b3 − x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec = 27700 MPa
I = I e = 0.026m 4
491.8 10−3  2.678  5.522
  P3 = (12.52 − 2.6782 − 5.5222 ) = 16.6mm
6  27700  I e  12.5

 Truck
max = 2.06 + 28.11 + 16.6 = 46.77 mm
Page 29
6. Live load deflection

Calculate  Lane+25%Truck = ?
5 qLane  L4
 Lane
=
384 Ec  I e
qLane = N L  m  (Lane load) =3  0.85  9.3kN / m = 23.715kN / m

5 23.715 10−3 12.54

  Lane = = 10.88mm
384 27700  0.026

  Lane+25%Trucke = 10.88 + 0.25  46.77 = 22.57mm

  LL = max(46.77 mm; 22.57 mm) = 46.77 mm

L 12500
 LL = 46.77mm  = = 15.625mm No !
800 800 Page 30
Homework 5 (Deadline: 30/11/2021-at 5PM (max))

+ Hypothesis :
NL = 2 M max, DL = 0kN .m
IM : Impact factor. IM=33% M max, LL = 1180kN .m
Ec = 27700MPa
Es = 200 103 MPa
f c' : Strength of concrete = 30MPa
f y : Strength of steel = 400 MPa

1). Calculate the moment of inertia of cross section I g .

2). Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section I cr .
3). Calculate the moment of inertia of equivalent section I e .
4). Calculate the steel stress f s .
5). Calculate the center of gravity of truck and the wheel loaded : P1 , P2, P3.
Cross section
6). Calculate the deflection of beam duo to truck loaded  Truck
max .

7). Calculate the deflection Truck ,  Lane+25%Truck and  LL . Page 31

Part 3
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Page 32
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload
+ Calculate the centriole of the section

S1d1 + S 2 d 2 0.5  0.8 + 0.315  0.35

 '= = = 0.626m
S1 + S 2 0.5 + 0.315

Page 33
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Area= 5  0.815=4.075m 2
 0.7    0.2 
5  (0.45  0.7)  + (0.2  2.5)   + 0.7 
 Si d i  2    2 
 '= = = 0.626m
 Si 4.075
Page 34
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

I g = I G =   I Gi + Si ( di − v ') 
2
 
 2.5  0.23 0.45  0.73 
 Ig = 5  + + 0.5(0.8 − 0.626) 2 + 0.315(0.35 − 0.626) 2  = 0.268m 4
 12 12 
Page 35
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Max
M Service 1418
f c− (tension) =
I
 '=  0.626 = 3.312 MPa
Ig 0.268
0.8 f r = 0.63 f c' = 0.8  0.63  30 = 2.76 MPa
f c− (tension) > 0.8 f r  Section is cracked
Page 36
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload
+ Calculate the reinforcement rebar of T section beam with the bending moment below.
I = 1259kN .m and M Service I = 1418kN .m
I E
- Moment in Interior and exterior beam M Service

M ax
M Service 1418
M Max
= Max(1418kN .m,1259kN .m) = 1418kN .m  As =
I
= = 86.56cm 2
fs  j  d 240  10  0.875  0.78
Service I 3

f s = 0.6  f y = 0.6  400 MPa = 240 MPa

Use: 1DB32 = 8.04cm 2 / bar
j = 0.875
86.56
d = 0.78m  As = = 10.76  12bars Page 37
8.04
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload
+ Calculate the deq

  ( As ,i  d eq ,i ) 
d eq =   
  A  5d eq ,single beam
 d eq = = d eq ,single beam = 745mm
s ,i

As1 = As 2 = As 3 = As 4 = As = 12 DB32 5
As d eq ,1 + As d eq ,2 + As d eq ,3 + As d eq ,4 + As d eq ,5
 d eq =
5 As
d eq ,1 = d eq ,2 = d eq ,3 = d eq ,4 = d eq ,5 = d eq ,single beam Page 38
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

+ Location of neutral axis x=?

