IEEE ON IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY SECTION

Received April 28, 2020, accepted May 17, 2020, date of publication May 26, 2020, date of current version June 11, 2020.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2997821

Reduction of Reverse Power Flow Using the

Appropriate Size and Installation Position
of a BESS for a PV Power Plant
PRAMUK UNAHALEKHAKA AND PANOT SRIPAKARACH
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Corresponding author: Pramuk Unahalekhaka ([email protected])

ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of the appropriate size and installation position of a battery
energy storage system (BESS) for reducing reverse power flow (RPF). The system focused on photovoltaic
(PV) system power plants. The RPF from the distribution system into the transmission systems impacts the
power system due to the increased penetration of the PV system, which produces more power than load.
The analysis was divided into three parts: 1) Analysis of the initial load and capacity of the PV power plant;
2) Analysis of the initial load and the load when the capacity of the PV power plant is increased; 3) Analysis
of the increased load and capacity of the PV power plant. The stability of the system for each position of the
BESS guided the analysis of the reduction of the RPF according to two criteria: reducing the RPF directly
and smoothing the distribution load curve. The analysis of the appropriate installation position of the BESS
was compared at three positions: 1) at a 115-kV bus; 2) at a 22-kV bus; 3) at a PV power plant. The results
of this research showed that the BESS can reduce the RPF and increase the smoothing of the distribution
load curve. It can also reduce energy loss and maximum power consumption. However, the appropriate
installation position of the BESS was in the PV power plant, because this reduced the energy loss, power
fluctuations and electricity production more than installing the BESS at a 115-kV bus or a 22-kV bus.

INDEX TERMS Battery energy storage system (BESS), energy storage system (ESS), photovoltaic system
(PV), reverse power flow (RPF), small power producers (SPP), very small power producers (VSPP).

NOMENCLATURE V Max Maximum voltage (V)

Cr BESS Estimated cost of batteries (Baht/kWh) V min Minimum voltage (V)
E BESS Total BESS energy capacity (MWh) V PCC Voltage at the PCC (p.u.)
PBESS_Charge Charge power (MW) ηB Efficiency of the battery (%)
PBESS_Discharge Discharge power (MW) ηTR Efficiency of the transformer (%)
1t Period of the data change: 15 min.
PBESS_Rate Power rating of BESS (MW)
PF. Power factor
PLoad Load demand (MW) I. INTRODUCTION
PLoad_PV Load demand with PV system (MW) At present, the production of energy from renewable
PPV Power of a PV generator (MW) resources in Thailand is increasing because the government
has announced several policies to promote the PV system
PTarget Power target (MW)
sector. As a result, the number of VSPPs has also increased.
RgBESS Revenue gained from installation the
For example, a PV system, called a solar farm or PV
BESS (million Baht)
power plant, can produce electricity for sale only during the
S TR Power rating of the transformer (MVA)
daytime, or from approximately 06.00 hrs until 18.30 hrs,
S TR Power rating of the transformer (MVA)
which is not enough to control the power flow in 115-kV and
TB Lifetime of the battery (years)
22-kV systems. This results in the PV power plant producing
more power than the demand for electricity (load) requires
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and and causes RPF into the transmission system. Therefore, in
approving it for publication was Ning Kang . electric energy storage systems, it is important to control the

