II YEAR IPE PHYSICS

` KKP / MYP CEN TRE

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain the formation of stationary waves in stretched strings and hence deduce the laws of transverse
wave in stretched strings.
2. Explain the formation of stationary waves in air column enclosed in open pipe. Derive the equations
for the frequencies of the harmonics produced.
3. How are stationary waves formed in closed pipes ? Explain the various modes of vibrations and obtain
relations for their frequencies.
4. What is Doppler effect ? Obtain an expression for the apparent frequency of sound heard when the
source is in motion with respect to an observer at rest.
5. What is Doppler’s shift? Obtain an expression for the apparent frequency of sound heard when the
observer is in motion with respect to a source at rest?
6. a) Define Snell’s Law. Using a neat labelled diagram derive an expression for the refractive index of the
material of an equilateral prism.
b) A ray of light, after passing through a medium, meets the surface separating the medium from air at
an angle of 45 and is just not refracted. What is the refractive index of the medium?
7. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a compound microscope and explain its working. Derive an expression for
its magnification.
8. Obtain an expression for the combined focal length for two thin convex lenses kept in contact and hence
obtain an expression for the combined power of the combination of the lenses?
9. (a) Using a neat labelled diagram derive the mirror equation. Define linear magnification?
(b) An object is placed at 5 cm. from a convex lens of focal length 15 cm. What is the position and nature of
the image?
10. Describe Young’s experiment for observing interference and hence arrive at the expression for ‘fringe
width’.
11. Distinguish between Coherent and Incoherent addition of waves. Develop the theory of constructive and
destructive interferences?
12. What is resolving power of optical instruments? Derive the condition under which images are resolved?
13. What is diffraction? Discuss diffraction pattern obtainable from a single slit?
14. Explain series and parallel combination of capacitors. Derive the formula for equivalent capacitance in each
combination.
15. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor. What is the energy stored when the space
between the plates is filled with a dielectric
16. Applying Gauss’s law derive the expression for electric intensity due to a charged conducting spherical shell
at
(i) a point outside the shell
(ii) a point on the surface of the shell and
(iii) a point inside the shell
17. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Applying Gauss’s law derive the expression for electric intensity due to
an infinite plane sheet of charge.

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18. Define electric flux. Applying Gauss’s law and derive the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite
long straight charged wire. (Assume that the electric field is everywhere radial and depends only on the
radial distance r of the point from the wire.)
19. Define electric potential. Derive an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole and hence
the electric potential at a point.
(a) on the axial line of electric dipole (b) on the equatorial line of electric dipole
20. In a house three bulbs of 100 W each are lighted for 4 hours daily and six tube lights of 20 W each are
lighted for 5 hours daily and a refrigerator of 400 W is worked for 10 hours daily for a month of 30 days.
Calculate the electricity bill if the cost of one unit is Rs. 4.00
21. Deduce an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. Derive an
expression for the force per unit length between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
22. Obtain an expression for the torque on a current carrying loop placed in a uniform magnetic field. Describe
the construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
23. How can a galvanometer be converted to an ammeter? Why is the parallel resistance smaller than the
galvanometer resistance?
24. How can a galvanometer be converted to a voltmeter? Why is the series resistance greater than the
galvanometer resistance?
25. Derive an expression for the force acting between two parallel current carrying conductors and hence define
the Ampere.
26. Obtain Gauss’s Law for magnetism and explain it.
27. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying circular loop.
28. Describe the working of a AC generator with the aid of a simple diagram and necessary expressions.
29. Obtain an expression for impedance and current in series LCR circuit. Deduce an expression for the
resonating frequency of an LCR series resonating circuit?
30. How Einstein’s photoelectric equation account for the effect of frequency of incident light on stopping
potential. Explain the effect of intensity and potential on photoelectric current?
31. Describe the Davisson and Germer experiment, what did this experiment conclusively prove?
32. Describe Geiger-Marsden Experiment on scattering of   particles. How is the size of the nucleus
estimated in this experiment ?
33. Discuss Bohr’s theory of the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
34. State the basic postulates of Bohr’s theory of atomic spectra. Hence obtain an expression for the radius of
orbit and the energy of orbital electron in a hydrogen atom.
35. Explain the principle and working of a nuclear reactor with the help of a labelled diagram.
36. What is radioactivity? State the law of radioactive decay. Show that radioactive decay is exponential in
nature.
37. Define mass defect and binding energy. How does binding energy per nucleon vary with mass number?
What is its significance?
38. Explain the source of stellar energy. Explain the carbon-nitrogen cycle, proton-proton cycle occurring in
stars.
39. What is rectifier? Explain the working of half wave and full wave rectifiers with diagrams.
40. What is Zener diode? Explain how it is used as voltage regulator?
41. Describe a transistor and explain its working.

