Content

Orthographic Projections: Principles of

Orthographic Projections - Conventions -
Projections of Points and Lines, Projections of Plane
regular geometric figures.-Auxiliary Planes.
Orthographic Projections:When the p;ojectors are parallel to each
other and also perpendicular to the plane,the projection is called
orthographic projection.
Planes of Projection:The two planes employed for the purpose of
orthographic projections are calledreference planes or principal planes of
projection. They intersect each other at rightangles. The vertical plane of
projection (in front of the observer) is usually denotedby the letters V.P.
It is often called the frontal plane and denoted by the letters F.P.The
other plane is the horizontal plane of projection known as the H.P.
The linein which they intersect is termed the reference line and is
denoted by the letters xy. The projection on the V.P. is called the front
view or the elevation of the object.The projection on the H.P. is called
the top view or the plan.

TO BE OPENED

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First-Angle Pxojection:We have assumed the
object to be situated in front of the V.P. and above
the H.P.i.e. in the first quadrant and then projected it
on these planes. This method of projection is known
as first-angle projection method. The object lies
between the observer and the plane of projection.
In this method,when the views are drawn in their
relative positions, the top view comes below the
front view. In other words, the view seen from
above is placed on the other side of (i.e. below) the
front view. Each projection shows the view of that
surface (of the object) which is remote from the
plane on which, it is projected and which is nearest
to the observer.

FIRST ANGLE PRQJEITTION

RELAnON BETWEEN OBSERVER,OBJECT AND P.P.

Third-Angle Projection:In this method of THIRD AN= PROJECTW NIRFIOD
projection, the .object is assumed to be situated in
the third quadrant The planes of projection are
assumed to be transparent. They lie between the
object and the observer. When the observer views
the object from the front, the rays of sight PICTQRWVIEW
intersect the V.P.
The figure formed by joining the points of
intersection in correct sequence is the front view
of the object. The topview is obtained in a similar
manner by looking from above. When the two
planes are brought in line with each other, the
views will be seen as shown in fig. The top view
in this case comes above the front view.

THIRD ANGLE PRBJECTW

RELATIONBEMmN OBSERVW, OBJECT AND P.P.

Projections of Points:
A point may be situated, in space,in any one of the four quadrants
formed-bythe two principal planes of projection or may lie in any one or
both of them. Its projections are obtained by extending projectors
perpendicular to the planes.
One of the planes is then rotated so that the first and third
quadrants are opened out. The projections are shown on a flat surface in
their respective positions either above or below or in xy.
Projections of Straight Lines:
A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. Hence, the
projectionsof a straight line may be drawn by joining the respective
projections of its endswhich are points.
The position of a straight line may also be deschbed with respect
to the tworeference planes. It may be:
1. Parallel to one or both the planes.
2. Contained by one or both the planes.
3. Perpendicular to one of the planes.
4. Inclined to one plane and parallel to the other.
5. Inclined to both the planes.
6. Projections of lines inclined to both the planes.
7. Line contained by a plane perpendicular to both the reference planes.
8. True length of a straight line and its inclinations with the reference
planes. .
9. Traces of a line.
10. Methods of determining traces of a line.
11. Traces of a line, the projections of which are perpendicular to xy.
12. Positions of traces of a line.
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Projections of Planes:
Plane figures or surfaces have only two dimensions, viz. length and
breadth. They do not have thickness. A plane figure may be assumed to
be contained by a plane, and its projections can be drawn, if the position
of that plane with respect to the principal planes of projection is known.
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