nGroup beam = nSingle beam = n = 7

 beff 2 
- Location of neutral axis : Number of beam    x  = Number of beam   n  As  (d eq − x) 
 2 
 beff 2 
5   x  = 5   n  As  (d eq − x) 
 2 
beff 2
  x = n  As  (d eq − x)
2
1.25 x 2 = 7 As (d eq − x)
1.25 x 2 + 0.0675 x − 0.05 = 0
 = 0.254
 x = 0.174m Page 39
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload
+ Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section Icr, Group beam

I cr ,Group beam = Number of beam  I cr ,single beam (Size of interior beam =Size of exterior beam)
 b x 3
    
x
2 4
2
I cr ,single beam = ( I Gi + Si d ) =  + beff  x     +  N  + nAs  (d eq − x )  = 0.0264m 4
2 eff

 12  2    64 
 I cr ,Group beam = 5  0.0264 = 0.132m 4

N : number of rebar.
 : Diameter of rebar.

Page 40
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

M ser  (d eq ,Group beam − x) 1.418  (0.745 − 0.174)

 fs = n  = 7 = 42.94MPa
I cr ,Group beam 0.132
+ Known :

0.6  f y = 0.6  400 MPa = 240 MPa

f sa = 275.6 MPa (For severe exposure condition)

f s = 42.94MPa  0.6 f y = 240MPa ok !

f s = 42.94MPa  f sa = 275.6MPa ok !

Page 41
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

+ Calculate Ie,Group beam

 M cr 
3
  M cr  
3

I e,Group beam =   I g ,Group beam + 1 −     I cr ,Group beam

 Ma    M a  

Suppose:
I g ,Group beam = 0.268m 4
M max, DL = 2738kN .m
M max, LL = 2133kN .m I cr ,Group beam = 0.132m 4
 M a = M max, DL + M max, LL = 4871kN .m

f r = 3.45MPa
I g ,Group beam 0.268
 M cr = f r = 3.45  103  = 1477 kN .m
 'Group beam 0.626

 1477 
3
  1477  
3

 I e,Group beam =   0.268 +  1 −     0.132 = 0.136 m 4

 4871    4871  
Page 42
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection of truck :

Truck
max =  P1 +  P 2 +  P 3

 P1 : The deflection duo to front wheel loaded

 P 2 : The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded
 P 3 : The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded Page 43
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection duo to front wheel loaded:

Pb
1 1x
 P1 = ( L2 − b12 − x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec = 27700 MPa
I = I e,Group beam = 0.136m 4
118.7 10−3 1.222  6.978
  P1 = (12.52 − 1.2222 − 6.9782 ) = 0.38mm
6  27700  I e,Group beam 12.5
Page 44
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded :

P2b2 x 2 2
P2 = ( L − b2 − x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec = 27700 MPa
I = I e,Group beam = 0.136m 4
491.8 10−3  5.522  6.978
 P2 = (12.52 − 5.5222 − 6.9782 ) = 5.16mm
6  27700  I e,Group beam 12.5

Page 45
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded :

P3b3 x 2 2
 P3 = ( L − b3 − x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec = 27700 MPa
I = I e,Group beam = 0.136m 4
491.8 10−3  2.678  5.522
  P3 = (12.52 − 2.6782 − 5.5222 ) = 3.05mm
6  27700  I e,Group beam 12.5

 Truck
max = 0.38 + 5.16 + 3.05 = 8.59mm Page 46
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Calculate  Lane+25%Truck = ?
5 qLane  L4
 Lane =
384 Ec  I e,Group beam
qLane = N L  m  (Lane load) =3  0.85  9.3kN / m = 23.715kN / m

5 23.715 10−3 12.54

  Lane = = 2mm
384 27700  0.136

  Lane+25%Trucke = 2 + 0.25  8.59 = 4.15mm

  LL = max(8.59mm; 4.15mm) = 8.59mm

L 12500
 LL = 8.59mm  = = 15.625mm ok !
800 800 Page 47
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

Page 48
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

The deflection duo to deadload :

Camber =Max( DL ,  DLg ,Group beam )

e ,,Group beam I I

5 WDLMax
 L4  A 's 
 =   3 − 1.2
I e ,,Group beam

384 Ec  I e ,Group beam 
DL
As 
5 WDLMax
 L4
 = 
I g ,Group beam

384 Ec  I g ,Group beam

DL

 DLg : Deflection calculates with moment of inertia of total section.

