UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS Video Gaming - fast becoming a normal behavioral

pattern among the younger members of the Filipino

ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
society.
SOCIALITY
SOCIOLOGY - focuses on the ubiquity (or the
• the categories that we possess and assigned to us "everywhere-ness") a social force in unlikely forms: sex,
by society at large. gender, religion, class, race, ethnicity sexual orientation,
• labels - function as tags with which our society and the like.
read our worth and value. Goals of Sociology
• socially constructed.
(1) understand us better, (2) build a better understanding
CULTURAL VARIATION - refers to the differences in social of mankind, (3) help with decision-making, and (4)
behaviors that cultures exhibit around the world. provide insights into what is going on in a situation.
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES - refers to the situation where ANTHROPOLOGY - a science seeking to "uncover
people are discriminated based on economic status, social principles of behavior that apply to all human
characteristics, and qualities. These may include race, communities.
ethnicity, gender, and professions.
Goals of Anthropology
POLITICAL IDENTITIES - refers to political position based
on the interests and perspective of social groups with (1) describe and analyze the biological evolution of
which people identify. mankind, (2) describe and assess the cultural
development of our species, (3) describe, explain, and
SOME FILIPINO SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & PHENOMENON analyze the present-day human cultural similarities and
Istambay - a behavioral feature of most young people who differences, and (4) describe and explain human
feel that the company of other young people is more biological and diversity today.
meaningful and exciting than staying at home or reading
books. POLITICAL SCIENCE - the systematic study of government
and politics It makes generalizations and analyses about
Lagay - a set of practices – bribing. political systems and political behavior and uses these
Food taboos - a group-based practice made possible and results to predict future behavior (as in elections and
stronger by a set of beliefs revolving around the nexus of similar processes where predicting behaviors are
health and religion Important).

Same-sex partnership - a form of lifestyle associated with Goals of Political Science

a specific sexual preference and romantic arrangement. (1) be immersed in current affairs, (2) build an
Use of a go-between/ padrino - a set of practices – understanding on the local, national, and international
influential mediator. politics, (3) learn how political activities are organized in
and out of our country, and (4) provide substantially
SOME FILIPINO SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL critical and scientific contribution to government and
CHANGE society.
Selfie-ing - behavioral pattern due to the infiltration of
technology.

Political Dynasty - durability of certain cultural and political

practices.

Transnational Families - emerging pattern of family

relations.

Youth Volunteerism - personal expression of a political

principle by an increasing number of people.
INTERPRETATIVE DYNAMICS OF SOCIETY • uncover interesting insights about the nature of social
inequality and deviance.
SOCIETY - defined as constituting a fairly large number of
people who are living in the same territory, are relatively 2. CONFLICT THEORY (Marxist-Inspired)
independent of people outside their area, and participate
in a common culture. • society as an arena.
• uneven distribution of resources, status, and
SOCIETY AS FACTICITY - an outcome of multiple power creates conflict.
interactions of people upon which succeeding interactions • conflict is the engine for social change.
are made meaningful and possible. • Positive and advantageous – conflict can make
SOCIAL FACT - describes how values, culture, and norms change and uncover the ill-truths of society.
control the actions and beliefs of individuals and society as
a whole. 3. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND MEANING-
MAKING
SOCIAL FORCE - a consensus on the part of a sufficient • meaning-making – crucial in understanding
number of the members of society to bring about social order or conflict as processes that brought
action or social change of some sort. about society.
SOCIETY AS A GOD – The TRIPARTITE POWERS • the basis of actions towards or against specific
elements of the environment.
OMNISCIENCE (All-Knowing) • Symbols, like meaning, are interpreted
intersubjectively by social actors.
• Its library creates, collects, stores, retrieves, and
manipulates.
CULTURE
• Symbols system, language rules, and use of
• According to E.B. Tylor, it is a complex whole
language for communication.
which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals,
• Language, symbols, arts, science.
law, custom, and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of society
OMNIPOTENCE (All-Powerful)
• "the way of life, especially the general customs
• Its agents occupy and control all the influential
and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a
positions in its human memories. domain.
particular time.“ (Cambridge English Dictionary,
• Machineries and armory of social control.
n.d.)
• Laws, norms, values, belief system, religion,
• culture is often used to refer specifically to the
education.
symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to
distinguish themselves visibly from each other,
OMNIPRESENT (Everywhere)
such as body modification, clothing, or jewelry.
• Its spies are present in the four corners of its
territory. “A society cannot exist apart form culture. No culture
• Socialization agents are present everywhere, even can exist except as it is embodied in a human society.”
at the very start of a person's life.
• Family, peers, school, church. Government.

