7

CHAPTER
Triangles

INTRODUCTION
Note: The length of all the medians of an equilateral triangle
are equal.
A closed plane figure formed by joining the three non-collinear A
points is called a triangle (‘Tri’ means ‘three’). A triangle has three
sides, three angles and three vertices.

M
D

ed
ian
B D C
Mid point
F E 2. Centroid. The point of intersection of all the three medians
Consider ΔDEF, it has of a triangle is called its centroid.
(a) three vertices i.e., D, E and F In figure, the medians AD, BE and CF intersect at the point G.
(b) three sides i.e., DE, EF and FD G is the centroid of ΔABC.
(c) three angles i.e., ∠D, ∠E and ∠F
Characteristics of Centroid:
(i) The centroid divides the medians in the ratio 2 : 1.
TYPES OF TRIANGLES (ii) The medians of an equilateral triangle coincide with the
1. Based on sides: "altitude".
A
(i) Scalene triangle: A scalene triangle is a triangle in which
all three sides have different lengths.
E
(ii) Isosceles triangle: An isosceles triangle is a triangle that F
has two sides equal in length.
G
(iii) Equilateral triangle: An equilateral triangle is a triangle
in which the length of all three sides is equal.
B D C
2. Based on angles:
(i) Acute-angled triangle: A triangle in which each angle is
less than 90°. Be Aware
(ii) Right-angled triangle: A triangle in which one of the
™ Three times the sum of the squares of the sides of a triangle
angles is equal to 90°.
is equal to four times the sum of squares of the median
(iii) Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle in which one of the of that triangle.
angles is greater than 90°.
3(AB2 + BC2 + CA2) = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO A
TRIANGLES
F E
1. Median: The line joining a vertex to the mid-point of the
opposite side of a triangle is called the median.
G
Here, AD is the median of ΔABC and D is the mid-point of
BC i.e., BD = CD. All the three medians of a triangle intersect D
B C
at one point.
3. Altitudes: The perpendicular drawn from a vertex to the 5. Incentre: The point of intersection of the bisectors of the
opposite side of the triangle is called altitude. internal angles of a triangle is called its incentre.
Here, AD ⊥ BC, BE ⊥ AC and CF ⊥ AB. In ΔABC, the internal bisectors of the angles AD, BE and
CF intersect at a point I. I is called the incentre of ΔABC.
A

E
F

B C
D

6. Circumcentre: The point of intersection of the perpendicular

4. Orthocentre: The point of intersection of all the three bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called its circumcentre.
altitudes of a triangle is called its orthocentre. In ΔABC, perpendicular bisectors OD, OE and OF intersect
Characteristics of Orthocentre: at O. O is called the circumcentre of ΔABC.
(i) Orthocentre of an acute triangle lies in the interior of the
triangle.

CONGRUENCE
Congruence is a simple but fundamental concept of geometry. Two
geometric figures are said to be congruent if they are exactly of
(ii) Orthocentre of an obtuse triangle lies in the exterior of the same shape and size.
the triangle. Such figures can be superimposed on each other to cover it exactly.
A For example, Figures of the same size and same shape are congruent.

≅
B C

The symbol used for congruence is ≅.

H In this chapter, we shall study a fundamental concept of geometry
(iii) Orthocentre of a right triangle lies on the vertex of the known as congruence. We shall study the concept of congruence
right angle. by using numbers viz. the length of the line segment, a measure
of an angle etc.
A
1. Congruent segments: Two segments are congruent if they
are of the same length.
Hence in fig. AB ≅ CD .
A B

B
H C C D

2 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 2. Congruent angles: Two angles are congruent if they have Given: Two triangles ABC and DEF such that AB = DE, AC = DF
equal measures. and ∠A = ∠D.
Hence in fig. ∠BAC ≅ ∠FDE . A D
C E

B C E F

To prove: ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF

A B D F
Proof: Place the triangle ΔABC over the triangle ΔDEF such that
A falls on vertex D and AB falls along the side DE.
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
™ Since AB = DE, so point B falls on point E.
Two triangles are said to be congruent if their corresponding sides
™ Since ∠A = ∠D, so AC will fall along the side DF.
are equal in length and their corresponding angles are equal in
measure. ™ AC = DF, so point C falls on point F. Thus, AC coincides
A D
with DF and BC coincides with EF.
So, ΔABC will coincide with ΔDEF.
Therefore, ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF. This demonstrates SAS criterion of
congruence.

B C E F
Be Aware
If two triangles ABC and DEF are congruent, then It shall be noted that in the SAS criterion the equality of included
AB = DE, AC = DF and BC = EF angles is very essential. If two sides and one angle (not included
Also, ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F. between the two sides) of one triangle are equal to two sides
We write it as, ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF. and one angle of the other triangle, then the triangles need not
be congruent. So, the equal angle should be the angle included
Note: In congruent triangles, corresponding parts are equal and
between the sides.
we write in short 'C.P.C.T.' for Corresponding Parts of Congruence
Triangles, to denote this.
Examples
Be Aware
1. Prove that ΔABC is isosceles if median AD is
If we try to superimpose ΔABC over ΔDEF, then we should perpendicular to BC.
place ΔABC over ΔDEF in such a way that A falls on D, B on Sol. Given: ΔABC in which median AD is ⊥ to BC.
E and C on F. We should keep the letters in the right order on
To prove: ΔABC is isosceles.
both sides of symbol of congruence, i.e., we should write the
letters according to the correspondence. Proof: In ΔABD and ΔACD
For example: ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF or ΔBAC ≅ ΔEDF. BD = DC [As AD is the median,
If ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF, then we have the following six equalities.  ⸫ D is the mid-point of BC]
A
AB = DE, BC = EF, CA = FD, ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F.

CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENCE OF

TRIANGLES
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Criterion
Statement: The Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence criterion
90° 90°
states that if the two sides of a triangle are equal to the two sides
of another triangle and the angle formed by these sides in the two B C
triangles are equal, then these two triangles are congruent. D

Triangles 3
 CASE I: When AB = DE
∠ADB = ∠ADC [Each = 90°]
AD = AD [Common side]
⸫ ΔABD ≅ ACD [By SAS]
⇒ AB = AC [C.P.C.T.]
∴ ΔABC is an isosceles triangle.
Hence proved.
2. In the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD
= ∠EAC. Prove that BC = DE. In this case, we have
Sol. Given: AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD = ∠EAC. AB = DE
To prove: BC = DE ∠B = ∠E [Given]
Construction: Join DE BC = EF [Given]
Proof: So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
E ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF
CASE II: When AB < ED
In this case take a point G on ED such that EG = AB. Join GF.