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42. Sketch a basic AND circuit with two diodes and explain its operation. Explain how doping increases the
conductivity in semiconductors?
43. What is Junction diode? Explain the formation of depletion region at the junction. Explain the variation of
depletion region in farward and reverse biased condition.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are ‘beats’? When do they occur? Explain their uses, if any?
2. Write an expression for progressive harmonic wave and explain the various parameters used in the
expression?
3. What are standing waves? Explain how standing waves may be formed in a stretched string?
4. Explain the modes of vibration of a stretched string with examples?
5. What is ‘Doppler effect’? Give illustrative examples?
6. What do you understand by ‘resonance’? How would you use resonance to determine the velocity of sound
in air?
7. Define critical angle. Explain total internal reflection using a neat diagram?
8. Explain the formation of a rainbow?
9. Explain the formation of a mirage?
10. Why does the setting sun appear red?
11. With a neat labelled diagram explain the formation of image in a simple microscope?
12. Explain the Cartesian sign convention for mirrors?
13. Define focal length of a concave mirror. Prove that the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is double its
focal length?
14. Explain Doppler effect in light. Distinguish between red shift and blue shift?
15. Derive the expression for the intensity at a point where interference of light occurs. Arrive at conditions for
maximum and zero intensity.
16. Discuss the intensity of transmitted light when a Polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids?
17. Does the principle of conservation of energy hold for interference and diffraction phenomena? Explain
briefly?
18. How do you determine the resolving power of your eye?
19. What is total internal reflection. Explain the phenomenon using Huygens principle?
20. Explain polarisation of light by reflection and arrive at Brewster’s law from it.
21. Derive an equation for the couple acting on a electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
22. Derive an expression for the intensity of the electric field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric
dipole.
23. Derive an expression for the intensity of electric field at a point on the axial line of a dipole.
24. State and explain Coulomb’s inverse square law in electricity.
25. Define intensity of electric field at a point. Derive an expression for the intensity due to a point charge.
26. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics and its importance.
27. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
28. Derive an expression for the electric potential due to point charge.
29. Derive expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field.
30. Explain behaviour of dielectrics in an electric field.

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31. Derive an expression for the electrostatic potential energy of a system of two point charges and find its
relation with electric potential of a charge.
32. State Kirchhoff’s laws for electric network. Using these laws deduce the condition for balancing in a
Wheatstone bridge.
33. State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how the potentiometer is
used to determine the internal resistance of the given primary cell.
34. State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram. How the emf of two
primary cells are compared by using the potentiometer.
35. Derive an expression for the effective resistance when three resistors are connected in (i) series
(ii) parallel.
36. ‘m’ cells each of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ are connected in parallel. What is the total emf and
internal resistance? Under what conditions in the current drawn from mixed groping of cells a maximum?
37. Two cells of emf 4.5 v and 6.0 v and internal resistance 6 and 3 respectively have their negative
terminals joined by a wire of 18 and positive terminals by a wire of 12 resistance and third resistance
wire of 24 connects middle points of these wires using kirchhoff’s laws find the potential differences at the
ends of this third resistance wire.
38. Three resistors each of resistance 10 ohm are connected in turn to obtain
(i) minimum resistance (ii) maximum resistance
Compute:
(a) the effective resistance in each case
(b) the ratio of minimum to maximum resistance so obtained
R
39. Three identical resistors are connected in parallel and the total resistance of the circuit is . Find the value
3
of each resistance.
40. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3 , is connected to a resistor ‘R’.
(i) If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A. Calculate the value of ‘R’?
(ii) What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed.
41. State and explain Biot-Savart law.
42. State and explain Ampere’s law.
43. Derive an expression for the magnetic induction at the centre of a current carrying circular coil using Biot-
Savart law?
44. What are the basic components of cyclotron? Mention its uses?
45. Find the magnetic induction intensity B due to a long current carrying conductor?
46. Obtain an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a current loop?
47. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron?
48. Explain how crossed E and B fields serve as a velocity selector?
49. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying circular coil using
Biot-Savart law?
50. Derive an expression for the axial field of a solenoid of radius “r”, containing “n” turns per unit length and
carrying current “i”.
51. How do you distinguish Dia, Para and Ferromagnetisms in matter?
52. Define retentivity and coercivity. Draw the hysteresis curve for soft iron and steel. What do you infer from
these curves?

