RESEARCH–BASED STATISTICS with COMPUTER PONDERING ON STATISTICS
APPLICATION (Math 2114)
Why Statistics?
Course Outline (Math 2114)
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Statistics
Chapter 2 – Data Collection and Sampling
Chapter 3 – Data Presentation
Chapter 4 – Hypothesis Testing
Chapter 5 – T-test
Chapter 6 – ANOVA
Where can we find information?
Chapter 7 – Correlation
❑ published data
Chapter 8 – Chi-Square Test
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Learning Objectives:
1. define Statistics;
2. articulate the importance of Statistics;
3. discuss the aims, areas, and applications of statistics; ❑ survey result
4. define concepts in statistics.
STATISTICS- refers to the collection of methods for
planning experiments, obtaining data, and then
analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions based
on the data.
plural sense: numerical facts, e.g. NBA-points per game,
peso-dollar exchange rate
singular sense: scientific discipline consisting of theory ❑ research output
and methods for processing numerical information that
one can use when making decisions in the face of
uncertainty.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
• The term statistics came from the Latin phrase “ratio
status” which means study of practical politics or the
statesman’s art.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS
• In the middle of 18th century, the term statistik (a
❑Everyday we use news and information sources to
term due to Achenwall) was used, a German term
gather facts that we need in making decisions.
defined as “the political science of several countries”.
• From statistik it became statistics defined as a ❑Likewise, everyday business managers have to make
statement in figures and facts of the present condition of decisions. Some of them resort to “gut instincts” but
a state. more typically make decisions are directly influenced by
hard facts.
❑One can not go about without statistics.
Agriculture - comparing the effects of five kinds of
fertilizers on the yield of a particular variety of corn.
Economics - determining the income distribution of
Filipino families.
Health - comparing the effectiveness of two diet
programs.
Physical Science - prediction of daily temperatures
Education - evaluation of student performance.
AIMS OF STATISTICS
Statistics aims to uncover structure in data to explain
variation…
❑ descriptively
❑ inferentially
AREAS OF STATISTICS
KEY DEFINITIONS
A universe is the collection of things or observational
units under consideration.
A population is the set of all possible values of the
variable.
A parameter is a descriptive measure of the
population.
A sample is a subset of the population.
A statistic is a descriptive measure of the sample.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS- -methods concerned with
collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data
without drawing conclusions about a large group
Universe: collection of observational units under
consideration
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS- methods concerned with the
analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions or
inferences(conclusions) about the entire set of data
Variable: characteristic observed or measured on every
unit of the universe
Population: set of all possible values of the variable
EXERCISE: Tell whether the following is a qualitative or
quantitative variable.
1. Sex
2. Age
3. Height
4. Types of Location (urban, rural)
5. Academic Grade
Sample: a subset of the population
6. Level of Pain (low, moderate, high)
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS
VARIABLES VS. DATA
A variable is something whose value can vary. It is a
characteristic that is being measured. Some example are
age, sex, blood type, etc.
Nominal Scale – Consists of a finite set of possible
A data value is the “realization” ( a number or a values or categories which have no particular order.
response) that you obtain upon measurement. Some
Examples:
examples of data values are 54 years, female, A, etc.
Cause of Death – Cancer, Heart Attack, Accident, etc.
Sex – Male, Female
Ethnicity – Black, White, Latino, Etc.
Ordinal Scale – Consists of a finite set of possible
values or categories which DO have an order.
Examples:
Size of a Container – Small, Medium, Large
Pain Level – None, Mild, Moderate, Severe
Interval Scale: No true zero. Objective: To determine the effect of bio-fertilizer “x” on
plant growth.
Example: Temperature
Ratio Scale: Meaningful true zero.
Example: Number of Children in the Family.
Research Variables- factors, parameters, attributes or
qualities of the cases that are being measure or
recorded. Some examples are sex, age, height, weight, Objective: To determine if there is a relationship
colour, number, etc. Variables can be independent and between student’s characteristics and the time they
dependent. spend online.
Independent Variable- the variable the experimenter
changes or controls and is assumed to have a direct
effect on the dependent variable
Dependent Variable- the variable being tested and
measured in an experiment and is 'dependent' on the
independent variable.
OTHER NAMES FOR INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