B C
D
We have, ∠BAD = ∠EAC Now in ΔABC and ΔGEF, we have
⇒ ∠BAD + ∠DAC = ∠EAC +∠DAC AB = GE [By construction]
 [Adding ∠DAC to both sides] ∠B = ∠E [Given]
⇒ ∠BAC = ∠DAE....(i) BC = EF [Given]
In ΔABC and ΔADE, we have So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
AB = AD [Given] ΔABC ≅ ΔGEF
∠BAC = ∠DAE [From (i)] ⇒ ∠ACB = ∠GFE [C.P.C.T.]
and AC = AE [Given] But, ∠ACB = ∠DFE [Given]
⸫ ΔABC ≅ ΔADE (By SAS) ∴ ∠GFE = ∠DFE
⇒ BC = DE [C.P.C.T.] This is possible only when ray FG coincides with ray FD or G
Hence proved. coincides with D. Therefore, AB must be equal to DE.
Thus, in ΔABC and ΔDEF, we have
AB = DE [Proved above]
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Criterion
∠B = ∠E [Given]
Statement: The Angle-Side-Angle congruence criterion states
that if two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal BC = EF [Given]
to the corresponding two angles and the included side of the other So by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
triangle, then these two triangles are congruent. ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF
Given: Two triangles ABC and DEF such that ∠B = ∠E, ∠C = CASE III: When AB > ED.
∠F and BC = EF.
In this case take a point G on ED produced such that EG = AB.
To prove: ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF Join GF. Now, proceeding exactly on the same lines as in case II,
Proof: There are three possibilities. we can prove that

4 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 Sol. Given: In the given figure, AB = EF and BC = DE.
Also, AB  BD and EF  CE.
To Prove: ΔABD ≅ ΔFEC
Proof: We have,
BC = DE [Given]

ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF ⇒ BC + CD = DE + CD [Adding CD on both sides]

Hence, in all the three cases, we have ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF. ⇒ BD = CE ...(i)
Now, in ΔABD and ΔFEC, we have

Examples AB = EF (Given)

∠ABD = ∠FEC
1. In the given figure, it is given that BC = CE and ∠1  [⸪ AB ⊥ BD and FE ⊥ CE (Given)]
= ∠2. Prove that ΔGCB ≅ ΔDCE. BD = CE [From (i)]
Sol. Given: BC = CE and ∠1 = ∠2 ⸫ ΔABD ≅ ΔFEC (By SAS)
To Prove: ΔGCB ≅ ΔDCE Hence proved.
Proof:
G D Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Criterion
Statement: The side-side-side congruence criterion states that if
the three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three
C 2 sides of the other triangle, then these two triangles are congruent.
1
B E
A F
We have,
∠1 + ∠GBC = 180° ...(i) [Linear pair]
∠2 + ∠DEC = 180° ...(ii) [Linear pair]
From (i) and (ii), we have
∠1 + ∠GBC = ∠2 + ∠DEC
∠GBC = ∠DEC ...(iii) [⸪ ∠1 = ∠2 (Given)] Given: Two triangles ABC and DEF are such that AB = DE, BC
Now, in ΔGCB and ΔDCE, we have = EF and AC = DF.
∠GBC = ∠DEC [From (iii)] To prove: ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF
BC = CE [Given] Construction: Suppose BC is the longest side. Draw EG such that
∠GCB = ∠DCE [Vertically opp. Angles] ∠FEG = ∠ABC and EG = AB. Join GF and GD.

⸫ ΔGCB ≅ ΔDCE (By ASA) Proof: In ΔABC and ΔGEF, we have

Hence proved. BC = EF [Given]
2. In the given figure, it is given that AB = EF, BC = DE, AB = GE [By construction]
AB ⊥ BD and EF ⊥ CE. Prove that ΔABD ≅ ΔFEC. ∠ABC = ∠EFG [By construction]
A F So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
ΔABC  ΔGEF
⇒ ∠A = ∠G [C.P.C.T.]
Now, AB = GE (By construction)
E ⇒ DE = GE ...(1) [⸪ AB = DE (given)]
B C D
Similarly, DF = GF ...(2) [Prove it yourself]

Triangles 5
In ΔEGD, we have Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side (RHS) Congruence
DE = GE [From (1)] Criterion
⸫ ∠EDG = ∠EGD ...(3) Statement: The right angle-hypotenuse-side congruence criterion
 [Equal sides have equal opp. angles] states that if the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are
In ΔFGD, we have respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the other
triangle, then these two right triangles are congruent.
DF = GE [From (2)]
⸫ ∠FDG = ∠FGD ...(4)
 [Equal sides have equal opp. angles]
From (3) and (4), we have
∠EDG + ∠FDG = ∠EGD + ∠FGD
⇒ ∠D = ∠G
But, ∠G = ∠A [Proved above]
∴ ∠A = ∠D...(5)
Thus, in ΔABC and ΔDEF, we have Given: Two right triangles ABC and DEF in which ∠B = ∠E = 90°,
AC = DF and BC = EF.
AB = DE [Given]
To prove: ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF
∠A = ∠D [From (5)]
Construction: Produce DE to G so that EG = AB. Join GF.
AC = DF [Given]
Proof: In ΔABC and ΔGEF, we have
So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have AB = GE [By construction]
ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF ∠B = ∠FEG = 90°
BC = EF [Given]
Examples So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
ΔABC ≅ ΔGEF
1. In the given figure AD = BC and BD = CA. Prove that
⇒ ∠A = ∠G ...(1) [C.P.C.T.]
∠ADB = ∠BCA and ∠DAB = ∠CBA.
Also, AC = GF ...(2) [C.P.C.T.]
A B
But AC = DF [Given]
∴ DF = GF
⇒ ∠D = ∠G ...(3)
 [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
From (1) and (3), we get
D ∠A = ∠D ...(4)
C
∠B = ∠E ...(5) [Given]
Sol. Given: AD = BC and BD = CA
On adding eq. (4) and (5), we get
To prove: (i) ∠ADB = ∠BCA
⇒ ∠A + ∠B = ∠D + ∠E...(6)
    (ii) ∠DAB = ∠CBA
In ΔABC,
Proof: In triangles ABD and ABC, we have
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
AD = BC [Given]
∠A + ∠B = 180° – ∠C...(7)
BD = CA [Given]
In ΔDEF,
AB = AB [Common]
∠D + ∠E + ∠F = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
⸫ ΔABD ≅ ΔCBA (By SSS)
∠D + ∠E = 180° – ∠F ...(8)
⇒ ∠DAB = ∠CBA [C.P.C.T.]
On substituting eq. (7) and (8) in (6), we get
⇒ ∠ADB = ∠BCA [C.P.C.T.]
180° – ∠C = 180° – ∠F
Hence proved.
⇒ ∠C = ∠F...(9)

6 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
Now, in ΔABC and ΔDEF, we have
Similarly, ΔABD ≅ ΔAFC [Prove yourself]
BC = EF [Given]
⇒ ∠B = ∠A [C.P.C.T.]
∠C = ∠F [From (9)]
∴ AC = BC ...(2)
AC = DF [Given]  [Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have From (1) and (2), we get
ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF AB = BC = AC.
Hence, ΔABC is an equilateral triangle.
Be Aware Hence proved.
2. In the given figure, it is given that LM = MN, QM =
There is one more congruence criterion known as AAS which
MR, ML ⊥ PQ and MN ⊥ PR. Prove that PQ = PR.
stands for Angle-angle-side. When two angles and a non-included
P
side of a triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and sides
of another triangle, then the triangles are said to be congruent.
B Z

Y
L N

C Q R
M

Sol. Given: In the given figure, LM = MN and QM = MR.