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53. If B is the magnetic field produced at the centre of a circular coil of one turn of length L carrying current I
then what is the magnetic field at the centre of the same coil which is made into 10 turns?
54. Obtain an expression for the emf induced across a conductor which is moved in a uniform magnetic field
which is perpendicular to the plane of motion.
55. Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids.
56. Obtain an expression for the magnetic energy stored in a solenoid in terms of the magnetic field, area and
length of the solenoid.
57. Describe the ways in which Eddy currents are used to advantage.
58. State the principle on which a transformer works. Describe the working of a transformer with necessary
theory.
59. Obtain an expression for the current through an inductor when an a.c. emf is applied?
60. Obtain an expression for the current in a capacitor when an a.c. emf is applied?
61. What is the Greenhouse effect and its contribution towards the surface temperature of earth ?
62. What does an electromagnetic wave consists of? On what factors does it velocity in vacuum depends?
63. What is the effect of (i) intensity of light (ii) potential on photoelectric current?
64. Describe an experiment to study the effect of frequency of incident radiation on “Stopping potential”?
65. Summarise the photon picture of electromagnetic radiation.

66. What is the debroglie wavelength of a ball of mass 0.12 kg moving with a speed of 20ms1 ? What can we
infer from this result?
67. What is impact parameter and angle of scattering ? How are they related to each other ?
68. Explain the distance of closest approach and impact parameter.
69. What are the limitations of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom ?
70. Explain the different types of spectral series.
71. Describe Rutherford atom model. What are the draw backs of this model.
72. Derive an expression for potential and kinetic energy of an electron in any orbit of a hydrogen atom
according to Bohr’s atomic model.
73. State the basic postulates of Bohr’s theory of atomic spectra.
74. Write a short note on the discovery of neutron.
75. Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
76. Define half period and decay constant for a radioactive substance. Deduce the relation between them.
77. Define average life of a radioactive substance. Obtain the relation between decay constant and average life.
78. What are the properties of a neutron?
79. What are nuclear forces? Write their properties.
80. What is nuclear fission? Give an example to isslustrate it.
81. What is nuclear fusion? Write the conditions for nuclear fusion to occur.
82. Explain  - decay and  - decay.

83. Describe how a semi conductor diode is used as a half wave rectifier.
84. What is rectification? Explain the working of a full wave rectifier.
85. Explain how transistor can be used as a switch?
86. What are n-type and p-type semiconductors? How is a semiconductor junction formed?
87. Distinguish between zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown.
88. What is a photodiode? Explain its working with a circuit diagram and draw its I-V characteristics.
89. Explain the working of LED and what are its advantages over conventional incandescent flow power lamps.

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90. Explain the working of a solar cell and draw its I-V characteristics.
91. Explain how transistor can be used as an oscillator?
92. Define NAND and NOR gates. Give their truth tables.
93. Explain the operation of a NOT gate and give its truth table.
94. Explain the different transistor configurations with diagrams.
95. Distinguish between half-wave and full-wave rectifiers.
96. Discuss the behaviour of p-n junction. How does a potential barrier develop at the junction?
97. Draw and explain the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curves of a junction diode in forward and reverse
bias.
98. Explain hole conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors?

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves.
2. What are the parameters used to describe a progressive harmonic wave ?
3. Using dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the speed of sound waves in a medium.
4. What is the principle of superposition of waves ?
5. What is a stationary or standing wave ?
6. What do you understand by the terms ‘node’ and ‘antinode’?
7. The air column in a long tube, closed at one end , is set in vibration. What harmonics are possible in
the vibrating air column ?
8. If the air column in a the, open at both ends, is set in vibration ; what harmonics are possible?
9. What is ‘Doppler effect’? Give an example.
10. Under what conditions will a wave be reflected ?
11. What is optical density and how is it different from mass density ?
12. What are the laws of reflection through curved mirrors ?
13. Define ‘power’ of a convex lens. What is its unit ?
14. A concave mirror produces an image of a long vertical pin, placed 40 cm from the mirror, at the position of
the object. Find the focal length of the mirror.
15. A small angled prism of 4 deviates a ray through 2.48 . Find the refractive index of the prism.
16. What is myopia/ How can it be corrected ?
17. What is hypermetropia ? How can it be corrected ?
18. What is Fresnel distance ?
19. What is Malu’s law.
20. Explain Brewster’s law.
21. Repulsion is the sure test of charging than attraction. Why ?
22. How many electrons constitute 1C of charge ?
23. What happens to the weight of a body when it is charged positively?
24. What happens to the force between two charges if the distance between them is (a) halved (b) doubled?
25. The electric lines of force do not intersect. Why?
26. Write the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite long charged wire at a distance radial distance r
from the wire.
27. Write the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite plane sheet of charge.
28. What is meant by “charge is quantised “?
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29. When is the electric plugs negative and when is it positive ?
30. Can there be electric intensity at a point with zero electric potential ? Give an example
31. What are meant by equipotential surfaces ?
32. Three capacitors of capacitances 1F , 2F and 3F are connected in parallel