I

 IDL
e
: Deflection calculates with moment of inertia of cracked section.

Page 49
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

Total
WDL = 2WDL
E
+ 3WDL
I
+ 2Wbarrier + Wmiddlecurve

Page 50
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload
- Exterior beam :
E
WDL = WDC + WDW
WDC = (0.45  0.7 + 2.5  0.2)   c = 20.38 kN m
WDW =  (2.5 − 0.38)  0.075   w = 3.58 kN m
 WDL
E
= 23.96 kN m

- Interior beam :
I
WDL = WDC + WDW
WDC = (0.45  0.7 + 2.5  0.2)   c = 20.38 kN m
WDW = 2.5  0.075   w = 4.22 kN m
 WDL
I
= 24.6 kN m

γc : Density of concrete 25kN/m3

γw : Density of bituminous 22.5kN/m3 Page 51
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

+ Edge curb
Wbarrier = 0.196   c = 4.9 kN / m

+ Middle curb
Wmiddlecurve = 0.348   c = 8.7 kN / m

Total
WDL = 2WDL
E
+ 3WDL
I
+ 2Wbarrier + Wmiddlecurve
 WDL
Total
= 2  23.96 + 3  24.6 + 2  4.9 + 8.7 = 140.22kN / m
Total
WDL  L2 140.22 12.52
 M DL = = = 2738kN .m
8 8

Page 52
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

I e ,Group beam = 0.136m 4

I g ,Group beam = 0.268m 4
Total
WDL = WDL
Max
= 140.22kN / m
Ec = 27700 MPa
L = 12.5m
A 's = 0
5 WDLMax
 L4  A 's 
 DL =   3 − 1.2  = 35.49mm
I
e ,Group beam

384 Ec  I e ,Group beam  As 

5 WDLMax
 L4
 DLg ,Group beam =  = 6mm
I

384 Ec  I g ,Group beam

 Camber =Max( DL ,  DLg ,Group beam ) = (35.49mm ; 6mm) = 35.49mm

I
e ,,Group beam I
Page 53
Part 4
8. Strength Limit State
Strength limit state shall be considered to satisfy the requirements for strength and stability. Each component
and connection shall satisfy the following equation :

  (  i Qi )   Rn Rr [A1.3.2.1]
Resistance Factors :

 = 0.9 Flexure in Reinforced concrete

 =1 Flexure in Prestressed concrete [A5.5.4.2.1]
 = 0.9 Shear

Applicable Strength Limit State Load Modifier Factors :

 D = 0.95 Ductile Components.

 R = 0.95 Redundant Member.
 L =1.05 Operational Importance.
Where : = max( D  R  L ;0.95) Page 54
8. Strength Limit State

Flexural Moment :
▪ STRENGTH I Load Combinaison is considered for normal vehicle load without wind. The force effect due to
temperature, shrinkage and creep is considered to be ZERO because of the free movement at the end of girder.

M u =   (  i M i ) = 1.05  1.25M DC + 1.5M DW + 1.75M LL + I M +  TG M TG 

▪ For simple span bridges, temperature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects because temperature gradient
may not always be there, assume γTG =0

M u =   (  i M i ) = 1.05  1.25M DC + 1.5M DW + 1.75M LL + I M 

Page 55
8. Strength Limit State
Flexural Resistance for rectangular section:
▪ For practice design an equivalent rectangular compression stress distributi 0,85 fc' over a depth of a =β1C may be
considered. The factorβ1 shall be taken a 0,85 for concrete strength not exceeding fc' ≤ 28 MPa.
▪ For concrete strength exceeding fc' > 28MPa, β1 shall be reduced at the rate of 0,05 for each 7 MPa of Strength. But β1 ≥ 0,65

