MODULE 1: GLOBAL MIGRATION
WHAT IS MIGRATION?
the temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another
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PUSH FACTORS
EMIGRATION FORCE
come in the form of unfavorable or unattractive conditions which make one dissatisfied with
one’s natural resources
PULL FACTORS
IMMIGRATION FORCE
refers to the corresponding conditions or attractions of a locality which lures one to go there
REASONS FOR MIGRATION?
PULL FACTORS
● healthcare
● education
● food
● money
● jobs
● peace
● city life
PUSH FACTORS
● climatic disasters
● life in the province
● war
● poverty
TYPES OF MIGRATION
INTERNAL MIGRATION
people moving from one area to another within one country
INTERNAL MIGRATION
RURAL-URBAN Migration males; 20s to 30s, able-bodied/ economically active
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
● people cross borders of one country to another
● people who move permanently to another country (immigrants) workers who stay in
another
● country for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a year)
TYPES INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
● illegal migrants
● migrants whose families have “petitioned” them to move to the destination country
● asylum seekers or refugees
TYPES REFUGEES
“those unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion”
247 MILLION
is the estimate number of people who are currently living outside the countries of their birth
90%
moved for economic reasons
10%
refugees or asylum-seekers
TOP 3 REGIONS OF ORIGIN
● Latin America
● Eastern Europe & Central Asia
● Middle East & North Africa
INDIA, MEXICO, CHINA
leading countries of origin, with the PHILIPPINES and AFGHANISTAN ranking 6th.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
leading country of destination, along with countries in the WEST and the MIDDLE EAST
50%
of global migrants have moved from developing countries to the developed zones of the world
and contribute anywhere from 40-80% of their labor force
MIGRANTS: assets or liabilities?
● anti-immigrant groups argue that governments must control legal immigration and stop
illegal entry of foreigners [USA: Donald Trump; UK: Theresa May]
● “The majority of migrants remain in the cities. Once settled, they contribute enormously
to raising the productivity of their host countries.”
● “...native-born citizens still receive higher support compared to immigrants.”
BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FOR THE SENDING COUNTRIES
REMITTANCES
● make significant contributions to the development of small-and-medium-term industries
that help generate jobs
● change the economic and social standing of migrants, as shown by new or renovated
homes and their relatives’ access to new consumer goods [purchasing power doubles]
● “remittances may help in lifting households out of poverty...but not in rebalancing growth,
especially in the long run”
BRAIN DRAIN
global migration is siphoning qualified personnel, [and] removing dynamic young workers
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
third largest criminal activity worldwide, with 21 million men, women, and children as victims of
“forced labor”
OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS
12%
of Filipinos live and work overseas
FILIPINOS TRAVEL :
to make a living
to study
to respond to a calling
to make a difference
to embark on a daring adventure
What drives Filipinos to confront the many challenges of leaving the comforts of home?
The pursuit of the Filipino dream– an aspiration not simply for personal success but a generous
dream for one’s family, community, and country.
“Today, you can find at least one Filipino in almost every corner of the globe sharing a piece of
the Philippines wherever he or she may be, and forging new connections.”
COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF FILIPINO POPULATIONS:
United States of America
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Canada
Australia
MODULE 2: POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
Almost all of the world is organized by a single type of unit: the nation-state.
Decolonization in the 20th century: 130 colonies became independent nation-states.
State sovereignty is a central part of global society.
Humans come together to achieve great goals on an international level.
INTERNATIONALISM
Exploring the deepening of interaction between states (international relations)
FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES OF WORLD POLITICS
● There are countries or state that are independent and govern themselves
● These countries interact with each other through diplomacy
● There are international organizations that facilitate these interactions
● International organizations also take on lives of their own
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
● Refers to the increasing and shared conviction that all people should be governed by
their own consent and a rule of law
● Multiple countries come together to discuss about issues around the world and put the
solution into action
● Improvement of global economy and possibly form bonds between countries.
● Characterized by similarities in the goals, structures, programs, and internal operations
of countries
○ Education
○ Health care
○ Economy and finance
○ Environment
○ Foreign policy
○ Military and defense
WHAT IS A COUNTRY? (or as academic call it, nation-state)
In the beginning
People did not organize themselves as countries- they identified themselves with units
as small as their village or their tribe or as members of larger political categories like
“Christendom”
NATION/STATE/NATION-STATE
● Not all states are nations and not all nations are states.
● Scotland is a nation but still belongs to the state of United KIngdom
● Bangsamoro is a separate nation from the Philippines but recognizes the
Philippine state.
● If there are states with multiple nations, there are also single nations with multiple
states.
●
The nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea
●
The Chinese nations may refer both to the People’s Republic of China (mainland)
and Taiwan.
WHAT THEN IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE?
STATE
A country and its government
● It exercises authority over a specific populations (citizens)
● It governs a specific territory
● It has a structure of government that crafts rules that people follow.
● It has sovereignty over its territory.
NATION
“Imagined community”
● It is a group of people that shares a common culture, history, language, and other
practices.
● It allows one to feel a connection with a community of people.