Also, ML  PQ and MN  PR.
A X
To prove: PQ = PR
Proof: In right triangles QLM and MNR,
Examples Hyp. QM = Hyp. MR [Given]
LM = MN [Given]
1. AD, BE and CF are the altitudes of ΔABC and are
∠QLM = ∠MNR = 90°
equal to each other. Prove that ΔABC is an equilateral
triangle. ⸫ ΔQLM ≅ ΔRNM (By RHS)

Sol. Given: In ΔABC, altitudes AD, BE and CF are equal. ⇒ ∠Q = ∠R [C.P.C.T.]

To prove: ΔABC is an equilateral triangle. ⸫ PR = PQ

 [⸪ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
Proof: In right triangles BCE and BFC,
Hence proved.
Hyp. BC = Hyp. BC [common]
BE = CF [Given]
⸫ ΔBCE ≅ ΔCBF (By RHS) PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
A
1. Angle Sum Property of a Triangle
Theorem 1: The sum of the three interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
P A Q
1 3
2
F E

B C
B D C
Given: A triangle ABC
⇒ ∠B = ∠C [C.P.C.T]
To Prove: ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⸫ AC = AB ...(1)
Construction: Draw PQ || BC, passes through point A.
 [⸪ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
Proof: Since PQ || BC. Therefore

Triangles 7
 ∠1 = ∠B [Alternate interior angles] 3. If Two Sides of the Triangle are Equal, then the
∠3 = ∠C [Alternate interior angles] Angles Opposite to them are also Equal.
Now, PAQ is a line Theorem 3: Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
∴ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 180° ...(1) Given: ΔABC in which AB = AC
 [Angles in the straight line are 180°.]
Substituting the value of ∠1 and ∠3 in (1), we get
∠B + ∠2 + ∠C = 180°
∠B + ∠A + ∠C = 180° Hence proved.

2. Exterior Angle Property of a Triangle

Theorem 2: If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior
angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite
angles.
Given: In ΔABC, side BC is produced to D.
A To prove: ∠C = ∠B
1 Construction: Draw the bisector AD of A which meets BC in D.
Proof: In ΔABD and ΔACD, we have
2 3 4 AB = AC [Given]
B C D ∠BAD = ∠CAD [By construction]
To Prove: ∠4 = ∠1 + ∠2 AD = AD [Common]
Proof: ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ] Therefore, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
⇒ ∠3 = 180° – (∠1 + ∠2)...(1) ΔABD ≅ ACD [Common side]
Now, BCD is a line ⇒ ∠B = ∠C [C.P.C.T.]
∴ ∠3 + ∠4 = 180° [Linear pair] Hence proved.
⇒ ∠3 = 180° – ∠4 ...(2) 4. If Two Angles of a Triangle are Equal, then the
Hence from (1) & (2), we get Sides Opposite to them are also Equal.
180° – (∠1 + ∠2) = 180° – ∠4
Theorem 4: The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are
180° + ∠4 = 180° + (∠1 + ∠2) equal.
⇒ ∠4 = ∠1 + ∠2 Hence proved. Given: A ΔABC in which ∠B = ∠C.
A
Be Aware
In figure, the sides AB and AC of ΔABC are produced to points
E and D respectively. If bisectors BO and CO of ∠CBE and
∠BCD respectively meet at point O, then
1
∠BOC = 90° – ∠BAC.
2
B
D C
To prove: AB = AC
Construction: Draw the bisector of ∠A and let it meet BC at D.
Proof: In ΔABD and ΔACD, we have
∠B = ∠C [Given]
∠BAD = ∠CAD [By construction]
AD = AD [Common]

8 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
So, by AAS criterion of congruence, we obtain
2. In the given figure ABC is any triangle, bisector of
ΔABD ≅ ΔACD exterior angle ∠CAD is parallel to BC. Prove that AB
⇒ AB = AC [C.P.C.T.] = AC.
Hence proved. D
1 E
A
Be Aware 2

™ In an isosceles triangle altitude from the vertex bisects

the base.
™ Each angle in an equilateral triangle is equal to 60°.
™ The medians of an equilateral triangle are equal. 3 4 C
B
Sol. Given: In ΔABC, bisector of exterior angle ∠CAD is
parallel to BC
Examples
To prove: AB = AC
1. In the given figure ABC is an isosceles triangle with Proof: Here, AE is the bisector of ∠DAC.
AB = AC, and AE is bisector of exterior angle CAD. ⸫ ∠1 = ∠2  ...(1)
Prove that AE || BC. It is also given that AE || BC and AC is a transversal.
Sol. ⸫ ∠2 = ∠4  [Alternate interior angles]
D ⇒ ∠1 = ∠4  ...(2) [from (1)]
1 E As, AE || BC and AB is transversal.
A
2 ⸫ ∠1 = ∠3  ...(3)
 [Corresponding angles]
From eq. (2) and (3), we get
∠3 = ∠4
3 4 ⸫ AB = AC [Sides opp. to equal angles]
B C
Hence proved.
Given: In ΔABC, AB = AC and AE is the bisector of
exterior ∠CAD.
Inequalities in a Triangle
To prove: AE || BC
We have learnt the equality of sides and angles of a triangle. Now,
Proof: We have,
we will examine whether there is any relation between unequal
AE is the bisector of exterior ∠CAD. sides and unequal angles of a triangle.
⸫ ∠1 = ∠2  ...(1) Theorem 1: If two sides of a triangle are unequal, then prove that
In ΔABC, angle opposite to longer side is greater than the angle opposite to
AB = AC  [Given] smaller side.
⸫ ∠3 = ∠4 ...(2) [Angles opp. to equal sides] Given: In ΔABC, AB > AC
Now, (∠1 + ∠2) = ∠3 + ∠4 [By exterior angle property] To prove: ∠ACB > ∠ABC
⇒ (∠2 + ∠2) = (∠4 + ∠4) [Using eq. (1) and (2)] Construction: Take a point P on AB such that AP = AC and join CP.
⇒ 2 × ∠2 = 2 × ∠4 Proof: Let ∠APC = x & ∠BCP = y
⇒ ∠2 = ∠4 Since AP = AC [By construction]
But ∠2 and ∠4 are alternate interior angles between AE ⇒ ∠ACP = ∠APC
and BC.  [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
⸫ AE || BC ⇒ ∠ACP = x ...(1)
Hence proved. As APB is a line.
∠APC + ∠BPC = 180° [Linear pair]