As f y
c=
0.85 f c' 1b
a = 1c

f c'  28MPa  1 = 0.85

( f c' − 28)
f  28MPa  1 = 0.85 − 0.05 
c
'
 0.65
7

c: Location of Plastic Neutral Axis for Rectangular Section from top of section Page 56
8. Strength Limit State
Flexural Resistance for T section:

As f y − 0.85 f c' 1h f (beff − b)

c=
0.85 f c' 1b
a = 1c

c: Location of Plastic Neutral Axis for T section from top of section. Page 57
8. Strength Limit State
Nominal flexural resistance for rectangular section: :

▪ Nominal flexural resistance of a RECTANGULAR SECTION may be determined by using

equations as :

 a
M n = As f y  d s − 
 2
Mr = Mn
Page 58
8. Strength Limit State
Nominal flexural resistance for T section :

 a a hf
M n = As f y  d s −  + 0.851 f c (beff − b)  h f ( − )
'

 2 2 2
Mr = Mn
Page 59
8. Strength Limit State
+ Example: Verify Mu ɸMn

- Interior beam :

Page 60
8. Strength Limit State
▪ Calculate Mu =?
M u =   (  i M i ) = 1.05  1.25M DC + 1.5M DW + 1.75M LL + I M 

- Interior beam :

WDW = 2.5  0.075   w = 4.22 kN m

WDC,middlecurve = 0.348   c = 8.7 kN / m
WDC ,beam = (0.45  0.7 + 2.5  0.2)   c = 20.38 kN m Page 61
8. Strength Limit State

(8.7 + 20.38) 12.52

M DC = M DC , MiddleCurb + M DC , Beam = = 567.97kN .m
8
4.22 12.52
M DW = = 82.42kN .m
8
+ Moment due to live load on Interior beam :

Page 62
8. Strength Limit State

Table shown values of girder distribution factor at interior & exterior beam for moment. (Chapter 2)

  IM  
I
M LL + IM =  Max ( M Truck , M Tandem )   1 +  + M Lane   DM
I

  100  
 M LL  Max ( 638.186;636.68 ) 1.33 + 181.64   0.738 = 760.46kN .m
+ IM = 
I

M u =   (  i M i ) = 1.05  1.25M DC + 1.5M DW + 1.75M LL + I M 

 M u =   (  i M i ) = 1.05  1.25  567.97 + 1.5  82.42 + 1.75  760.46 = 2272.62kN .m

Page 63
8. Strength Limit State
▪ Calculate the location of plastic neutral axis c =?

f c' = 30 MPa  28MPa

(30 − 28)
 1 = 0.85 − 0.05   0.836
7
As = 12 DB32 = 96.48cm 2
f y = 400 MPa Page 64
8. Strength Limit State
▪ Calculate the location of plastic neutral axis c =?

As f y − 0.851h f (beff − b) 96.48 10−4  400 − 0.85  0.836  0.2 ( 2.5 − 0.45 )
c= = = 0.372m  h f = 0.2m ok !
0.85 f c' 1b 0.85  30  0.836  0.45
 a = 1c = 0.836  0.372 = 0.31m

Page 65
8. Strength Limit State
▪ Calculate the nominal flexural resistance Mr =?

As = 12 DB32 = 96.48cm 2
f y = 400 MPa
 a a hf
M n = As f y  d s −  + 0.851 f c' (beff − b)  h f ( − )
 2 2 2
  0.31   0.31 0.2  
 M n = 96.48  10−4  400   0.745 −  + 0.85  0.836  30  (2.5 − 0.45)  0.2   −   10 3
= 2757.64kN .m
  2   2 2 