THE THREE CLASSICAL THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF

SOCIETY

1. STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM

• argues that society is made possible by

cooperation and interdependence.
• this view sees society as a system with parts, and these
parts have their respective functions to perform.
• agents of socialization
ASPECTS OF CULTURE Social Norm >> These are established expectations of
society as to how a person is supposed to act depending
• E.B. Taylor coined the term “CULTURE.” It is that
on the requirements of the time, place, or situation.
complex whole, which encompasses beliefs,
practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, Folkways >> The patterns of repetitive behavior which
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person becomes habitual and conventional part of living.
learns and shares as a member of society.
Mores >> The set of ethical standards and moral
• B. Malinowski - defined it as "the handiwork of
obligations as dictates of reason that distinguishes human
man and the medium through which he achieves
acts as right or wrong or good from bad.
his ends.
• R. Redfield - an organized body of conventional Values >> Anything held to be relatively worthy,
understandings manifest in art which persisting important, desirable, or valuable.
through tradition, characterizes a human group.
Technology >> The practical application of knowledge in
• V. de Robert - he body of thought and knowledge,
converting raw materials into finished products.
both theoretical and practical, which only man can
possess. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
TYPES OF CULTURE 1. Culture is social because it is the product of behavior.
Culture is composed of material and non-material 2. Culture varies from society to society.
elements. Material culture consist of tangible things
3. Culture is shared.
whereas nonmaterial elements consist of intangible
things (Barung, 2012 p.48) 4. Culture is learned.
Nonmaterial Culture 5. Culture is transmitted among members of
society.
1. Ideas
6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.
2. Language and Symbols
7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
3. Religion
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
4. Behavior, gesture, and habits
1. Culture defines situations.
Material Culture
2. Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals.
1. Technological Tools
3. Culture defines myths, legends, and the
2. Architectural Structures
supernatural.
3. Food
4. Culture provides behavior patterns.
4. Fashion and Accessories

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

To understand culture, it is necessary to understand the

different elements that compose it:

Knowledge >> It refers to any information received and

perceived to be true.

Beliefs >> The perception of accepted reality

Reality >> refers to the existence of things whether

material or nonmaterial.
ETHNOCENTRISM & CULTURAL RELATIVISM • direct exposure to other cultures (personally come in
contact with the people representing another
ETHNOCENTRISM
culture and they see the performance of a different
• Coined term by William Graham Sumner. set of practices).
• Ethno - (Greek) people, nation, or cultural
grouping; centric - (Latin) center. XENOCENTRISM
• the belief that your native culture is the most • characterized by a strong belief that one's own
natural or superior way of understanding the products, styles, or ideas are inferior to those
world. which originate elsewhere.
• the tendency of each society to place its own • refers to a preference for the foreign.
culture patterns at the center of things. • One clear indication of the existence of
xenocentrism is preference for imported
FUNCTIONS OF ETHNOCENTRISM goods.

XENOPHOBIA
• encourages the solidarity of a group.
• promotes continuance of the status quo. • the fear of what is perceived as or strange.
• discourages change. • can be seen in the relations and perceptions of
• hinders the understanding or the cooperation an in-group toward an out-group.
between groups.
• promote conflict, as the records of past wars and
religious and racial conflicts reveal.
• conflict of course often leads to social change.
• vehicle for the promotion of social change.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

• the idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are

dependent on their cultural context and should
be treated as such.
• “No superior and inferior culture.”
• Recognize and acknowledge other cultures and
use these for awareness.
• As an attitude, cultural relativism promotes
greater appreciation of the cultures one
encountered along the way.
• As a behavior, cultural relativism is a good way to
rehearse the norms and values of society a
requirement that one must subscribe to
regardless of his or her cultural origin.
• Cultural relativism means that the function and
meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural
setting.