NATION-STATE
● A nation-state is a certain form of state that has a territory where mainly one nation lives.
● It is a type of state that joins the political entity of state to the cultural entity of a state to
the cultural entity of a nation.
NATIONALISM
Nation and state are closely-related because its is nationalism that facilitates state formations.
SOVEREIGNTY
Sovereignty refers to internal and external authority.
● Internally, no groups can operate in the national territory without permission from the
state (churches, civil society organizations).
● Externally, state’s policies and procedures are independent from the interventions of
other states.
DECLINE OF THE NATION-STATE
● The rise of the Transnational Corporations paved way to corporate power over state
power.
● The boundary between national interest (occupation of Iraq)
● Religious and Ethic divisions within nation-states.
WORLD ISSUES
● Poverty and Homelesssness
● Hunger
● Health and well-being
● Inequality
● Unemployment
● Education
● Water supply
● Terrosim and War
● Crime and Security
● Industry and Infrastructure
● Economic Issues
● Infectious Diseases
● Electricity Supply
● Environment and CLimate
● Corruption
● Drug Abuse
MODULE 3: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Globalization is a process of interconnectedness,interdependence and integration of economics
and societies.
It is also a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
enhanced by information technology.
Globalism and Religion are two contrasting belief systems:
Globalism – material wealth; aides by human-made laws
Religion –sacred; follows divine commandments
Although contrasting in nature, there is the possibility of communication between humans and
the transcendent. Globalism measures how much human action can lead to the highest
material satisfaction and subsequent wisdom.
Globalists
● Raise profits Trains to be shrewd business person
● Values politics and quest for power
● To enrich themselves
● Spreads goods and services
Religious persons
● Live a virtuous sinless life
● Aspires to become a saint
● Detests politics and the quest for power
● Spreading holy ideas
● Focuses on evangelization
The relationship between globalization and religion is a complex issue as it has brought both
new possibilities and further challenges.
Globalization enhances both positive and negative aspects of religion.
As media and technology spread religious ideas and teach us to respect other religions, they
also cause the breaking of religious ties that give birth to new religions or make people‘infidel’ or
‘irreligious’ causing terrorist activities in the name of protecting their religion, values, and beliefs.
Every religion has its own beliefs, values, perspectives, and ideas in order to make human life
better, choose the right path, enrich our knowledge, give courage, to avoid wrong activities.
Every religion teaches the common thing;
● Non-violence
● Harmony and peace
● No discrimination against each other
● Respect every religion
● Bring unity and justice
● Bring equality, freedom and human dignity
We should always choose good over bad. In this way, we can minimize the challenges of
religion and globalization and can bring a culture of peace and harmony.
Realities about Religion
Religion - a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things.
[Link]
Places religion at the center of their political system.
Islam is the religion of the Federation and the Rulers of the State is also the Head of Islam.
2. Iran
Practices the superiority of Islamic rule over its secular counterparts.
Superior form of gov’t because it is spiritual.
3. Indonesia
Schools (pesantren) teach both Islam & the sciences, modern banking, civic education, etc.
4. England
King Henry VIII broke away from Roman Catholicism and established his church
Positive Impacts of Globalization on Religion
1. Globalization helps to increase greater religious tolerance and acceptance of other
cultures and religions that enhance our minds and knowledge.
2. With globalization, Religion becomes a culture of pluralism that teach us to respect
other religions.
Media and technology play an important role in spreading ideas about every religion so people
can know about every religion and can choose the right path in their life. Websites provide
opportunities to contact others worldwide and give information about different religions through
various TV channels, radio, internet, etc.
3. Economic marginalization is made possible by Globalization.
Various religious organizations serve many disadvantaged areas such as poverty relief, health
care, the HIV/AIDs crisis, environmental problems, etc. drawing massive followers while
strengthening religious values and ideas. The church is the place they can go for assistance
and relief. Other examples are the following:
● Catholic Relief Services
● World Vision International
● Islamic Relief Worldwide etc
4. Globalization brings about global political forums.
Its purpose is to diminish cultural, ethnic, ideological, and religious differences such as the UN,
WHO, EU, AU, OIC, etc. while discussing issues such as international peace and security,
health, poverty, environment, etc., the organization also shares basic commitments of religious
tradition such as peace, human dignity, and equality, religious freedom, conflict resolution, etc.
5. Globalization opens a new door for religion that enhances cooperation, tolerance and
brings new opportunities and possibilities.
Various religious organizations were involved in interfaith dialogues such as the 1993
Parliament of the World’s Religions that provide an opportunity for assembly members to come
to know other spiritual and religious leaders in ways which could support future collaboration
and action together for peace, the relief of suffering, and the preservation of the planet.
Negative Impacts Of Globalization on Religion
[Link] breaks traditional beliefs.
People are more connected with the world that sometimes weakens their own religious belief.
2. Globalization results to the explosion of new religions.
New religions separate themselves from the conventional ones and develop their own identities.
> 9,900 distinct religions and 2 or 3 new religions created every day (World Christian
Encyclopedia). In Japan, estimated number of new religions varies from 800 to a few
thousands.