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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power supply, as it has to be appropriate for the load during the charging and discharging processes [43]–[47], and the
each period. BESS type [48].
Energy storage systems (ESSs) are one of the solutions This paper focuses on the analysis of the appropriate size
considered for reducing the number of power plants con- and installation position of a BESS for the reduction of RPF
structed. They can decrease investment in transmission lines, from the distribution system into transmission systems due
reduce electricity production and maintain the stability of to the impact of increased penetration of PV systems, which
the power system by, for example, reducing power fluctu- produce more power than load. The analysis considers three
ations, shifting peak load, and protecting the system from cases.
outages [1]. They can be divided into several types: flywheels, Case 1: The initial load and capacity of the PV power plant.
capacitors, superconducting magnetic storage systems, com- Case 2: The initial load with increased capacity of the PV
pressed air energy storage systems, pumped hydro storage power plant.
systems, and BESSs [2]–[5]. Case 3: The increased load and capacity of the PV power
BESSs have been demonstrated to be critical and plant.
effective [6], [7]. For example, in Japan, a BESS was used In each of the three cases, the analysis will consider the
to reduce fluctuations and to perform constant output con- standard for the voltage at the point of common coupling
trol for stabilizing the output of natural energy genera- (PCC), the requirements for installing a PV system in the dis-
tors [6], [8] such as wind turbine systems [9]–[11] and tribution systems and the load at the highest efficiency of the
PV systems [7], [12]. Additionally, a BESS can perform transformer [49]. The analysis of the appropriate installation
peak-load shaving in order to save costs by reducing peak position of the BESS will consider three positions:
grid load [13], [14], balancing peak and off-peak electric- 1) A 115-kV high-side bus in the substation.
ity consumption [15], and improving power reliability in 2) A 22-kV low-side bus in the substation.
the grid, which improves the dispatch ability of renewable 3) A PV power plant in the distribution system.
energy sources and provides ancillary services to utility grid For each position, the analysis of the reduction of the
operations [16], [17]. RPF will consider two criteria: the reduction of the RPF and
However, when the power produced by the PV systems the smoothing of the distribution load curve. However, as a
in the grid increases, the voltage of the PCC also practical benefit of this paper, there will be an estimated
increases, potentially causing issues for the distribution cost analysis of BESSs for the Provincial Electricity Author-
system [18]–[23]. Therefore, improved voltage regulation ity (PEA), and the comparison will be performed using the
methods have been developed to solve the overvoltage electricity price from the Electricity Generating Authority
issue [24]–[28]. Recent research has demonstrated that of Thailand (EGAT) according to the time of use (TOU)
BESSs could help to prevent the overvoltage caused by rate [50].
high-penetration PV in distribution systems [23], [29], [30].
Additionally, when the capacity of the PV power plant II. CASE STUDY OF A POWER SYSTEM
installed in the distribution system increases, RPF may cause NETWORK MODEL
problems [31]–[36] and also affect the power loss [32] both A power system network model in the DigSILENT Power
inside and outside of the transmission lines and transformers Factory program is selected and modified in this paper to
[33]. Many researchers have proposed solutions to RPF prob- reduce the RPF into the transmission system due to the impact
lems, such as using a reverse power relay (RPR), which of increased penetration of the PV system for the distribution
is simple and reliable for the effective protection against system of the PEA in Thailand.
RPF [34]. Proposed cooperative control methods include heat
pump water heaters (HPWHs) to reduce RPF, increasing A. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
the capacity of storage batteries, and engaging a static var The distribution model includes a fundamental distribution
compensator (SVC) by using a supply and demand interface system, which is shown in Figure 1. The model consists of a
(SDI) [35], [36]. The simulation of a controlled battery charge power transformer (HTM). The HTM has a 115-kV high-side
from solar and wind power generation in 8-20 hrs and a bus and a 22-kV low-side bus. The HTM size is 2 units,
discharge in 0-8 hrs and 20-24 hrs was implemented using and its power rating is 50 MVA. In this type of connection,
MATLAB/Simulink [37]. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) the primary winding is connected at the delta point and the
was used to find optimal distributed generation placement secondary winding is connected at the star point, with a
(ODGP) for the reduction of RPF [38]. neutral ground. The distribution system includes two main
Therefore, ways of increasing the efficiency of BESSs buses and ten feeders. A PV power plant was installed at
must be analyzed, such as choosing the optimal instal- each feeder. The distribution model and tools for the network
lation position of a BESS [31], the optimal size of a simulation used the Time Sweep function of the DigSILENT
BESS [13], [29], [30], [39], [40], the optimal size of a BESS Power Factory program to analyze the load profile. Therefore,
for time-of-use rates [39], [41], [42], the optimal grid voltage it can calculate the peak demand for each feeder that fol-
control [22], the optimal use of existing methods to control lows the standards of the PEA interconnection code [49]

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FIGURE 1. Single-line diagram of a radial power system model for the PEA of Thailand.

TABLE 1. Peak demand of the feeders.

FIGURE 2. Load profile without the PV power plant.

given in equation (1).

Max = SRate × η80% × PF.

PLoad TR TR
(1) measurement position (M1) in Figure 1. It was found that the
total of peak demand is 35.31 MW in Cases 1 and 2 (stable
Table 1 shows the calculation of the peak demand for each load), and it is 72.01 MW in Case 3 (increasing load).
feeder based on the efficiency of the transformer (80% of the
MVA rating). It can be seen that in Cases 1 and 2, there is the B. PV POWER PLANT DESCRIPTION
same peak demand for the initial load, and the peak demand In this section, the capacity of the PV in the three cases is
in Case 3 increases. analyzed by considering requirements for installing the PV
Figure 2 shows the load profile without the PV power plant power plant in the distribution system. Therefore, we cal-
in the three cases; the load profile was measured from the culate the maximum capacity of the PV for each feeder in

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TABLE 2. Maximum capacity of PV generation.