HOW TO APPRECIATE OTHER CULTURES (through

CULTURAL RELATIVISM)

• acquisition of sufficient knowledge about the culture in

question (reading books about the practices and rituals
of one’s culture or watching videos about it).
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL & SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION PRE-HUMAN STAGE - Ape-like and human-like
characteristics.
Theory of Evolution
• Sahelanthropus
• Proposed by English naturalist and geologist
• Ardipithecus
Charles Darwin.
• Australopithecus (1st Stage of Human Evolution)
On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection HUMAN STAGE - biological and cultural characteristics of
(1859) a modern human.
"Species are not immutable, but that those belonging to
what are called the same genera are lineal descendants of • Homo (Last Stage of Human Evolution)
some other and generally extinct species, in the same -------
manner as the acknowledged varieties of any one species”
(Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2002, p. 33). SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS

• They exist 6-7 million years ago.

NATURAL SELECTION - is the outcome of processes that • a skull similar to the
affect the frequencies of traits in a particular Australopithecus and modern
environment. Traits that enhance survival and human,
reproductive success increase in frequency over time. • height almost similar with the
chimpanzee.
“The environment favors certain organisms and those
• brain size of about 320-380 cubic centimeters.
organisms that survive can pass on their traits.”
• small teeth similar to other hominids.
• ability to walk upright.
PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION
ARDIPETHICUS KADABBA
VARIATION - Every species is made up of a variety of
• Live 5.6 million years ago.
individuals wherein some are better adapted to their
environments compared to others. • 120 pounds – weight.
• Live in jungles and forests
HERITABILITY - Organisms produce progeny with • Bipedal
different sets of traits that can be inherited. ARDIPETHICUS RAMIDUS

DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS - Organisms that • Exist 4.4 million years ago.
have traits most suitable to their environment will • Small brain – skull is similar to an ape.
survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in • Four (4) feet
subsequent generations.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS (Southern Ape)

---- • They lived in African jungle from 5-1 million years

ago.
FOSSILS - refer to the human, plant, and animal remains • Brain size of 500 cubic centimeters (cc) or almost of
that have been preserved through time like human or the size of the modern human brain.
animal teeth, skull, and bone fragments. • Upright, biped, and tool users only, not maker.
• Used stones for digging and food scavengers.
ARTIFACTS - refer to objects that were made and used by • Distance of movement was estimated to be 15
humans. Examples of artifacts include stone tools, metal kilometers (9.3 miles) or more to search for stones to
tools, ceramics, earthenware, burial jars, and ornaments. be used as tools.
• Lived in a small group and ate insects, eggs, plants,
HOMINID - the group of early humans and other fruits, and sometimes meat.
humanlike creatures that can walk erect during the
prehistoric times.
Australopethicus can be divided into two: • Height of about five feet
• Walks upright.
GRACILE – has small teeth and jaws.
• More intelligent and adaptable
• Australopithecus anamensis • Knows how to invent and develop different
• Australopithecus afarensis technologies to respond their needs.
• Australopithecus africanus • Make complex tools for digging, cutting, and scraping
(e.g., famous for axe tools)
ROBUST – has large teeth and jaws and muscular.
• Discover fire.
• Australopithecus aethiopicus
HOMO SAPIENS
• Australopithecus robustus
• Australopithecus boisei • Large brain size (1,400 cc) that is almost similar to the
brain of modern humans.
• Lived in shelters and food gatherers.
• Ate plants, fruits, and hunted animals.
• Learned to gather and cook shellfish (164,000 years
ago) using fire.
• Crafted and develop metals (e.g., fishing tools,
harpoons, bows and arrows, spear throwers, and
sewing needles).
• Developed oral languages.

The popular Australopithecus KINDS OF HOMO SAPIENS

afarensis is named “LUCY” • Homo heidelbergensis
which was discovered from • Homo neanderthalensis
Hadar, Ethiopia in November • Homo sapiens sapiens (direct ancestor of modern
1974 by paleoanthropologists human)
led by Dr. Donald Johanson.
POLITICAL EVOLUTION - society's highly advanced level of
culture, social organization, political developments,
judicial system, arts, and other forms of culture.