a) What is the ratio of charges ?

b) What is the ratio of potential differences ?
33. Three capacitors of capacitances 1F , 2F and 3F are connected in series

a) What is the ratio of charges ?

b) What is the ratio of potential differences ?
34. What happens to the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor if the area of its plates is doubled ?
35. State Ohm’ law and write its mathematical form.
36. Define resistivity or specific resistance.
37. Define temperature coefficient of resistance.
38. Why is manganin used for making standard resistors ?
39. Write the colour code of a carbon resistor of resistance 23 kilo ohms.
40. Why are household appliances connected in parallel ?
41. Define mean free path of electron in a conductor.
42. What is the importance of Oersted’s experiment ?
43. State Ampere’s law and Biot-Savart law.
44. What is the force on a conductor of length L carrying a current " i " placed in a magnetic field of induction
B ? When does it become maximum ?
45. What is the force on a charged particle of charge “q” moving with a velocity “v” in a uniform magnetic field of
induction B? When does it become maximum ?
46. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter ?
47. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter ?
48. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.
49. A current carrying circular loop lies on a smooth horizontal plane. Can a uniform magnetic field be set up in
such a manner that the loop turns about the vertical axis ?
50. What happens to compass needles at the Earth’s poles ?
51. What do you understand by the ‘magnetization’ of a sample ?
52. Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why ?
53. Define magnetic declination.
54. Define magnetic inclination or angle of dip.
55. What are the units of magnetic moment , magnetic induction and magnetic field.
56. What is the magnetic moment associated with a solenoid.
57. What did the experiments of Faraday and Henry show ?
58. Define magnetic flux.
59. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
60. State Lenz’s law.
61. What are Eddy currents ?
62. What do you understand by ‘self inductance’ ?
63. A transformer converts 200V ac into 2000V ac. Calculate the number of turns in the secondary if the primary
has 10 turns.

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64. What type of transformer is used in a 6V bed lamp ?
65. What is the phenomenon involved in the working of a transformer ?
66. What is transformer ratio ?
67. Write the expression for the reactance of (i) an inductor and (ii) a capacitor.
68. Define power factor. On which factors does power factor depend ?
69. Give any one use of infrared rays.
70. What is the principle of production of electromagnetic waves ?
71. What are the applications of microwaves ?
72. Microwaves are used in Radars, why ?
73. What important fact did Millikan’s experiment establish ?
74. What is “photoelectric effect “?
75. Write down deBroglie’s relation and explain the terms there in.
76. State Heisenberg’s Uncertainity Principle.
77. What is a.m.u.? What s its equivalent energy ?
78. What will be the ratio of the radii of two nuclei of mass numbers A1 and A2 ?

79. A nucleus contains no electrons but can emit them. How ?

80. Neutrons are the best projectiles to produce nuclear reactions. Why ?
81. What are delayed neutrons ?
82. What are thermal neutrons ? What is their importance?
83. What is the role of controlling rods in a nuclear reactor ?
84. Define Becquerel and Curie.
85. What is a chain reaction ?
86. What are isotopes and isobars.
87. What is an n-type semiconductor ? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it ?
88. What is a p-type semiconductor ? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it ?
89. What is a p-n junction diode ? Define depletion layer.
90. What is Zener voltage Vz  and how will a Zener diode be connected in circuits generally ?

91. Draw the circuit symbols for p-n-p and n-p-n transistors.
92. Define amplifier and amplification factor.
93. In which bias can a Zener diode be used as voltage regulator ?
94. Which gates are called universal gates ?
95. What is “World Wide Web” (WWW) ?
96. Define modulation. Why is it necessary ?
97. Mention the basic methods of modulation.
98. Which type of communication is employed in Mobile Phones ?

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