Resistance Factors :  = 0.9 Flexure in Reinforced concrete

 M r =  M n = 0.9  2757.64kN .m = 2482kN .m

M u = 2272.62kN .m  M r = 2482kN .m ok !
Page 66
9. Limit of reinforcement
Maximum Reinforcement :
▪ The maximum amount of prestressing and non-prestressing reinforcement shall be such that :
c
dv  0.42 [A5.7.3.3.1-1]
Where
dv = the corresponding effective depth from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile
force in the tensile reinforcement
Aps f ps d p + As f y d s
dv =
Aps f ps + As f y
Aps = 0 (Area of cable for prestressed beam)
As f y d s
 dv = = ds
As f y
Minimum Reinforcement :
▪ The amount of prestressing and non-prestressing steel shall be adequate to develop flexural resistance at
least 1.2 times the cracking moment.
M r =  M n  1.2M cr Page 67
Part 5
8. Strength Limit State

+ Calculate and compare the bending moment and shear at xc duo to Truck at Position 1 and 2

Position 1 Position 2
 8. Strength Limit State
▪ Calculate shear and bending moment at xc duo to live load :

W ( L − xc ) 2 9.3  (12.5 − 1.17) 2

V Lane
= = = 47.75kN
2 12.5
xc
2L

−R −R
VxTruck
c
= 0.906 145 + 0.634 145 + 0.362  35 = 235.97 kN VxTandem
c
= 0.906 110 + 0.83 110 = 190.96kN

W ( L − xc ) 2 9.3  (12.5 − 1.17) 2 1.17

M Lane
= xc = = 55.87kN .m
2 12.5
xc
2L
M xTruck
c
= 1.06 145 + 0.742 145 + 0.424  35 = 276.13kN .m M xTandem
c
= 1.06 110 + 0.971110 = 223.41kN .m
8. Strength Limit State

+ The location of critical section for shear duo to dead load :

e
Fig: Critical section for shear at support. The location of critical section for shear: xc = d v +
2
8. Strength Limit State
+ Design for shear :

▪ The effective shear depth, dv , taken as the distance between the resultants of the tensile and compressive forces due to
flexure : a
dv = d s −
2
d s : distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of tensile reinforcement.
d v = 0.9d e
▪ The effective shear depth, dv , need not to be taken less than the greater of 0.9de or 0.72h
d v = 0.72h

 a 
For design : d v = Max  d s − ;0.9d e ;0.72h 
 2 
8. Strength Limit State

+ The shear resistance :

Vr = Vn
Vn = min Vc + Vs + V p ; 0.25 f c'  bv  d v + V p 

Vn : Nominal Shear Strength.

Vc : Shear resistance provided by concrete.
Vs : Shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement.
V p : Vertical component of the effective prestrssing force, positive if resisting the applied shear.
 = 0.9 For Shear and Torsion.
 : Angle of inclination of the diagonal compressive stress.
 : Angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis.
8. Strength Limit State
+ The shear resistance provised by concrete :

Vc = 0.083    f c'  bv  d v [A5.8.3.3-3]

+ The shear resistance provised by shear reinforcement :

Av  f y  d v   cot( ) + cot( )   sin( )

Vs = [A5.8.3.3-4]
s
Vs : Shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement.
Av : area of shear reinforcement within a distances s.
 : Angle of inclination of the diagonal compressive stress.
 : Angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis.

▪ where α = 90º, Eq. 4 reduces to: Av  f y  d v  cot( )

Vs =
s
+ Factored Shear Force :

Vu =   (  iVi ) = 0.95  1.25VDC + 1.5VDW + 1.75VLL + IM 

Where  : Combined limit state factor.

8. Strength Limit State

▪ Example : Calculate xc =?
h = 0.9m
a = 0.31m
d s = d e = d eq = 0.745m

 a 
 d v = Max  d s − ;0.9d ;0.72h  = Max ( 0.59m;0.6705m;0.648m ) = 0.6705m
 2 
e 1m
 The location of critical section for shear: xc = d v + = 0.6705m + = 1.17m
2 2
8. Strength Limit State
▪ Calculate shear and bending moment at xc duo to dead load :

+ Dead load of interior beam :