FIGURE 4. Load profile with PV generation.

FIGURE 3. PV generation profile for all PV generation.

accordance with the PEA interconnection code [49] with

equation (2).

Max = SRate × η75% × PF.

PPV TR TR
(2)
Additionally, the voltage standard (±10%) at the PCC must
be considered because the protection system (the under- and
overvoltage relays) was set based on the voltage standard,
which can be calculated by:
FIGURE 5. Voltage profile at the PCC.
min
V90% ≤ V PCC ≤ V110%
Max
(3)
Table 2 shows the calculated maximum capacity of PV Figure 4 shows that the RPF2 in the transmission system
generation according to equation (2) that results in the highest has the highest overall RPF, at 52.73 MW, and RPF3 has the
efficiency of the transformer (75% of the MVA rating), but smallest, at 21.47 MW.
it must not be higher than the voltage standard at the PCC The voltage profiles were compared with and without
according to equation (3). the PV power plant in the distribution system (10 feeders)
The PV generation profile (Figure 3) was measured by shown in Figure 5. It was found that when the PV system
using the total PV generation in each case. It was found that was installed, the voltage at the PCC increased significantly,
the maximum PV generation is 61.39 MW in Case 3 and the in which case the voltage at the PCC was not allowed to go
minimum PV generation is 45.99 MW in Case 1. over the voltage standard of the PEA interconnection code
The load profiles with PV generation in Cases 1, 2 and shown in equation (3).
3 were measured as RPF1, RPF2 and RPF3 respectively, and The PV power plants were installed at each feeder in the
the measurements were taken from the measurement position distribution system based on the maximum capacity of PV
(M1) shown in Figure 4. They can be calculated by: generation (Table 2) shown in Figure 6.
The results for energy and power were simulated by
PLoad_PV Load PV
y,m,d,t = Py,m,d,t − Py,m,d,t (4) the time sweep function in the DigSILENT Power Factory

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FIGURE 6. Geographical diagram of the distribution system network of the PEA in Thailand. Feeders 1-10 (a-j). Location symbols (k).

TABLE 3. Results for energy and power. 1) The power target for the reduction of the RPF can be
calculated by:
Target
PRPF = 0 (5)

2) The power target for the smoothing of the distribution

load curve can be calculated by:
t2
(PLoad_PV
P
y,m,d,t )
Target t1
PSmooth = (6)
t2
program in order to analyze the appropriate size and
Examples of the power targets for the reduction of the RPF
installation position of the BESS, as shown in Table 3.
and the smoothing of the distribution load curve are shown
III. ANALYSIS OF THE APPROPRIATE SIZE AND in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.
INSTALLATION LOCATION The charge power was determined in equation (6).
This section shows the analysis of the appropriate size and The charge powers for the RPF and the smoothing of the
installation location of the BESS in order to reduce the RPF distribution load curve are given in equations (7) and (8),
into the transmission systems. respectively.
The discharge power was determined in equation (9). The
A. ANALYSIS OF THE APPROPRIATE SIZE OF THE BESS charge power for the RPF and the smoothing of the dis-
The objectives of the analysis of the appropriate size of the tribution load curve are given in equations (10) and (11),
BESS within the power target were determined as follows: respectively.

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FIGURE 7. Examples of power targets for reduction of the RPF.

FIGURE 9. Charge and discharge power profiles of the BESS for the
reduction of the RPF (a) and the smoothing of the distribution
load curve (b).