Triangles 9
 ∠BPC = 180° – ∠APC This also contradicts the given hypothesis.
∠BPC = 180° – x ....(2) Thus, we are left with the only possibility i.e., AC > AB, which
must be true.
Hence, AC > AB.
Theorem 3: In any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two sides
is more than the length of third side.
Given: ΔABC
To prove:
(i) (AB + AC) > BC
(ii) (AC + BC) > AB
(iii) (BC + AB) > AC
Construction: Produce BA to D such that AD = AC and then join
In ΔPBC, D to C.
∠BPC + ∠PBC + ∠PCB = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ] Proof: In ΔACD,
180° – x + ∠PBC + y = 180° [Using (2)] AC = AD [By construction]
∠PBC = 180° – 180° + x – y ⇒ ∠1 = ∠2...(1)
 [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
∠PBC = x – y
As ∠1 is a part of ∠BCD, so clearly
∠B = x – y
∠BCD > ∠1...(2)
Now, ∠ACB = ∠PCB + ∠PCA
As ∠1 = ∠2
= y + x  [∠PCA = x {from (1)}]
⸫ ∠BCD > ∠2...(3)
Thus, ∠ACB > ∠ABC
Theorem 2: In a triangle, the length of the side opposite to greater
angle is longer than the length of side opposite to smaller angle.
Given: In ΔABC, ∠ABC > ∠ACB
To prove: AC > AB
Proof: In ΔABC, we have the following three possibilities.
(i) AC = AB
(ii) AC < AB
(iii) AC > AB.
Out of these three possibilities exactly one must be true. ⇒ BD > BC
A  [greater angle has longer side opposite to it]
⇒ (BA + AD) > BC [⸪ BD = AB + AD]
⇒ (AB + AC) > BC [⸪ AD = AC, by construction]
Hence, (AB + AC) > BC Hence proved.
B C
Similarly, we can prove other two parts also.
Case I: When AC = AB
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ACB Be Aware
 [Angles opp. to equal sides are equal]
This is contradiction, ™ In any triangle, the difference of lengths of any two sides
is less than the length of third side.
Since ∠ABC > ∠ACB [Given]
™ In any triangle, the perimeter of a triangle is more than
∴ AC ≠ AB
the sum of lengths of their altitudes.
Case II: When AC < AB
™ In any triangle, the perimeter of a triangle is more than
⇒ ∠ACB > ∠ABC the sum of lengths of their medians.
 [⸪ Longer side has the greater angle opposite to it]

10 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 Examples
P

1. In a ΔABC, if ∠A = 45° and ∠B = 70°. Determine the

shortest and largest sides of the triangle.
Sol. We have, ∠A = 45° and ∠B = 70° S
In ΔABC,

Q R

Sol. Given: In the given figure, QS and RS are the bisectors

of ∠Q and ∠R respectively and PQ > PR.
To prove: SQ > SR.
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ] Proof: In ΔPQR, we have
⇒ 45° + 70° + ∠C = 180° PQ > PR [Given]
⇒ ∠C = 180° – 115° ⇒ ∠PRQ > PQR [Angle opp. to larger side of
 a triangle is greater]
⇒ ∠C = 65°
1 1
Since the side opposite to the greatest angle is largest. ⇒ ∠PRQ > ∠PQR
Therefore, side AC is largest. 2 2
The side opposite to the least angle is the smallest. So, ⇒ ∠SRQ > ∠SQR [⸪ RS and QS are bisectors
side opposite to ∠A i.e. side BC is the smallest. of ∠PRQ and ∠PQR respectively]
2. In the given figure, PQ > PR. QS and RS are the ⇒ SQ > SR
bisectors of ∠Q and ∠R respectively. Prove that  [⸪ Side opp. to greater angle is larger]
SQ > SR. Hence proved.

Triangles 11
 Rapid Revision

Fill Ups Match The Columns

1. A triangle cannot have more than _______________ obtuse 1. If ΔABC ≅ ΔQRP, then
angle/angles. A Q
2. An exterior angle of a triangle is always _______________
than either of the interior opposite angles.
3. The sum of three altitudes of a triangle is _______________
than its perimeter.
4. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, then the smaller angle P R
B C
has the _______________ side opposite to it.
5. The difference of any two sides of a triangle is Column-I Column-II
_______________ than the third side.
(1) AB (A) ∠Q
6. An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of two
_______________ opposite angles. (2) BC (B) QP
7. In ΔABC, ∠A > ∠B and ∠B > ∠C, then smallest side is (3) AC (C) QR
_______________ .
8. If ΔABC ≅ ΔLKM, then side of ΔLKM equal to side AC of (4) ∠A (D) RP
ΔABC is _______________ .
9. If ∠C is right angle in ΔABC, then largest side is a. 1-D 2-C 3-B 4-A
_______________ .
b. 1-A 2-B 3-C 4-D
10. If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal
to two angles and the included side of the other triangle, then c. 1-C 2-D 3-B 4-A
the two triangles are _______________ .
d. 1-B 2-C 3-A 4-D

True & False 2. Match the following:

Column-I Column-II
1. The sum of the three sides of a triangle is less than the sum
of its three altitudes. A

2. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than third

side. 7 cm 7 cm
3. A triangle can have two right angles. (1) (A) SAS rule
4. All the angles of a triangle can be greater than 60°. B M C
5. Two angles of a triangle can be greater than 60°.
ΔAMB ≅ ΔAMC by
6. Out of all the line segments that can be drawn from a point
to a line not containing it, the perpendicular line segment is
the shortest one.
7. A triangle can have at most one obtuse angle.
8. An exterior angle of a triangle is less than either of its interior
(2) (B) RHS rule
opposite angles.
9. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 1 : 3, then the
triangle is a right angled triangle.
ΔAOB ≅ ΔPOQ by
10. A right angled triangle may be a scalene triangle.