− WDC ,beam = 20.38kN / m
− WDC ,Middle curb = 8.7 kN / m
− WDW = 4.22kN / m
+Shear at xc
(20.38 + 8.7) 12.5
 VDC = − (20.38 + 8.7) 1.17 = 147.73kN
qL 2
V ( x) = − qx
2 4.22 12.5
 VDW = − 4.22  1.17 = 21.44kN
2
qL q
M ( x) = x − x2
2 2

+ Bending moment at xc
(20.38 + 8.7) 12.5 (20.38 + 8.7)
 M DC =  1.17 −  1.17 2 = 192.75kN .m
2 2
4.22 12.5 4.22
 M DW =  1.17 −  1.17 2 = 27.97 kN .m
2 2
8. Strength Limit State
▪ Calculate Vu and Mu at xc :
▪ Factored shear force: Vu = 0.95  1.25VDC + 1.5VDW + 1.75VLL + IM 

▪ Flexural moment : M u = 1.05  1.25M DC + 1.5M DW + 1.75M LL + I M 

  IM  
VLLI + IM =  Max (VTruck ,VTandem )  1 +
▪ Shear force with impact factor: +
 Lane   DS
V I

  100  
  IM  
▪ Bending moment with impact factor: I
M LL + IM =  Max ( M Truck , M Tandem )   1 +  + M Lane   DM
I

  100  
+Shear duo to dead load: +Bending moment duo to dead load: − DMI = 0.738
− VDC = 147.73kN − M DC = 192.75kN .m − DSI = 0.84  VLLI + IM = 303.74kN
− VDW = 21.44kN − M DW = 27.97 kN .m − IM = 33%  M LL
I
+ IM = 312.27 kN .m
+Shear duo to live load: +Bending moment duo to live load:
−R  Vu = 710.95kN
− VxTruck = 235.97 kN − M xTruck = 276.13kN .m
 M u = 870.83kN .m
c c

−R
− VxTandem
c
= 190.96kN − M xTandem
c
= 223.41kN .m
− VxLane
c
= 47.75kN − M xLane
c
= 55.87 kN .m
8. Strength Limit State
+ Concept to design for shear in beam :

Figure1 :Traditional Shear Design.

Figure 2: Theoretical Shear Design Figure 3: Simplified Design Section For Loads
Section Location. Applied at or Above the Middepth of the Member.

1. The traditional approach to proportioning transverse reinforcement involves the determination of the required stirrup spacing at discrete
sections along the member as shown in Figure 1.
2. Ideally, the design section could be located by determining where the vertical centroid of the applied loads intersects a shear crack
inclined at an angle θ as shown in Figure 2.
3. For typical cases where the applied load acts at or above the middepth of the member, it is more practical to take the traditional
approach as shown in Figure1 or a more liberal yet conservative approach as shown in Figure 3.
8. Strength Limit State

+ Shear Stress on Concrete

The shear stress on the concrete shall be determined as:

Vu − V p
vu = [A5.8.2.9-1]
bv d v

Figure C5.8.2.9-1 Illustration of the Terms bv and dv.

ɸ = resistance factor for shear

8. Strength Limit State

+ Minimum Transverse Reinforcement

The minimum transverse reinforcement is required :

bv s
Av  0.083 f c' [A5.8.2.5-1]
fy
8. Strength Limit State

+ The section contains at least the minimum transvers reinforcement :

Figure 5.8.3.4.2-1 Illustration of Shear Parameters for Section Containing at Least the Minimum Amount of Transverse Reinforcement, Vp=0.

 Mu 
 + 0.5 N u + 0.5 V u − V p cot ( ) − Aps po 
f
x =  dv  [A5.8.3.4.2-1]
2 ( Es As + E p Aps )

- The initial value of εx should not be taken greater than 0.001.

8. Strength Limit State

▪ The values of β and θ shall be as specified in Table 5.8.3.4.2-1. In using this table, εx shall be taken as the calculated longitudinal strain at the
middepth of the member when the section is subjected to Mu, Nu, and Vu as shown in Figure 5.8.3.4.2-1.
 8. Strength Limit State

+ The section contains less than the minimum transvers reinforcement :

Figure 5.8.3.4.2-2 Longitudinal Strain, εx for Sections Containing Less than the Minimum Amount of Transverse Reinforcement.