HOMO - Lived in Africa about 2.4 million years ago. • Sumerian Civilization (Tigris & Euphrates River)
• Ancient China Civilization (Yangtze & Yellow River
HOMO HABILIS (Huang He)
• Height of about 3 to 4 feet • Indus Civilization (Indus River)
• Brain size half the size of the modern human (700 • Egyptian Civilization (Nile River)
cubic centimeters)
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPED CIVILIZATIONS
• Made tools called Oldowan (name came from the
place where they were found in Olduvai Gorge, • Developed and highly advanced cities.
Tanzania) which were used as cutting tools and • Well-defined city centers.
made from volcanic stones. • Complex and systematic institutions.
• Used tools for hunting and food gathering. • Organized and centralized system of
HOMO ERGASTER - Lived about 1.8 million years ago. government.
• Formalized and complex form of religion.
HOMO ERECTUS (Skillful Hunter) • Job specialization
• estimated to have lived from 1.8 million to • Development of social classes
300,000 years ago. • Implementation of large-scale public works and
• Brain size of 1,000 cc or about 2/3 of the modern infrastructure like defense walls, monuments,
human brain size.
 Temples, mausoleums, government edifices,• Surplus of food - food supply is more than enough to
trading centers, and markets feed the members of society.
• Sophisticated and detailed forms of arts and architecture • Pastoral societies – animal domestication. They are
• Advanced technology called animal herders and subsist based on the
• System of writing and recording resources provided by their animals.

POLITICAL LEADERS
3. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
• Craft and Implement laws. • Neolithic revolution - cultivate wheat, barley, peas,
• Impose justice and punishment. rice, and millet and began to farm and domesticate
• Collect taxes. animals as their form of subsistence.
• Sometimes act as religious leaders as well. • produced cultivation tools and developed farming
skills that can support and sustain a town with a
Social Sumer Egypt Indus Valley Shang
population of over a thousand people.
Class • cultivation of wheat and barley crops, oats and rye,
and plants.
Political Priests Pharaoh Brahmin King Priest
leader and • Millet-based system of agriculture →rice cultivation.
and Royalty
highest 4. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
social class
• Industrial Revolution (18th – 19th Century) - new
Other [Link] [Link] [Link] Working sources of energy were harnessed, advanced forms
social merchants officials 2. Visayas class of technology were applied, and machineries were
classes 2. 2. Soldiers 3. Sudras (Farmers,
Ordinary 3. Scribes 4. Pariah craftsmen,
invented.
workers 4. Merchants soldiers) • Developed the production and manufacturing-
5. Craftsmen
based work.
6. Peasants
7. Slaves • created centralized workplaces, economic
interdependence, formal education, and complex
social systems.
SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION • people left their farmlands and transferred to the
urban areas to work in factories.
1. HUNTING & GATHERING SOCIETIES
• produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for 5. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
animals and gather plants and vegetation for
• Post-Industrial Revolution - economic production
food.
focused on the use and application of new
• the men are tasked to hunt large animal game like
information technology rather than factories
deer, elk, moose, and other animals available in
(Macionis 2002, p. 46).
their areas. Whereas the women are responsible
• According to Bell (1999), post-industrial societies
for the collection of vegetation, berries, and small
are characterized by the following:
edible crops.
1. Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to
• Nomadic societies - lived in small groups with
service.
only 20 to 30 members (40-50 members).
2. A significant increase in the number of professional
• Shaman/ priest – lead the society.
and technical employment and a decline in the number
2. HORTICULTURAL & PASTORAL SOCIETIES of skilled and semiskilled workers.
3. Education as the basis of social mobility.
• Semisedentary societies – don’t frequently move 4. Human capital as an essential aspect of understanding
(small scale farming – making crafts and trading) the strength of society.
• produce and use simple forms of hand tools to 5. Application of "intellectual technology" which is based
plant crops and use hoes and digging sticks to on the application of mathematics and linguistics and
bore holes in the grounds for seed planting. the use of algorithms and software programming models
6. Focus on communication infrastructure
7. Knowledge as source of invention and innovation INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY - Social and group identities can be
gained through social affiliations.
BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
• Cultural Identity
SOCIALIZATION - refers to a lifelong social experience by • National Identity
which people develop their human potential and learn • Religious Identity
culture. SELF-CONCEPT - physical, psychological and social
attributes, which can be influenced by the individual's
ENCULTURATION - the process by which people learn the attitudes, habits, beliefs, and ideas.
requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire
the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that NORMS - a rule that guides the behavior of members of a
culture. society or group.