12 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 A P a. 1-B 2-D 3-A 4-C
b. 1-A 2-B 3-C 4-D
O
(3) (C) SSS rule c. 1-C 2-D 3-B 4-A
Q B d. 1-B 2-C 3-A 4-D

ΔAOP ≅ ΔBOQ by
A

(4) (D) AAS rule

B M C

ΔAMB ≅ ΔAMC by

Answers

Fill Ups True & False

1. 1 1. False
2. Greater 2. True
3. Less 3. False
4. Smaller 4. False
5. Less 5. True
6. Interior 6. True
7. AB 7. True
8. LM 8. False
9. AB 9. True
10. Congruent 10. True

Match the Coloumns

1. (c)
2. (a)

Triangles 13
 NCERT Exercise

Exp. Given: AD = BC and ∠DAB = ∠CBA

Exercise-I To prove: (i) ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC
(ii) BD = AC
1. In quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB bisects ∠A.
(iii) ∠ABD = ∠BAC
C
Proof: (i) In ΔABD and ΔBAC,
AD = BC  [Given]
∠DAB = ∠CBA  [Given]
AB = AB  [Common]
A B
⸫ ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC (By SSS)
(ii) Hence, BD = AC [C.P.C.T.]
(iii) Also, ∠ABD = ∠BAC [C.P.C.T.]
3. AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a line segment
D
AB. Show that CD bisects AB.
Show that ∆ABC  ∆ABD. B C
What can you say about BC and BD?
Exp. Given: In a quadrilateral ABCD, AC = AD and AB bisects
∠A i.e., ∠CAB = ∠DAB. O
To prove: ΔABC ≅ ΔABD
Proof: In ∆ACB and ∆ADB,
AC = AD [Given] D A

∠CAB = ∠DAB.  [⸪ AB bisects ∠A] Exp. Given: AD and BC are perpendicular to a line segment AB.
AB = AB [Common] Also, AD = BC.
To prove: CD bisects AB i.e., OA = OB.
⸫ ∆ABC ≅ ∆ABD  (By SAS)
Proof: In ∆BOC and ∆AOD
Hence proved.
∠BOC = ∠AOD [vertically opposite angles]
Hence, BC = BD [C.P.C.T.]
∠CBO = ∠DAO  [each 90°]
2. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC and
BC = AD [Given]
∠DAB = ∠CBA. Prove that
⸫ ∆BOC ≅ ∆AOD  (By AAS)
A D
Hence, BO = AO  [By C.P.C.T.]
⇒ CD bisects AB.
4. l and m are two parallel lines intersected by another pair
of parallel lines p and q. Show that ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA.
B p
q

l
A D
C
(i) ∆ABD ≅ ∆BAC m
B C
(ii) BD = AC

(iii) ∠ABD = ∠BAC.

14 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
Exp. Given: In the given figure l || m and p || q Exp. Given: In the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD
To prove: ∆ABC  ∆CDA = ∠EAC.
Proof: As l || m and AC is the transversal. To prove: BC = DE
⸫ ∠ACB = ∠CAD  ...(1) [Alternate angles] Proof: We have, ∠BAD = ∠EAC  [Given]
Also, p || q and AC is the transversal. On adding ∠DAC on both sides, we get
⸫ ∠BAC = ∠DCA  ...(2) [Alternate angles] ∠BAD + ∠DAC = ∠EAC + ∠DAC
Now in ΔABC and ΔCDA, we have ⇒ ∠BAC = ∠DAE
∠ACB = ∠CAD  [From (1)]
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆ADE, we have
AC = AC [Common]
∠BAC = ∠DAE  [Proved above]
∠BAC = ∠DCA  [From (2)]
AB = AD [Given]
⸫ ΔABC ≅ ΔCDA  (By ASA)
AC = AE  [Given]
Hence proved.
5. Line l is the bisector of an angle A and B is any point on ⸫ ∆ABC ≅ ∆ ADE  (By SAS)
l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars from B to the arms of ⇒ BC = DE  [C.P.C.T.]
∠A. Show that: 7. AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point. D and E are
(i) ∆APB ≅ ∆AQB points on the same side of AB such that ∠BAD = ∠ABE
(ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A. and ∠EPA = ∠DPB. Show that
(i) ∆DAP ≅ ∆EBP
(ii) AD = BE.

Q l E D

A P
A B
Exp. Given: l is the bisector of ∠A. P
So, ∠PAB = ∠QAB  ...(1) Exp. Given: P is the mid-point of a line segment AB.
Also, BP and BQ are the perpendiculars from B to the arms So, AP = BP  ...(1)
of ∠A.
Also, ∠BAD = ∠ABE and ∠EPA = ∠DPB.
So, ∠APB = ∠AQB = 90°  ...(2)
To prove: (i) ΔAPB ≅ ΔAQB To prove: (i) ΔDAP ≅ ΔEBP

(ii) BP = BQ (ii) AD = BE
Proof: Proof: ∠EPA = ∠DPB [Given]
(i) In ∆APB and ∆AQB are, On adding ∠EPD on both sides, we get
∠APB = ∠AQB = 90°  [From (2)] ∠EPA + ∠EPD = ∠DPB + ∠EPD
AB = AB  [Common] ⇒ ∠APD = ∠BPE  ...(2)
∠BAP = ∠BAQ [From (i)]
(i) In ∆DAP and ∆BPE,
⸫ ∆APB ≅ ∆AQB (By ASA)
∠A = ∠B [Given]
(ii) Hence, BP = BQ  [C.P.C.T.]
AP = PB [From (1)]
6. In the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD =
∠EAC. Show that BC = DE. ∠APD = ∠BPE [From (2)]
A ⸫ ∆DAP ≅ ∆EBP  (By ASA)
E
(ii) Hence, AD = BE [C.P.C.T.]
8. In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M is the mid-
point of hypotenuse AB. C is joined to M and produced to
a point D such that DM = CM. Point D is joined to point
B D C B (as shown in figure below). Show that:

Triangles 15
 D A (iv) Here AB = DC [By C.P.C.T.]
⇒ AB = DM + CM
⇒ AB = CM + CM  [CM = DM, from (1)]
1
⸫ CM = AB
M 2
Hence proved.

B C Exercise-II
(i) ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD
1. In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC, the bisectors of
(ii) ∠DBC is a right angle. ∠B and ∠C intersect each other at O. Join A to O. Show that:
(iii) ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB (i) OB = OC (ii) AO bisects ∠A.
1 A
(iv) CM = AB
2
Exp. Given: ∠ACB = 90° and M is the mid-point of AB. Also,
DM = CM.
To prove: (i) ΔAMC ≅ ΔBMD O
(ii) ∠DBC is a right angle.
(iii) ΔDBC ≅ ΔACB
1 B C
(iv) CM = AB
2 Exp. Given: AB = AC and OB and OC are the bisectors of ∠B
Proof: (i) In ∆AMC and ∆BMD and ∠C respectively.
AM = BM [M is mid point of AB] To prove: (i) OB = OC
∠AMC = ∠BMD [Vertically opposite angles] (ii) AO bisects ∠A
CM = DM  [Given] Proof: (i) As OB is the bisector of ∠ABC.
⸫ ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD  (by SAS) So, ∠ABO = ∠OBC = 1 ∠ABC  ...(1)
Hence proved. 2
(ii) Hence, AC = BD ...(1) [By C.P.C.T.] Also, OC is the bisector of ∠ACB.