1) the charging energy of the BESS; 2) the power rating of

the BESS. The charging energy of the BESS was calculated as
the sum of the charge powers or discharge powers multiplied
by the change in time (15 minutes or 0.25 hours). It can be
FIGURE 8. Examples of power targets for the smoothing of the
distribution load curve. calculated as in equations (12) and (13). Moreover, the power
rating of the BESS was determined by the maximum of
The charge and discharge power profile of the BESS in all charge power or discharge as shown in equation (14).
cases was calculated from equations (4)-(11). The reduction
of the RPF and the smoothing of the distribution load curve t2  
BESS_Charge
X
were compared when the BESS was installed at the 115-kV E BESS = Py,m,d,t × 1t (13)
high-side bus in the substation, at the 22-kV low-side bus in t1
the substation, and in the PV power plant in the distribution t2  
BESS_Discharge
X
system. The results show the charge power when the electric E BESS = Py,m,d,t × 1t (14)
power is negative and the discharge power when the electric t1
BESS_Charge BESS_Discharge
power is positive, as shown in Figure 9. PBESS_Rate ≥ (PMAX ||PMAX ) (15)
Target Target
PLoad_PV
y,m,d,t ≤ (PRPF ||PSmooth ) (7)
The charging energy and power rating of the BESS for
BESS_Charge Load_PV
Py,m,d,t = Py,m,d,t (8) the reduction of the RPF and the smoothing of the distribu-
BESS_Charge
= PLoad_PV
Target
(9) tion load curve are shown in Table 4. Next, we analyze the
Py,m,d,t y,m,d,t − PSmooth
appropriate installation location of the BESS.
Target Target
PLoad_PV
y,m,d,t ≥ (PRPF ||PSmooth ) (10) Figure 10 shows the load profile with the BESS in all cases,
t2 which was measured from the measurement position (M1)
P BESS_Charge
(−Py,m,d,t ) in Figure 1. It was found that the BESS reduced the RPF and
BESS_Discharge t1
Py,m,d,t = (11) increased the smoothing of the distribution load curve. It can
T − (t2 − t1) also reduce the maximum power consumption rate.
BESS_Discharge Target
Py,m,d,t = PLoad_PV
y,m,d,t − PSmooth (12)
B. APPROPRIATE INSTALLATION LOCATION OF THE BESS
Therefore, the analysis of the appropriate size of the This section shows an analysis of the optimal location of
BESS is based on the determination of 2 characteristics: the BESS based on the results for all BESS installation

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TABLE 4. Charging energy and power rating of the BESS. TABLE 5. Energy loss in the distribution system.

FIGURE 11. Power loss profile with the BESS for the reduction of reverse
power flow (a) and the smoothing of the distribution load curve (b).

FIGURE 10. Load profile with the BESS for the reduction of the reverse
power flow (a) and the smoothing of the distribution load curve (b). IV. REASONABLE COST ANALYSIS
This section is an analysis of the estimated cost of the BESS
locations that could reduce the energy loss the most, as shown for the investment forecast of BESS installation at the 22-kV
in Table 5 and Figure 11. BUS in the substation of the PEA. The reason that the esti-
Table 5 shows the energy loss in the distribution system mated cost of the BESS has to be analyzed is that the BESS is
before and after the BESS is installed. very expensive and may not be worth the investment required
Figure 11 shows the power loss profile with the BESS to install it in the electrical system of Thailand.
for the reduction of the RPF (a) and the smoothing of the Therefore, the analysis of the estimated cost of the BESS
distribution load curve (b). It was found that the energy loss in can be found from the reduced energy loss by calculating the
Case 3 is more than that in Cases 1 and 2, and that installing electricity cost according to the TOU rate in the PEA system
the BESS in the PV power plant can reduce energy losses [50] shown in Table 6 to find the revenue gained from BESS
more than installing the BESS at the 115-kV BUS or 22-kV installation, as shown in Table 7.
BUS in the substation. Table 6 shows the wholesale electricity charge for the
Therefore, the best BESS installation location is the PV PEA transmission system. The prices are 3.6199 Baht/unit
power plant, since this reduces the energy loss the most, (peak period) and 2.3341 Baht/unit (off-peak period), where
especially by smoothing the distribution load curve. peak and off-peak periods are calculated from the average

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TABLE 6. Electricity cost based on the time-of-use rate in Thailand for the TABLE 9. Estimated cost of batteries for BESS installation at the PV
PEA system. power plant for smoothing.

TABLE 7. Revenue gained from BESS installation at the PV power plant

by smoothing.

that the estimated cost of the BESS must be lower than

TABLE 8. Four values of the battery parameter. 1,440.67 Baht/kWh to break even within 15 years and must
be under 395.48 Baht/kWh to break even within 5 years.