NORMAL - the act of abiding by these rules.

THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION
NORMATIVE - refers to what we perceive as
1. Socialization teaches impulse control and helps normal, or what we think should be normal, regardless of
individuals develop a conscience. whether it actually is. It is directive and value judgments.
2. Socialization teaches individuals how to prepare for
EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL SANCTION - Sassa Gurl drops trash
and perform certain social roles, occupational roles,
that makes a mess and does nothing in response.
gender roles, and the roles of institutions.
3. Socialization cultivates shared sources of meaning and EXAMPLE OF LEGAL SANCTION - Sassa Gurl left the 7-11
value through people interaction. convenience store without paying for the goods.

• Religious sanction (excommunication)

George Herbert Mead – SELF (sociological concept) //
“I/Me” – put yourself in another person’s shoes. • Social sanction (losing friends, severing ties with
family members, and being excluded from certain
STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF spaces)

1. IMITATION - The child starts with mimicking behaviors • Economic sanction (wage or career penalties)
and actions of significant others around him or her. • Legal sanction (imprisonment or unequal access
2. PLAY - The child takes different roles he or she to rights and resources)
observes in "adult" society and plays them out to gain an
understanding of the different social roles. • Medical sanction (being classified as
3. GAME / GENERALIZED OTHERS - understanding the psychologically ill)
given activity and the actors' place within the activity • Physical sanctions (assault and murder)
from the perspective of all the others engaged in the
activity. PROSCRIPTIVE - stating what we should not do.

PRESCRIPTIVE - stating what we should do.

IDENTITY - the distinguishing character or personality of
an individual (Merriam-Webster, n.d.) VALUES - culturally defined standards that people use to
• sense of continuity decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful, and that
• sense of uniqueness from others serve as broad guidelines for social living.
• sense of affiliation FILIPINO VALUES ACCORDING TO JAIME BULATAO
IDENTITY FORMATION - the development of an
(1) emotional closeness and security in a family
individual's distinct personality which is regarded as a
persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a (2) approval from authority and of society
person is recognized or known.
(3) economic and social betterment

(4) patience, endurance, and suffering

STATUS - Linton (1936), an American sociologist, defined DEVIANCE - Social behavior that violates expected rules
status simply as a 'position' in a social system or a social and norms.
position that a person holds.
deviance is looked at in terms of group processes,
• Ascribed Status - a social position a person receives
definitions, and judgments, and not just as unusual
at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.
individuals or personal acts.
• Achieved Status - a social position a person takes
on voluntarily that reflects personal identity and VARIABILITY OF DEVIANCE
effort. (1) the study of why people violate laws or norms.
(2) the study of how society reacts to this violation
ROLE SET CORRESPONDING TO THE STATUS OF
"PROFESSOR” CESARE LOMBROSO - People believed that criminals
• Student were born, not made, and that criminal tendencies were
• Colleague biologically given, not learned. He investigated the
• Dean appearance and physical characteristics of convicted
• Support Staff criminals, such as the shape of their skull and forehead,
• Community jaw size, and arm length, and concluded that criminals
displayed signs of atavism.
ROLE - refers to the behavior expected of someone who
holds a particular status. INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

ROLE SET - a number of roles attached to a single status. Interactionists ask how behaviors come to be defined as
deviant and why certain groups and not others are
ROLE STRAIN CONFLICT – If you have multiple statuses and labelled as deviant. Deviance is a social construct.
roles, you will experience role strain conflict.
Basic Assumptions and Interpretations of Each
EXAMPLE: Theoretical Perspective on Deviance

SASSA GURL’S STATUS AND ROLES Paradigms Basic Assumptions Basis of

• Vlogger - Create entertaining videos. Interpretation
• Entrepreneur - Manage different businesses.
• Actress - Play as tsismosing kapitbahay Structural Deviance promotes Deviance
Functionalism unity, serves as a performs
moral compass, and important
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT - individuals may improvise provides functions in the
on the performance of their role so that they appear opportunities where overall
there are none. operations of
"presentable" in the situation. society. Its
ubiquity
(everywhere-
Physical appearance x likability as a person
ness) and
persistence
"Impression management can lead to the creation of through time are
testaments to its
damaged identities which must be repaired in order to relevance.
sustain social interactions" (p.183)

A person's gender, age, or even social class can "make or

break" the role in role manipulation.

