BUENA BEATINGO GONZALES JARDIN SABANDO

BUILDING
MATERIALS

GROUP ASSIGNMENT NO. 8:

PLASTICS 01
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CLASSIFICATION
OF PLASTICS

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Thermoplastic
Any plastic polymer substance that
becomes malleable or moldable at a
specific elevated temperature and
solidifies upon cooling is referred to as a
thermoplastic, or thermosoftening plastic.
Molecular weight is typically high in
thermoplastics.

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Elastomer
In contrast to other materials, elastomers
are characterized as polymers with the
attribute of viscoelasticity, a particularly
low Young's modulus, and a high yield
strain. Most of the monomers that make up
the polymer are made of silicon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

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Thermoset
Long, cross-linked chains of molecules make up
thermosetting polymers. They are quite rigidly
constructed. Thermosetting plastics can be
molded, pressed, and shaped after being
heated. Since they are permanently set once
they are set, they cannot be reheated.

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THERMOPLASTICS

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Thermoplastic is a class of polymer
that can be softened through heating
and then processed using methods
such as extrusion, injection moulding,
thermoforming and blow moulding.
They harden once cooled and do not
show any changes in chemical property
after being heated and cooled multiple
times, making them easily recyclable.
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POLYETHERETHERKETONE
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-
performance thermoplastic used for a range of
engineering applications, including bearings,
pumps, valves and medical implants, due to its
good abrasion resistance and low flammability
as well as low emission of smoke or toxic gases.
Trade names include Victrex and Vestakeep.

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POLYPROPYLENE
Polypropylene is the second most widely used
commodity polymer in the world. It is used across a
wide range of industries to create items including
reusable food containers, sanitary products, heat
resistant medical equipment, ropes, carpets, car
batteries, cable insulation, storage bins, and even
banknotes! Trade names include Adstif, Clyrell, Hifax,
Hostalen, Inspire, Isoplen, Moplen, Novolen, and
Vestolen.

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POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), also known as vinyl,
are tough, lightweight, and resistant to acids
and bases. It is used in the construction industry
for water pipes, drainpipes, gutters, and roofing
sheets. It can be made more flexible with
plasticizers, used in hoses, tubes, electrical
insulation, clothing, upholstery, and inflatable
products like waterbeds and pool toys.

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POLY(ETHYLENE MATERIALS

TEREPHTHALATE)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) or
polyester has a good combination of
mechanical and thermal properties,
chemical resistance and dimensional
stability. It is used for liquid containers,
especially carbonated soft drinks, food
containers and, in fibre form, for clothing. It
is the most recycled polymer worldwide.

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POLYAMIDE
Polyamide (PA) is also known by the trade
names Nylon, Akromid, Akulon, Grilamid,
Grilon, Rislan and Ultramid. It was originally
used as a replacement for silk when making
items such as flak vests, parachutes and
stockings. Nylon fibres are also used for fabric,
carpets, rope and strings for musical 3D PRINTED
instruments. It is also used for machine screws,
gear wheels and power tool casings.
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POLYSTYRENE
Polystyrene (PS), also known as Styron and
Vampstyr, is used in various applications like
disposable cutlery, CD and DVD cases, and
smoke detector housings. It is also used in
insulation and packaging materials, architectural
models, and drinking cups. Polystyrene
copolymers are used in toys and product
casings.

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ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-
STYRENE
ABS, also known by trade names Cycolac and
Ensidur, is a lightweight polymer that shows high
impact resistance and mechanical toughness
compared to most thermoplastics and is widely
used in everyday consumer products like toys
and telephones. ABS offers a good balance of
impact, heat, chemical and abrasion resistance,
dimensional stability, tensile strength, surface
hardness, rigidity and electrical characteristics.
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POLYCARBONATE
Polycarbonate (PC) is a transparent
thermoplastic with carbonate functional groups.
Its high strength makes it resistant to impact and
fracture. It is lightweight so an excellent
alternative to glass. PC is melted and forced
into a mold with high pressure to give it the
desired shape.