Also, CM = DM  ...(2) [By C.P.C.T.] So, ∠ACO = ∠OCB = 1 ∠ACB  ...(2)

2
Also, ∠ACM = ∠BDM  [By C.P.C.T.]
It is given that in triangle ABC,
But, ∠ACM and ∠BDM are alternate interior angles.
AB = AC
Since alternate angles are equal.
⸫ ∠ACB = ∠ABC
Hence, we can say that DB || AC.
 [Angles opposite to equal sides]
⇒ ∠DBC + ∠ACB = 180° [Co-interior Angles]
1 1
⇒ ∠DBC + 90° = 180° [⸪ ∠ACB = 90°] ∠ACB = ∠ABC
2 2
⇒ ∠DBC = 90°
From (1) and (2), we get
Hence proved.
∠OCB = ∠OBC
(iii) Now in ∆DBC and ∆ACB,
⸫ OB = OC
DB = AC [From (1)]  [Sides opposite to equal angles]
∠DBC = ∠ACB [each 90°] Hence proved.
BC = CB [Common] (ii) Now in ∆OAB and ∆OAC, we have
⸫ ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB (By SAS) AO = AO  [Common]
Hence proved. AB = AC [Given]

16 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 OB = OC  [Proved above] ∠AEB = ∠AFC [each 90°]
⸫ ΔOAB ≅ ΔOAC  (By SSS) ∠A = ∠A [Common]
Hence, ∠OAB = ∠OAC  [C.P.C.T.] AB = AC [Given]
⇒ AO bisects ∠A. ⸫ ∆AEB ≅ ∆AFC (By AAS)
Hence proved. ⇒ BE = CF [By C.P.C.T.]
2. In ∆ABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC (see 4. ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and CF to sides
figure below). Show that ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle AC and AB are equal (see figure below). Show that
in which AB = AC.
(i) ∆ABE ≅ ∆ACF
A
(ii) AB = AC i.e. ABC is an isosceles triangle.
A

F E

B C B C
D
Exp. Given: In ΔABC, AD is perpendicular bisector of BC. Exp. Given: ABC is triangle in which altitudes BE and CF to sides
AC and AB are equal.
To prove: AB = AC
To prove: (i) ΔABE ≅ ΔACF
Proof:
(ii) AB = AC
Since AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Proof:
So, ∠ADC = ∠ADB = 90° ...(1)

(i) In ∆ABE and ∆ACF,
Also, BD = CD ...(2)
∠AEB = ∠AFC [Each 90°]
Now, in ∆ABD and ∆ACD, we have
∠A = ∠A [Common]
AD = DA  [common]
BE = CF [Given]
∠ADB = ∠ADC [Each 90°]
⸫ ∆ABE ≅ ∆ACF [By AAS]
BD = CD [From (2)]
Hence proved.

∴ ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD (By SAS) (ii) Hence, AB = AC [C.P.C.T.]
⇒ AB = AC [By C.P.C.T.] Hence proved.
Thus, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle. 5. ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on the
3. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which altitudes BE and s a m e b a s e B C ( s e e f i g u re b e l o w ) . S h o w t h a t
CF are drawn to equal sides AC and AB respectively (see ∠ABD = ∠ACD.
figure). Show that these altitudes are equal. A
A

F E
B C

B C
D
Exp. Given: ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and CF to
sides AC and AB. Also, AB = AC Exp. Given: ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles.
To prove: BE = CF To prove: ∠ABD = ∠ACD
Proof: In ∆AEB and ∆AFC Construction: Join AD

Triangles 17
 Proof: In ΔABD and ΔACD, we have 7. ABC is a right angled triangle in which ∠A = 90° and AB
AD = AD [common] = AC. Find ∠B and ∠C.
AB = AC [Given] Exp. In ∆ABC, we have AB = AC.  [Given]
C
BD = CD [Given]
⸫ ΔABD ≅ ΔACD (By SSS)
⇒ ∠ABD = ∠ACD [By C.P.C.T.]
6. ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. Side BA
is produced to D such that AD = AB (see figure below).
Show that ∠BCD is a right angle.

A B
⇒ ∠ACB = ∠ABC ...(1)
 [Angles opp. to equal angles]
A Now, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a ∆]
⇒ ∠90° + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [⸪ ∠A = 90° (given)]
⇒ ∠B + ∠C = 180° – 90°
⇒ ∠B + ∠B = 90°[⸪ ∠C = ∠B, from (1)]

B ⇒ 2∠B = 90°
C
⇒ ∠B = 45°
Exp. Given: In ∆ABC, AB = AC and side BA is produced to D Also, ∠C = ∠B = 45°
such that AD = AB. Thus, ∠B = 45° and ∠C = 45°
To prove: ∠BCD = 90° 8. Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60°
Proof: In ∆ABC, each.
Exp.
AB = AC [Given]
A

⇒ ∠ACB = ∠ABC ...(1)
 [Angles opposite to equal sides]
Now in ∆ACD,
AC = AD [Given]
⇒ ∠ADC = ∠ACD  ...(2)
B C
 [Angles opposite to equal sides]
ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Now, in ∆BCD
So, AB = BC = AC
∠ABC + ∠BCD + ∠ADC = 180°
Now, AB = AC
 [Angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ ∠C = ∠B  ...(1)
⇒ ∠ACB + ∠BCD + ∠ACD = 180°  [Angles opposite to equal sides]
 [⸪ ∠ABC = ∠ACB and ADC = ∠ACD] Also, AC = BC
⇒ (∠ACB + ∠ACD) + ∠BCD = 180° ⇒ ∠B = ∠A  ...(2)
⇒ ∠BCD + ∠BCD = 180° [⸪ ∠ACB + ∠ACD = ∠BCD] [Angles opposite to equal sides]

⇒ 2∠BCD = 180° From (1) and (2), we have

⇒ ∠BCD = 90° ∠A = ∠B = ∠C  ...(3)