CONFORMITY - is the tendency for an individual to align

their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the
people around them (Psychology Today, n.d.)
 Historical Conflict Deviance is a result of Deviance, in the interpretation of those laws by police, courts, and
unequal distribution form of conflicts, correctional institutions.
of social desirables is a form of civic
and life chances. action. It aims to • an outcome of the processes of interaction between
Historically speaking, rectify the unfair the so-called deviants and nondeviant and the
deviant individuals and unjust context in which criminality is being interpreted.
and their unique syndromes of
insights are social inequality.
responsible for the It is justified by
3. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY (Travis Hirschi) - Deviance
development of the virtue of occurs when a person's or group's attachment to social
society in its modern change it desires bonds is weakened. It focuses on how deviants are
forms. to achieve.
attached, or not, to common value systems and what
Critical Interpretivism Deviance is a result of What are deviant
situations break people's commitment to these values.
the exercise of or not are, but
power. Symbols and standards set by
ATTACHMENT to SOCIAL NORMS ->> DEVIANT
ideas are powerful BEHAVIORS
manipulated by individuals and
powerful people in institutions. By • Effective SOCIALIZATION makes conformity an
society in order to conforming to
protect their these standards,
internally driven motivation → Internalized Life
economic and we are helping Lessons
political interests. these entities • Externally driven conformity always engages the
maintain their
privileged mechanisms of SOCIAL CONTROL -> Rules,
positions in rewards, and mechanisms.
society.

HUMAN RIGHTS - United Nations Universal Declaration of

Human Rights (UDHR)
THEORETICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF DEVIANCE

1. STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY (Robert Merton) - traces

the origins of deviance to the tensions that are caused by
the gap between cultural goals and the means people have
available to achieve those goals.

Cultural Goals - Culture establishes goals for the people

(e.g., economic success).

Means - social structure provides (or fails to provide) the

means for the people to achieve those goals (e.g.,
opportunities).

2. LABELLING THEORY
• Definitions of criminality are established by those in
power through the formulation of laws and the
 HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED GROUPTHINK - the psychological influence exerted over
us by our respective groups on moral, legal, scientific and
SOCIAL AGGREGATES - a simple collection of people
religious matters.
who happened to be together in a particular place but
do not significantly interact or identify with one another.
KINSHIP - the different forms of socially accepted
SOCIAL CATEGORIES - people who share a common relations among people developed through blood or
characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not consanguineal relationships, marriage or affinal
necessarily interact or identify with one another. relationships, adoption, and other culturally accepted
rituals.
SOCIAL GROUP - a collection of individuals who have
regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual KINSHIP by BLOOD (Consanguineal Kinship) - The
influence, and common feeling of belongingness, and relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity.
who work together to achieve a common set of goals.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP Descent - refers to a biological relationship.

Lineage - refers to the line where one's descent is traced.
1. PRIMARY GROUP - a small social group whose
members share close, personal, and enduring PRINCIPLES OF DESCENT
relationships.

Examples:

families, childhood friends, and highly influential social

groups.

2. SECONDARY GROUP - small or large and they are

mostly impersonal and usually short-term and typically
found at work and school. UNILINEAL DESCENT
• A descent that usually traced through a single
Examples:
line of ancestors from either the male or female
committee organized to plan a holiday party at work or line.
students working on a project • Both males and females are members of a
unilineal family, but their descent lines are
3. REFERENCE GROUP - a group to which we compare
recognized only through the relatives of either
ourselves that serve as a standard against which
the male or female member.
behaviors and attitudes are measured.
Patrilineal - both males and females belong to the kin
• guide our behavior and attitudes and help us to
group of their father, but they do not belong to their
identify social norms. mother's kin group.
• creation is fueled by a person's desire to provide
a character connection. Matrilineal - focuses on the unilineal descent that is
traced through the female line.

NETWORKS - sets of informal and formal social ties that

link people to each other.
 MATRILOCAL RULE - the couples live with the wife's
relatives or near the wife's kin.