 Mu 
 + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu − V p cot ( ) − Aps po 
f
x =  dv  [A5.8.3.4.2-2]
Es As + E p Aps

- The initial value of εx should not be taken greater than 0.002.

8. Strength Limit State

▪ The values of β and θ shall be as specified in Table 5.8.3.4.2-2. In using this table, εx shall be taken as the largest calculated longitudinal
strain which occurs within the web of the member when the section is subjected to Mu, Nu, and Vu as shown in Figure 5.8.3.4.2-2.
8. Strength Limit State

- If the value of εx from Eqs. A5.8.3.4.2-1 or A5.8.3.4.2-2 is negative, the strain shall be taken as :

 Mu 
 + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu − V p cot ( ) − Aps f po 
x =  v 
d
[A5.8.3.4.2-3]
2 ( Ec Ac + Es As + E p Aps )
8. Strength Limit State

+ The required spacing of transverse reinforcement :

Av  f y
s [A5.8.2.5-1]
0.083  f  bv
c
'

+ Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement :

The spacing of the transverse reinforcement shall not exceed the maximum permitted spacing smax determined as:
If Vu  0.1 f c'bv d v then smax  0.8d v  600mm [A5.8.2.7-1]
If Vu  0.1 f c'bv d v then smax  0.4d v  300mm [A5.8.2.7-2]
8. Strength Limit State

+ Determination of θ and β:
- First Trial : Assume : θ=40o - Recalculate with θ=35.381o
Vu = 710.95kN Mu Mu
+ 0.5Vu  cot ( ) + 0.5Vu  cot ( )
M u = 870.83kN .m  x =
dv
= 0.892 10−3 dv
 x = = 0.934  10−3
Es = 200000 MPa Es As Es As
From table 5.8.3.4.2-1 :
As = 12 DB32 = 96.48cm 2   = 35.818  35.381 ok !
  = 35.2  40 Not verify!
Vp = 0
 = 0.9
bv = 0.45m 
vu
= 0.0873
d v = 0.6705m f c'

f c' = 30 MPa
Vu − V p
 vu = = 2.62 MPa
bv d v
8. Strength Limit State

Example calculation
vu
= 0.075
f c'

33.7 0.75
θ εx =0.892
36.4 1

0.892 − 0.75
 =  ( 36.4 − 33.7 ) + 33.7 = 35.233    35.3812o
1 − 0.75
   2.268
8. Strength Limit State
8. Strength Limit State

+ The required spacing of maximum transverse reinforcement is :

Av = 1.57cm 2
f y = 400 MPa Av  f y
s= = 0.3m
f = 30 MPa
c
'
0.083  f  bv
'
c
bv = 0.45m
8. Strength Limit State

+ Calculate the shear resistance provised by concrete :

f c' = 30 MPa
 = 2.268
 Vc = 0.083    f c'  bv  d v = 311.10kN
bv = 0.45m
d v = 0.6705m

+ Calculate the shear resistance provised by shear reinforcement :

 = 90o
 = 35.3812o
Av = 1.57cm 2 Av  f y  d v   cot( ) + cot( )   sin( )
 Vs =
f y = 400 MPa s
d v = 0.6705m
s = 0.3m
Part 6
10. Load combinations for the Strength I Limit State (Review)

Load combinations for the Strength I Limit State

- Strength I Limite State :
Q =  . DC .DC +  DW .DW +  LL .( LL + IM ) 
- Service I Limite State :
Q = 1.1.DC + 1.DW + 1.( LL + IM ) 

- Fatigue Limite State :

Q = 0.75.( LL + IM )

where
 : load modifier [Art. 1.3.2.1]
 : load factor

Page 68
10. Fatigue Limite State
▪ Computation of Moment and Shear in Fatigue Linite State
- The factored load for Fatigue load combination, Q, is
Q = 0.75( LL + IM )
- Dynamic load allowance, IM, is 15%.
- A distribution factor for one traffic lane shall be used.