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POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)
This plastic is often used in sheet form as a
lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to
glass. It can also be used as a casting resin, in
inks and coatings, and for many other purposes.
It is often technically classified as a type of
glass, in that it is a non-crystalline vitreous
substance—hence its occasional historic
designation as acrylic glass. It is widely used as
a substitute for glass in aquariums, aircraft
windows, motorcycle helmet visors and for the
lenses on exterior automobile lights. Acrylic is
also used for signage, for eye lenses and in
bone cement for medical use, and also in paint,
where PMMA particles are suspended in water. 16
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POLYOXYMETHYLENE
Demonstrating a high stiffness, good dimensional
stability and low friction, polyoxymethylene
(POM), also known as acetal, polyacetal and
polyformaldehyde, is used for parts that require
high precision, such as bearings, valve parts,
gears and electrical components, and is also
known by the trade names Celcon, Delrin,
Duracon, Hostaform, Kepital, and Ramtal.

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THERMOSETTING
PLASTICS

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Thermosetting polymers, commonly known as
thermosets, are a form of polymer that
undergoes a chemical change when heated
during first molding, making them irreversibly
hard and solid. They cannot be remelted or
molded by heating once they have been set. This
makes them excellent for applications requiring
toughness and heat resistance, such as the
manufacture of electrical components,
automobile parts, and kitchenware handles.
Epoxy, phenolic, and melamine resins are
examples of thermosetting plastics. 19
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BAKELITE (PHENOLIC)
Bakelite is one of the earliest and most
famous thermosetting plastics, invented
by Leo Baekeland in the early 20th
century. It is a phenolic resin that's
created through the condensation
polymerization of phenol and
formaldehyde.

Bakelite is known for its heat resistance,

electrical insulating properties, and
ability to be molded into various shapes.
It was widely used in the early 20th
century for products like electrical
insulators, radio casings, and 20
kitchenware.
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CYANATE ESTERS
Cyanate esters are a class of
thermosetting resins that have excellent
high-temperature properties and low
outgassing characteristics. They are
created by the reaction of cyanic acid
esters with various catalysts.

These resins are often used in the

aerospace industry for applications
requiring high-temperature stability and
low dielectric constants, such as in the
production of radomes and advanced
printed circuit boards.
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DUROPLAST
Duroplast is a type of thermosetting
plastic, specifically a reinforced
thermosetting resin. It's made by
blending phenolic resins with natural
fibers or fillers and then subjecting them
to heat and pressure.

Duroplast is known for its exceptional

mechanical strength and resistance to
heat, chemicals, and moisture. It has
been used in automotive parts and
electrical components.

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EPOXY RESIN
Epoxy resin is a versatile and widely used
thermosetting plastic. It is created by
mixing epoxy monomers with a curing
agent (hardener) which initiates a
polymerization reaction. This forms a
rigid, durable, and highly adhesive
material.

Epoxy resins are known for their excellent

adhesive properties, chemical resistance,
and low shrinkage during curing. They are
used for a wide range of applications,
including coatings, adhesives,
composites, and encapsulation of 23
electronic components.
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FIBERGLASS
Fiberglass, often used in combination with
polyester resin, is a composite material
made from fine glass fibers embedded in
a polymer matrix. These fibers provide
strength and rigidity to the material.

It's commonly employed in the

construction of boat hulls, automotive
body panels, aircraft components, and
many other structural applications due to
its lightweight yet strong nature.

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MELAMINE
Melamine, or melamine resin, is a
thermosetting plastic made by
polymerizing melamine and
formaldehyde under heat and pressure.
It's known for its hardness, strength, and
resistance to chemicals and moisture.

Melamine is commonly used for making

kitchenware, dinnerware, laminates for
furniture and countertops, and even as a
flame-retardant in certain applications. It's
recognized for its durability and smooth,
glossy finish.
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POLYESTER RESIN
Polyester resin is a type of thermosetting
plastic used as a matrix in composite
materials. It's created through the
reaction of a dibasic acid and a diol,
resulting in a viscous liquid that hardens
when combined with a curing agent or
catalyst.

Polyester resin is widely used in the

construction of fiberglass-reinforced
composites, boat hulls, car parts, and
various laminates, due to its good
strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to
corrosion. 26