18 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 Now, in ∆ABC ⸫ ∆ABP ≅ ∆ACP  (By SAS)
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ] Hence, BP = CP ...(2) [By C.P.C.T.]
⇒ 3∠A = 180° (iii) As, ∠BAP = ∠CAP [From (1)]
180° Hence, AP bisects ∠A.
⇒ ∠A = = 60°
3 In ∆ BDP and ∆ CDP,
⇒ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60° BD = CD [given]
Hence, in an equilateral triangle all interior angles are of 60°. DP = DP [Common]
BP = CP [From equation (2)]
Exercise-III ⸫ ∆BDP ≅ ∆CDP  (By SSS)
⇒ ∠BDP = ∠CDP ...(3) [By C.P.C.T.]
1. ∆ABC and ∆DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same Hence, AP bisects ∠D.
base BC and vertices A and D are on the same side of BC
(see figure given below). If AD is extended to intersect BC (iv) As, ∆BDP ≅ ∆CDP
at P, show that ⸫ ∠BPD = ∠CPD  ...(4) [By C.P.C.T.]
(i) ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD. As BPC is a straight line.
(ii) ∆ABP ≅ ΔACP. ∠BPD + ∠CPD = 180°  [Linear pair]
(iii) AP bisects ∠A as well as ∠D.

∠BPD + ∠BPD = 180° [From (4)]
(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
2∠BPD = 180°
A
∠BPD = 90°  ...(5)
From Equations (2) and (5), it can be said that AP is the
perpendicular bisector of BC.
D 2. AD is an altitude of an isosceles triangle, ABC in which
AB = AC, show that
(i) AD bisects BC (ii) AD bisects ∠A
Exp. Given: ABC is an isosceles Δ in which AB = AC and AD is
B C an altitude i.e., ∠ADC = ∠ADB = 90°
P
To prove:
Exp. Given: ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangle on the same
base BC.
(i) AD bisects BC i.e., BD = DC

To prove: (ii) AD bisects ∠A i.e., ∠BAD = ∠CAD.

(i) ΔABD ≅ ΔACD Proof:
(i) In right ∆ABD and ∆ACD, We have
(ii) ΔABP ≅ ΔACP
(iii) AP bisects ∠A as well as ∠D AB = AC  [Given]
A
(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Proof:
(i) In ∆ABD and ∆ACD,
AB = AC [Given]
BD = CD [Given]
AD = DA [Common]
⸫ ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD (By SSS) B C
D
Hence, ∠BAD = ∠CAD [By C.P.C.T.]
∠ADB = ∠ADC  [Each 90°]
⇒ ∠BAP = ∠CAP  ...(1)
AD = DA  [Common]
(ii) In ∆ABP and ∆ACP,
⸫ ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD (By RHS)
AB = AC [Given]
So, BD = CD [By C.P.C.T.]
∠BAP = ∠CAP [From (1)]
⇒ D is the mid-point of BC or AD bisects BC. Hence proved.
AP = AP  [Common]

Triangles 19
 (ii) Also ∠BAD = ∠CAD [By C.P.C.T.] 4. BE and CF are two equal altitudes of a triangle ABC.
So, AD bisects ∠A. Using RHS congruence rule, prove that the triangle ABC
is isosceles.
3. Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one triangle ABC
are respectively equal to sides PQ and QR and median Exp. Given: BE and CF are the equal altitudes of a triangle
PN of ∆PQR (see the given figure below). Show that: ABC.
A P To prove: Triangle ABC is isosceles by using RHS
congruency rule.
Proof: It is known that BE and CF are two equal altitudes.
A
B C Q R
M N
F E
(i) ∆ABM ≅ ∆PQN
(ii) ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR
Exp. Given: In ΔABC and ΔPQR, AB = PQ, BC = QR and AM =
PN. Also, AM and PN are medians.
B
C
To prove: (i) ΔABM ≅ ΔPQN
Now, in ∆BEC and ∆CFB,
(ii) ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR
∠BEC = ∠CFB = 90°
Proof:
BC = CB [Common]
(i) In ∆ABC, AM is median to BC
BE = CF [Given]
1
⸫ BM = BC ⸫ ∆BEC ≅ ∆CFB [By RHS congruence criterion]
2
Also, ∠C = ∠B  [By C.P.C.T.]
In ∆PQR, PN is median to QR
⸫ AB = AC
1  [Sides opposite to the equal angles].
⸫ QN = QR
2 Hence proved.
But, BC = QR
5. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC . Draw AP ⊥
1 1 BC to show that ∠B = ∠C.
⸫ BC = QR
2 2 Exp. Given: ABC is an isosceles triangles with AB = AC and AP
⇒ BM = QN ...(1) ⊥ BC.
Now, in ∆ ABM and ∆ PQN To prove: ∠B = ∠C

AB = PQ [Given] Proof: We have, AP ⊥ BC [given]

A
BM = QN [From equation (1)]
AM = PN [Given]
⸫ ∆ABM ≅ ∆PQN (SSS congruence rule)
Hence proved.
⇒ ∠ABM = ∠PQN [By C.P.C.T.]
B P C
Hence, ∠ABC = ∠PQR ...(2)
⸫∠APB = 90° and ∠APC = 90° ...(1)
(ii) Now in ∆ABC and ∆PQR, In ∆ABP and ∆ACP, we have
AB = PQ  [Given] ∠APB = ∠APC [From (1)]
∠ABC = ∠PQR [From equation (2)] AB = AC [Given]
BC = QR [Given] AP = AP [Common]
⸫ ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR (by SAS) ⸫ ∆ABP ≅ ∆ACP [By RHS congruence]

Hence proved. So, ∠B = ∠C [By C.P.C.T.]

20 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 School level exercise

A
Very Short Answer Type

1. In given figure, AD is a median and BL, CM are perpendiculars

drawn from B and C respectively on AD and AD is produced
70° 35°
to M. Prove that BL = CM.
B M N C
A
6. ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base
L
BC. Show that ∠ABD = ∠ACD.
A
B C
D

2. Find ∠OBA in the given figure

C
B

D
7. In the given figure, X and Y are two points on equal sides AB
and AC of a ΔABC such that AX = AY. Prove that XC = YB.
3. In given figure, l || m and M is the mid-point of the line A
segment AB. Prove that M is also the mid-point of line
segment CD having its end-points on l and m respectively.
X
A C l Y

B C
D B m
8. In the given figure, PS = QR and ∠SPQ = ∠RQP.
4. In the given figure, it is given that AB = CD and AD = BC.
S
Prove that ΔADC ≅ ΔCBA
D B
P

Q
C A
R
5. In the given figure, AM ⊥ BC and AN is the bisector of
∠BAC. If ∠B = 70º and ∠C = 35º, find ∠MAN. Prove that PR = QS and ∠QPR = ∠PQS.

