Data
Collection
Instruments
Data Collection
• involves obtaining relevant
information regarding the
specified research questions
or objectives.
• This can be done by utilizing
research instruments that are
either developed or adopted.
Data Collection
• In collecting the data, the
researcher must decide on the
following questions:
(1)Which data to collect?
(2) How to collect the data?
(3) Who will collect the data?
(4) When to collect the data?
Quantitative Research
Instruments
• comprise questionnaires, interviews,
tests, and observation.
• data collection approaches for
qualitative research usually involve:
(a) direct interaction with individuals on
a one to one basis,
(b) or direct interaction with individuals
in a group setting.
Quantitative Research
Instruments
• When developing and utilizing a research
instrument, the following steps are to be
considered:
1. Be clear with your research question.
2. Plan how you will conduct the data collection.
3. Use appropriate research instruments.
4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data.
5. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected
data.
6. Present your findings.
How do you collect
your data?
• Look at the different kinds of
research instruments. Check all
that seem helpful in answering
your research questions. You may
choose more than one
Research Instruments
• QUESTIONNAIRES
• A questionnaire consists of a series of
questions about a research topic to gather
data from the participants. It consists of
indicators that is aligned to the research
questions.
• Gathering of information can be carried out in
the following methods: face to face, by
telephone, or through e-mail, messenger,
social media post, or using computer
programs or forms.
Research Instruments
• In quantitative research,
questionnaires use the following
approaches:
(1)SCALE (usually Likert scale); and
(2)Conversion of responses into
numerical values, e.g. strongly as
5, agree as 4, neutral as 3,
disagree as 2, and strongly
disagree as 1.
Research Instruments
• The terms survey and
questionnaire have different
meanings. A questionnaire is
an instrument used to collect
data while a survey is a
process of collecting,
recording, and analyzing data.
Three Structures Of
Making A Questionnaire
1. Structured Questionnaires employ
closed-ended questions.
2. Unstructured Questionnaires use open-
ended questions in which the research
participants can freely answer and put his
thoughts into it.
3. Semi-structured Questionnaires are
combinations of both the structured and
unstructured ones.
Advantages of Using
Questionnaire
1.Data can be quickly gathered
from a big number of
participants.
2.The participants are
encouraged to be open to the
researchers since their identity
can be made anonymous.
Disadvantages of Using
Questionnaire
1. The questions can be interpreted
differently by the participants.
2. Some participants will not be able to
complete the required responses.
3. Some questionnaires will not be returned
on time.
4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
5. The answers from participants may lack
depth.
Guidelines in Using
Questionnaires for Data Collection
1.Choose the method of administering
the questionnaire.
a. Face-to-face Method. Use this when
you need to capture the emotions,
behavior, and non-verbal cues of the
participants.
b. Online Method. Use this when
behavior and non-verbal cues need
not to be taken.
Guidelines in Using
Questionnaires for Data Collection
2. Divide your questionnaire into two or three
parts.
a.Personal information. This section which
contains background information of the
participants. (Names are optional)
b.Main section. This lists the specific questions
or indicators.
c. Open-ended question section. This contains
additional information that might be needed.
(This applied only for qualitative research)
Guidelines in Using
Questionnaires for Data Collection
3. Make sure to craft questions and choices
that are aligned with specific research
questions or objectives.
4. Provide specific and clear directions for
respondents in answering the questionnaire.
5. Use routing (directing) technique if there
is a need to skip some items in the
questionnaire.
6. Begin with the general questions first
followed by the specific ones.
Guidelines in Using
Questionnaires for Data Collection
7. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use
simple terms.
8. Predetermined responses or choices should match the
nature of the questions.
a. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly
agree , agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)
b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very
great extent, great extent, moderate extent, small extent,
none at all)
c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always,
frequently, sometimes, seldom, never)
d. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very
good, good, poor) Later, these responses will be translated
into numerical values (e.g. five-point Likert scale)
Guidelines in Using
Questionnaires for Data Collection
9. Avoid negative statements unless
necessary.
10. Avoid leading and biased, double-
barreled, and very sensitive questions.
11. Do not split the questions or
choices over two pages.
12. If possible, schedule an
appointment before distributing the
questionnaires.
Guidelines in Using
Questionnaires for Data Collection
13. Attach a cover letter to the
questionnaire especially for agency
connected respondents.
14. Make a follow-up on the
participants who did not to return the
questionnaire.
15. Tally and encode the data
immediately once you have collected
them and archive them digitally.