V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an analysis of the appropriate size and
installation position of a BESS using the DigSILENT Power
Factory program for the reduction of RPF in transmission
systems. The analysis results show that a BESS can reduce
the RPF and increase the smoothing of the distribution load
curve. It can also reduce energy loss and reduce maximum
numbers of normal days and holidays in 1 year (365 days): power consumption. The power system is more stable, and
241 normal days, 104 weekend holidays and 20 royal revenue is gained from the BESS installation. However,
holidays. the best installation position of the BESS is in the PV power
Table 7 shows the reduced electrical power loss compared plant because in this position, the BESS can reduce the energy
to the revenue gained from the BESS installation in the PV loss, power fluctuations and electricity production more than
power plant by smoothing. In addition, installing batteries in if it is installed at a 115-kV high-side bus (21.13% daily
the PV power plant can help reduce the maximum energy loss. reduction in energy loss) or a 22-kV low-side bus (19.09%)
If the size of the BESS increases, the energy loss decreases. in a substation. These results can aid in making the decision
Regarding the energy efficiency of the BESS in this research, to install a BESS for the reduction of RPF in transmission
the analysis is compared across all four types of batteries [51], systems.
as shown in Table 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The estimated cost analysis of the BESS takes into account The authors would like to thanks the National Science and
the break-even point, the efficiency, and the lifetime of each Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and the Energy
of the four types of batteries in Table 8, which can be Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) for supporting this energy
calculated with equation (15). storage systems research. In addition, the authors gratefully
RgBESS × T B × ηB acknowledge the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) for
Cr BESS = (16) providing the data and support for this work.
E BESS
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 P. Unahalekhaka, P. Sripakarach: Reduction of RPF Using the Appropriate Size and Installation Position

[42] T.-Y. Lee and N. Chen, ‘‘Determination of optimal contract capacities and PRAMUK UNAHALEKHAKA was born in
optimal sizes of battery energy storage systems for time-of-use rates indus- Saraburi, Thailand, in December 1973. He
trial customers,’’ IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 562–568, received the B.Eng. degree from the Department
Sep. 1995. of Electrical Engineering, Rajamangala Institute
[43] D. K. Maly and K. S. Kwan, ‘‘Optimal battery energy storage system of Technology, Thailand, in 1996, and the M.Eng.
(BESS) charge scheduling with dynamic programming,’’ IEE Proc. Sci., and D.Eng. degrees from the Department of Elec-
Meas. Technol., vol. 142, pp. 453–458, Nov. 1995. trical Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand,
[44] A. Nagarajan and R. Ayyanar, ‘‘Design and strategy for the deploy-
in 2002 and 2007, respectively.
ment of energy storage systems in a distribution feeder with penetration
He was an Assistant Professor, in 2008. He was
of renewable resources,’’ IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 6, no. 3,
pp. 1085–1092, Jul. 2015. also an Associate Professor with the Rajamangala
[45] R. Sebastián, ‘‘Application of a battery energy storage for frequency reg- University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, Nonthaburi, Thailand, where he is
ulation and peak shaving in a wind diesel power system,’’ IET Gener., currently with the Department of Electrical Engineering. His current research
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 764–770, Feb. 2016. interests include renewable energy, power system analysis, and power system
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[47] Q. Lin, M. Yin, D. Shi, H. Qu, J. Huo, Y. Cheng, G. Li, and J. Li, ‘‘Optimal PANOT SRIPAKARACH was born in Bangkok,
control of battery energy storage system integrated in PV station con-
Thailand, in December 1991. He received the
sidering peak shaving,’’ in Proc. Chin. Autom. Congr. (CAC), Oct. 2017,
B.Eng. degree from the Department of Elec-
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[48] B. Jintanasombat and S. Premrudeepreechacharn, ‘‘Optimal analysis of trical Engineering, Thonburi University, Thai-
battery energy storage for reduction of power fluctuation from PV system land, in 2016, and the M.Eng. degree from the
in Mae Hong Son province,’’ in Proc. 5th Int. Youth Conf. Energy (IYCE), Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajaman-
May 2015, pp. 1–6. gala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi,
[49] PEA Regulations Regarding Electrical Network System Connection Nonthaburi, Thailand, in 2019.
Requirements, Thailand, 2016. He is currently with the Department of
[50] TOU Rates, Thailand, Nov. 2015. Electrical Engineering, Thonburi University. His
[51] R. Fu, T. Remo, and R. Margolis, ‘‘2018 U.S. Utility-scale photovoltaics current research interests include renewable energy and power system
plus energy storage system costs benchmark,’’ Nat. Renew. Energy Lab., analysis.
Tech. Rep., Nov. 2018.

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