BIOLOCAL - newlywed couple stay with the husband's

relatives and the wife's kin alternately.

NEOLOCAL - newlywed settle independently and build a

home that is independent from the place of residence of
both of the newlywed's parents.

------
BILATERAL DESCENT
REFERRED MARRIAGE - If there are matchmakers who
• Trace the descent through the study of both
help their single friends or relatives to find their possible
parents' ancestors.
husband or wife by referring them to another man or
• Kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of
woman who is also interested in finding a life partner.
the mother and father.

FIXED or ARRANGED MARRIAGE - If man or woman's

parents, community leaders, religious officials or leaders
determine the marital partner of the individual.

CHILD MARRIAGE - parents arrange for the marriage of

their child long before the marriage takes place.

EXCHANGE MARRIAGE - a reciprocal exchange of spouses

between two countries, tribes, or groups.

KINSHIP by MARRIAGE (Affinal Kinship) - refers to the DIPLOMATIC MARRIAGE - an arranged marriage has been
type of relations developed when a marriage occurs. established between two royal or political families in
order to forge political or diplomatic alliances.
ENDOGAMY - Compulsory marriage in their own village,
community, ethnic, social, or religious group. MODERN ARRANGED MARRIAGE
• The child's parents, with the consent of the child,
EXOGAMY - Out-marriage - refers to a marriage custom choose from several possible mates.
where an individual is required by society's norms and • The parents organize a meeting with the
rules to marry outside of their own group, community, or potential partner of their child.
social classes. • The two children will then be given a short time
to get to know each other, after which the child
MONOGAMY (monos & gamos – one union) - refers to the will choose whom he or she will marry.
marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an
individual has only one male or female partner or mate. KINSHIP by RITUAL (Compadrazgo or “Godparenthood”)
- is a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family. A
POLYGAMY - refers to the practice of having more than one relationship between the child's biological parents, their
partner or sexual mate. children, and persons close to the parents but not related
by blood become a family.
POSTMARITAL RESIDENCY RULES
FAMILY - Those members of the household who are
related, to a specified degree, through blood, adoption,
PATRILOCAL RULE - married couples stay in the house of
or marriage (United Nations, 2014).
the husband's relatives or near the husband's kin.
HOUSEHOLD INFORMAL LEADERSHIP - is accorded to members who
possess certain skills and knowledge such as the gift of
• One-person household refers to an arrangement
memory, hunting or healing skills, or those other special
in which one person makes provision for his or her
ability.
own food or other essentials for living without
combining with any other person to form part of a
BAND FISSIONING - Band splitting along family lines.
multi-person household.
SOCIAL VELOCITY - Some people leaving the band to form
• Multi-person household refers to a group of two their own.
or more persons living together who make SOCIAL DISCORD - Informal leadership could no longer
common provision for food or other essentials for contain it.
living.

TYPES OF FAMILY TRIBES - a more elaborate way of organizing to settle

conflicts to prevent the society from breaking apart.
NUCLEAR FAMILY - a type of family that is made up of a
group of people who are united by social ties. Pantribal Associations (Sodalities) - These come in the
EXTENDED FAMILY - a type of family whose members go form of councils or tribal elders.
beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their
offspring. Village Headman - Their authority is coming from having
a senior position, coupled with an ability to force others
BLENDED OR RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES - If the parents to obey him.
have a child or children from previous marital relationships,
but all the members stay and congregate to form a new CHIEFDOMS - formal leadership exists and authority rests
family unit. solely on the members of a select family.
KINSHIP OF POLITICS: POLITICAL DYNASTY • Social Structure - hierarchical
• Social Classes - according to the level of their
According to David (2014), political dynasty exists when power in relation to the permanent ruler
"two or more individuals who are related within the second • Class Mobility - movement of an individual,
degree of consanguinity" or "those relatives of a person family, or group through the system of social
who may be the latter's brother or sister, direct ascendant hierarchy.
or direct descendant, whether legitimate or illegitimate, • Social Status - marriage, age, & sex
full or half blood, including their spouses" hold elected
government positions.” SIMPLE CHIEFDOM - characterized by a central village or
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP & STRUCTURES community ruled by a single family.