Research Instruments
• TESTS
• used for assessing various skills and types of
behavior as well as for describing some
characteristics.
• Two Types Of Test Used In Quantitative
Research:
1. Standardized test – is scored uniformly across
different areas and groups. It is usually
administered by institutions to assess a wide
range of groups such as students and test-takers.
It is considered as more reliable and valid.
• Examples: Achievement test, University Entrance
Exam, Personality Tests, and the likes.
Research Instruments
• TESTS
• used for assessing various skills and
types of behavior as well as for
describing some characteristics.
• Two Types Of Test Used In
Quantitative Research:
2. Non-standardized test may not be
scored uniformly. It is administered to a
certain set of people.
Types of Test Questions
1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to
retrieve information from memory (e.g. fillin-the
blank test, identification test, enumeration test,
etc.)
2. Recognition Questions. It provides
respondents to select from given choices the
best or correct choice (e.g. multiple-choice test,
true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)
3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the
respondents more freedom in their responses,
expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g.
essay writing tests and other performance
based tests.
Research Instruments
• INTERVIEW
• A quantitative interview is a
method of collecting data
about an individual’s
behaviors, opinions, values,
emotions, and demographic
characteristics using numerical
data.
• The questionnaire and quantitative interview are
both highly structured, but here’s a distinction
between the two:
Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires
Items are read to the Participants answer on
participants. their own.
Researchers may ask Researchers may not ask
follow-up questions. follow-up questions.
Useful when the target Not applicable for blind
participants cant answer and uneducated (no
a printed or encoded read, no write)
questionnaire (blind or participants.
uneducated).
Research Instruments
• OBSERVATION
• method of collecting data that is frequently
used in qualitative research. However, it
can be used in quantitative research when
the observable characteristics are
quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width,
height, weight, volume, area, temperature,
cost, level, age, time, and speed)
• Observation allows the researcher to
observe the actual event or phenomenon.
Forms of Observation
1. CONTROLLED OBSERVATION.
It is usually used in experimental
research and is done under a standard
procedure. It provides more reliable
data (obtained through structured and
well-defined process). The procedure
can be replicated, and the data are
easier to analyze. Lastly, the observer
performs a non-participant role (i.e.
does not interact with the participants).
Forms of Observation
2. NATURAL OBSERVATION.
It is carried out in a non-controlled
setting.
It also responds to other areas of
inquiry not initially intended by the
researcher. Its major limitation is its
strength to establish a causal
relationship due to the presence of
extraneous variables which can affect
the behavior of the participants .
Forms of Observation
3. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION.
It allows the observer to become a
member of the group or community
that the participants belong to.
It can be performed covertly (i.e.
participants are not aware of the
purpose behind the observation. It can
be done also overtly, wherein
participants know the intention or
objectives of the observation.
Ethical Considerations in Data
Collection of Quantitative Research
• INFORMED CONSENT FORM is a
document that provides the participants with
the information they need in deciding
whether they will participate or not in your
study. The informed consent form must be
accomplished before gathering data from
the participants. This document must be
signed both by the researcher and the
participant as they agree to the conditions
during the actual conduct of the data
collection process.
Ethical Considerations in Data
Collection of Quantitative Research
• It usually contains the following:
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of
the Study)
2. \Name of Researchers and the Institution you are
affiliated with
3. Data Collection Procedure
4. Possible discomfort or risk factors
5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate
anytime)
7. Authorization of the Participants (participants
acknowledge the conditions that they will be subject to
the study)
ACTIVITIES
Activity 2: Observe Me!
Directions: What type of observation is
illustrated in the following observation
notes? Write the letter of your choice
on the space provided before the
number. Choose from the choices
below:
A.complete observer
B.observer as participant
C.participant as observer
D.complete participant
___ 1. A doctor watching a patient's reaction
to a medication.
___ 2. Pilots watching their monitors for
airplane movements and locations.
___ 3. A biology teacher recording the daily
data on bacteria growth at the Bio
laboratory.
___ 4. A guidance counselor watching a
friend's reaction to her barkada’s
confession.
___ 5. An adviser watching her students
work during independent work time.
___ 6. An online tutorial company manager
observing the conversation of the interviewer and
the applicant to determine the quality of their
performance.
___ 7. A principal observing a math teacher gives
a lesson to her class to evaluate her performance
as an educator.
___ 8. A parent is watching her children interact
with other children on the playground.
___ 9. An actress is watching her movie premier
unfold on the big screen.
___ 10. A group of Grade 12 students went to
BFAR to perform certain duties as what the
workers are doing.