3. Religion becomes weak with Globalization.
The consumerism culture brings changes on women’s dress that sometimes impact negatively.
Religion is regarded as a spiritual matter while consumerism is about materialism.
An example is the veil which used to be an important component of appropriate dressing for
churchgoers. In Indonesia, expensive veils designed by prominent artists, which are influenced
by fashion designers in New York or Paris, have become the symbol of high social status.
These expensive veils and Islamic dresses have been transformed into commodities for
consumption by the middle class, in a similar fashion asbranded names.
4. Globalization causes mental stress.
It favors material prosperity, sometimes individuals focus on attaining some material
possession such as a house, car, wealth, or simply any object that hamper their inner peace by
undermining religious ideas and Perspectives.
5. Religious terrorism is developed.
With the advancement of technology, media and the free flow of information, people are losing
their own religious values and terror groups have used their political agendas by using religion
as a tool to fulfil their political gains. People come up together in order to spread their ideas and
beliefs so as to fulfil their purpose in the name of religion that often causes terrorist activities.
MODULE 4: MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
● entails the spread of various cultures.
● also involves the spread of ideas.
● relies on media as its main conduit for the spread of cultures and ideas.
● in media pertains to how something is distributed globally. This has changed the way
people think and do things daily.
Today, TV programs, social media groups, books, movies, magazines, and the like have made
it easier for advocates to reach a larger audience.
People around the world can now exchange Information, knowledge, and even cultures.
Mass media has become an essential part of everyone’s life. Its roles vary– from increasing
public awareness and collecting views to changing people’s attitudes.
The Media
• It is a means of conveying something (channel of communication).
• It includes technologies of mass communication in the form of:
• Printed Media (books, magazines, newspapers)
• Broadcast Media (radio, film, television)
• Digital Media (internet, mobile communication)
• Internet Media (email, social media)
The medium is the message.
Media, as a form of technology, reshape societies. [the TV is not a simple bearer of messages;
it also shapes the social behavior of users and reorient family behavior]
Different media simultaneously extend and amputate human senses.
New media may expand the reach of communication, but they also dull the user’s
communicative capacities.
Social Media
• refers to the interaction among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange
information and ideas in virtual communities and networks
SOCIAL: instinctual needs humans have to connect with other humans
MEDIA: what we use to connect with others
Dopamine Loop
Post something on Facebook, and chances are friends begin to “like” or “comment”
and when you send a text -- getting a quick response or reaction can be a short burst of
ecstasy.
Miguel R. Camus (2017)
PINOYS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA USERS, ACCORDING TO STUDY
4 hours and 17 minutes/ day
Filipinos spend in social media sites on the average per day | Facebook & Twitter
3 hours and 43 minutes
Brazilians
2 hours and 6 seconds
United States [bottom half of the list]
40 minutes
Japan (least active users)
13,000,000
Internet Users in the Philippines
12,000,000
Social Media Users in the Philippines
Mobile Technology
fastest growing platform | 38% of all web traffic in the country
4.021 billion
Total Number of Internet Users in the World
3.196 billion
Total Number of Social Media Users in the World
5.135 billion
Total Number of Mobile Phone Users in the World
The influence of mass media is undeniable as it can make or break the belief of people or start
a movement for a right cause.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
● may cause psychological disorders to users including antisocial behavior, mania,
aggressive tendencies
● can be destructive as people tend to check the sites frequently, losing precious amount
of time
● promotes culture of comparison, addiction
● health risks like radiation, eye problems
POSITIVE EFFECTS
● helps in conversation around the world
● data and information can be exchanged easily
● information can be sent directly and easily to a large number of people
● opportunities for business expansion and networking
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA
• It ceases the boundaries of different societies among individuals.
• It educates individuals about day to day occasions or new revelations. It plays an educative
role.
• It creates awareness around the world in a faster way. This way, it can have great impact on
people’s lifestyle and culture.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
● the practice of promoting and imposing a culture
● also known as Western cultural imperialism
American values and culture overwhelm other cultures, making the world Americanized.
Consumerism is one way of promoting cultural globalization by way of global media.
It can be stated that the cultural products of the first world ‘invade’ the third world and ‘conquer’
local culture.
Increasingly, the major media players are multinational companies with interests across the
globe.
Western TV and film companies can have an impact on the cultures of developing nations.
Hollywood is a good example of cultural imperialism to the extent that even developed
countries like the UK go to great lengths to ensure their own film industries to remain strong.
POST COLONIALISM
It is a theoretical perspective that looks at media and cultural studies in terms of the aftermath of
colonialism.
Much of the culture of imperial countries remain today in terms of influences of language, food,
and clothing among others.
The postcolonial argument is that non-Western cultures are represented through Western eyes
largely because of the impact of cultural imperialism through the power of Western media.
But this has been belied by the renewed strength of regional trends in the globalization process.
[Hello Kitty, anime]
The internet and social media are proving that the globalization of culture and ideas can move in
different directions.
The internet, particularly social media, is challenging previous ideas about media and
globalization. [producers = consumers]