Bands & Tribes are considered as ACEPHALOUS (without a COMPLEX CHIEFDOM - composed of several simple
well-defined system of leadership) chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a
single paramount center.
BANDS - formed by several families living together based
on marriage ties, common descendants, friendship
NATIONS
affiliations, and members usually have a common interest,
• If a group shared a common history, language,
or enemy.
traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity.
• Source of Integration - Kinship by CONSAGUINITY • If the groups are conscious of their identity and of
(Blood) or AFFINITY (Marriage) their potential to become autonomous and
• Power Structure - Less hierarchical; No class unified.
differentiation based on wealth
• Status - Function of age (elders are accorded
respect); Women (pedestrian foragers) – high
influence; Men (hunting/ pastoral-agriculturalist)
– leadership roles
 NATION AS IMAGINED SOCIAL DESIRABLES - resources considered valuable by
societies.
• Benedict Anderson - nations can exist as a state of
• Power
mind, where the material expressions seen in actual
• Wealth
residence in a physical territory becomes secondary to
the common imagined connections emanating from a • Prestige
common history and identity.
ASCRIBED TRAITS - properties of an individual attained at
NATION AS ABSTRACT birth, by inheritance, or through the aging process.

ACHIEVED TRAITS - the manner by which one can have

• Paul James - nation is objectively impersonal even if
the ability to be in control of one's life to achieve social
each individual is able to identify with others.
desirables.

STATE - a political unit (highest form of political AVAILABILITY - refers to the presence, absence or scarcity
organization) consisting of a government that has of the social desirables.
sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well-
defined territory. ACCESSIBILITY - refers to the actual ways and means of
availing the resources.
What makes state sovereign?

1. Capacity to maintain order within its territorial FORMS OF CAPITALS & INEQUALITIES
boundaries
1. ECONOMIC CAPITAL - these are the material assets and
2. Recognized by other states as an independent member income.
of the community of states.
2. CULTURAL CAPITAL - these are the educational
NATION-STATE - When the citizens of a state belong to qualifications and status.
only one nation. 3. SOCIAL CAPITAL - these are the networks of contacts
and social associations or specifically social knowledge
WEBER AND THE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY and connections that enable people to accomplish their
1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY - legitimacy is derived from goals and extend their influence.
well-established customs, habits, and social structures.
SOCIAL MOBILITY - movement of individuals, families,
2. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY - legitimacy emanates households, or other categories of people within or
from the charisma of the individual (can be seen as “gift between layers or tiers in an open system of social
of grace”, possession of gravitas, or derived from high stratification.
power).

3. RATIONAL-LEGAL OR BUREAUCRATIC AUTHORITY - TYPES OF STRATIFICATION SYSTEM

legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state
through its fundamental and implementing laws. 1. OPEN STRATIFICATION SYSTEM - mobility is dependent
on the capacity of individuals to improve their social
capital or at least their access to it.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION
2. CLOSED STRATIFICATION SYSTEM - individual has
SOCIAL INEQUALITY (Heart of Sociology) - patterns of nothing to do to break loose of confines of one’s social
unequal access to social resources. class (e.g., caste system of India).

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION - refers to a society’s

categorization of its people into rankings based on
factors like wealth, income, education, family
background, and power.
 TYPES OF MOBILITY

1. ABSOLUTE MOBILITY - looks at the total number of

people moving from one social class to another.
2. RELATIVE MOBILITY - refers to individuals ‘exchanging
relative positions’ in the social hierarchy. That is, as some
people experience upward social mobility, others
experience downward mobility.

SOCIAL CAPITAL - refers to the ability of a collective to act

together to pursue a common goal.

POLITICAL CAPITAL - refers to the trust, goodwill, and

influence possessed by a political actor, such as a
politician, to mobilize support toward a preferred policy
outcome.

SYMBOLIC CAPITAL - refers to the resources that one

possesses which is a function of honor, prestige or
recognition, or any other trait that one values within a
culture.

GLOBAL INEQUALITY

FACTORS
• The balance of power and strength through
strategic importance or development assistance.
• Military Strength
• Operation of Transnational Corporations &
Organizations (World Bank, IMF, ADB)

MECHANISMS

• Formation of Regional Groups (ASEAN)

• Bilateral Treaties and Pacts with other countries
• International Treaties & Agreements