- The multiple presence factor of 1.2 shall be removed.

+ Moment due to live load on Interior and + Shear due to live load on Interior and
Exterior beam : Exterior beam :
M Fatigue =    LL M LL + IM = 1 0.75M LL + I M VFatigue =    LL M LL + IM = 1 0.75VLL + I M
 IM  DMI  IM  DS
I
M I
LL + IM = M Truck  1 +  VLLI + IM = VTruck  1 + 
 100  m  100  m
 IM  DME  IM  DS
E
E
= M Truck  1 +  = VTruck  1 + 
M LL + IM VLLE + IM
 100  m  100  m
Page 69
- m is the multiple presence factor.
10. Fatigue Limite State

▪ Fatigue load shall be be one design truck with 9m axle spacing [ 3.6.1.1.2]. Because of the large rear axle spcing, the
maximum moment results when the two front axles are on the bridge. As shown in figure below, the two axle loads are placed
on the bridge so that the distance between the resultant R of the axle is divided equally by the centerline of bridge and the
nearest axles is divided equally by the centerline of the span (Case 42, AISC Manual,1994). No multiple presence factor is
applied (m=1).

P 2  0 + P1 4.3
X G , P1− P 2 =
P1 + P 2
145  0 + 35  4.3
 X G , P1− P 2 = = 0.836m
145 + 35
X
 b = G , P1− P 2 = 0.418m
2

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10. Fatigue Limite State
+ Verification the stress of reinforcement:

n  M Fatigue
max

▪ Verify the tensile stress in the reinforcement : f max = f s = (d eq − x)

I cr

▪ The allowable fatigue stress range : f f = 110 − 0.33 f min

Where
ff :Allowable fatigue stress rage ( MPa).
f min :Minimum live-load stress resulting from the fatigue load combined with the permanent loads ( MPa).

▪ The minimum live load stress resulting from the fatigue load is

n  M dead
max

f min = f s ,dead load = (d eq − x)

load

I cr
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10. Fatigue Limite State
▪ Example: Calculate MFatigue in interior and exterior beam.
C
M Truck = M max =35  1.105 + 145  3.11 = 489.89kN
DMI = 0.738
DME = 0.897
 IM  DM
M LL + IM = M Truck  1 + 
 100  m

For Interior beam :

 15  0.738
I
M LL + IM = 489.89   1 +  = 346.47 kN .m
 100  1.2
 M Fatigue
I
= 0.75  M LL
I
+ IM = 259.85kN .m

For Exterior beam :

 15  0.897
+ IM = 489.89   1 +  = 421.12kN .m
E
M LL
 100  1.2
 M Fatigue
E
= 0.75  M LL
E
+ IM = 315.84kN .m
Page 72
Summery from Ex2-Chapter2:

Page 73
10. Fatigue Limite State
n  M Fatigue
max

▪ Verify the tensile stress in the reinforcement : f max = f s = (d eq − x)

I cr

I cr = 0.0264m 4 (Single beam)

d eq = 0.745m
x = 0.174m
n=7
max
M Fatigue = Max( M Fatigue
I E
; M Fatigue ) = M Fatigue
E
= 315.84kN .m
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10. Fatigue Limite State

+ Calculate M dead load

- Interior beam :

(W + WDC ,beam + WDW )  L2

load = M DC + M DW = = 650.39kN .m
I I I DC,middlecurve
M dead
8
load = M DC + M DW = 563.67 kN .m
E E E
M dead

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Note : L=12.5m
10. Fatigue Limite State

n  M Fatigue
max
7  315.84
 f max = (d eq − x) = (0.745 − 0.174) = 47.81MPa
I cr 0.0264
n  M dead
I
7  650.39
 f min = (d eq − x) = (0.745 − 0.174) = 98.47 MPa
load

I cr 0.0264
 f f = 110 − 0.33 f min = 77.5MPa

 f max = 47.81MPa  f f = 77.5MPa ok !

Page 76