Triangles 21
9. Line-segment AB is parallel to another line-segment CD. O 4. A point O is taken inside an equilateral four sided figure
is the mid-point of AD (see figure below). Show that ΔAOB ABCD such that its distances from the angular point D and
≅ ΔDOC. B are equal. Show that AO and OC are in the same straight
C D line.
5. ΔABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Side BA is
produced to D such that AB = AD. Prove that ∠BCD is a
O right angle.
6. If all the three sides of a triangle are produced in an order,
B
then prove that sum of all the three exterior angles is 360°.
A
7. In given figure, it is given that RT = TS, ∠1 = 2∠2 and ∠4
= 2∠3. Prove that ΔRBT ≅ ΔSAT.
Short Answer Type T

1. In the given figure, the line segment joining the mid-points M B

A
and N of opposite sides AB and DC of quadrilateral ABCD
1 4
is perpendicular to both the sides. Prove that the other sides
of the quadrilateral are equal.
A M B
90°
2 3
R S
8. In the given figure, find the value of x°.
A
90° x°
D C 25° E
N

2. In the following figure, explain how one can find the breadth
of the river without crossing it. 35°
60°

B C D

Long Answer Type

3. In the given figure, PQRS is a square and SRT is an equilateral 1. If D is the mid-point of the hypotenuse AC of a right triangle
triangle. Prove that 1
ABC, then prove that BD = AC.
(i) PT = QT 2
(ii) ∠TQR = 15° 2. If two isosceles triangles have a common base, then prove
T that the line joining their vertices bisects them at right angles.
3. In the given figure, PQRS is a quadrilateral and T and U are
respectively points on PS and RS such that PQ = RQ, ∠PQT
= ∠RQU and ∠TQS = ∠UQS. Prove that QT = QU.

S R

P Q

22 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
4. The image of an object placed at a point A before a plane D C
mirror LM is seen at the point B by an observer at D as shown
in fig. Prove that the image is as far behind the mirror as the
object is in front of the mirror.
B

A B
C
a. SAS b. SSS
L T M
c. AAS d. RHS
5. In triangles ABC and PQR three equality relations between
some parts are as follows:
D
A N AB = QP, ∠B = ∠P and BC = PR
State which of the congruence condition applies.
Multiple Choice Questions a. SAS b. SSS
c. ASA d. RHS
1. If all the three angles of a triangle are equal, then each one
of them is equal to 6. Two sides of a triangle are of lengths 5 cm and 1.5 cm. The
a. 33° b. 45° length of the third side of the triangle cannot be
c. 60° d. 30° a. 3.4 cm b. 3.9 cm
2. In the given figure, if AB = AC and ∠B = 50°, then ∠A is c. 4.2 cm d. 4.1 cm
a. 50° b. 80° 7. In a triangle, an exterior angle at a vertex is 95° and its one
c. 100° d. 130° of the interior opposite angle is 55°, then the measure of the
A other interior angle is
a. 55° b. 45°
c. 40° d. 90°
8. If ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR, then which of the following is not true?
50° a. AB = PQ b. BC = PQ
B C c. QR = BC d. AC = PR
a. 50° b. 80° 9. In ΔPQR, ∠R = ∠P and QR = 4 cm and PR = 5 cm. Then,
c. 100° d. 70° the length of PQ is

3. In the given figure, if PQ = PR and the exterior angle is 135°, a. 4 cm b. 3 cm

then ∠P is c. 2 cm d. 2.5 cm
10. In the given figure, what is the value of x?
C

3y°

a. 30° b. 60° 7y°

5y° x°
c. 80° d. 90°
D B A
4. ABCD is a parallelogram, if the two diagonals are equal,
then by what criterion are the triangles ABD and ABC a. 120° b. 45°
congruent. c. 50° d. 60°

Triangles 23
11. If AB = QR, BC = PR and CA = PQ, then 16. In ΔABC, if AB = AC and BD = BC (see figure), then ∠ADC =
a. ΔBAC ≅ ΔRPQ b. ΔPQR ≅ ΔBCA A
c. ΔCBA ≅ ΔPRQ d. ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR
12. In the given figure, x + y =
B
y°
C
B C
80° 40° 70° D
O
D a. 105° b. 45°
A c. 120° d. 90°
x°
17. Which of the following is not a criterion for congruence of
a. 270° b. 230° triangles?

c. 260° d. 190° a. ASA b. SSA

13. In the given figure, find the measure of ∠ACD. c. SAS d. SSS
18. For the given triangles, write the correspondence, if they are
congruent.
D
A

1c
2c
3c
m

m
2c

m
a. 150° b. 170° B 1 cm C E 3 cm F
c. 140° d. 160° a. ΔABC ≅ ΔFDE b. ΔABC ≅ ΔEDF
14. In the given figure, if AB = AC, ∠A = 42° and ∠ACD = 18°,
c. ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF d. Not congruent
then ∠BCD is
A 19. In the given figure if BE = CF, then

42°

D
14°

a. ΔABE ≅ ΔACF
B C b. ΔABE ≅ ΔAFG
a. 55° b. 65° c. ΔAEB ≅ ΔAFG
c. 45° d. 50°
d. ΔABE ≅ ΔCAF
15. If ABC and DEF are two triangles such that ΔABC ≅ ΔFDE
20. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
and AB = 5cm, ∠B = 40° and ∠A = 80° then
a. DF = 5 cm, ∠F = 60° a. Two lines having same length are congruent.
b. DF = 5 cm, ∠E = 60° b. Two circles having the same radius are congruent.
c. DE = 5 cm, ∠E = 60° c. Two rectangles having the same area are congruent.
d. DE = 5 cm, ∠D = 40° d. Two squares having same side length are congruent.

24 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 down on the ground. The branch AC makes an angle of 30° with
Assertion & Reason Type the main tree AP. The distance of point B from P is 4 m.
A
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of assertion
(A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct
choice as:
30°
a. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is
the correct explanation of assertion (A). 5m
b. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is 5m
not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. 90°
d. Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. B 4m P C
1. Assertion: If we draw two triangles with angles 30°, 70° and
80° and the length of the sides of one triangles be different Now answer the following questions.
than that of the corresponding sides of the other triangle then
two triangles are not congruent. 1. ΔACP and ΔABP are congruent by which criteria?
Reason: If two triangles are constructed which have all a. SAS b. ASA
corresponding angles equal but have unequal corresponding c. RHS d. SSS
sides, then two triangles cannot be congruent to each other.
2. What is the length of CP?
2. Assertion: In ΔABC and ΔPQR, if AB = PQ, AC = PR and
∠BAC = ∠QPR, then ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR. a. 3 m b. 4 m
Reason: Both the triangles are congruent by SSS congruence. c. 10 m d. 5 m
3. Assertion: In a quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB bisects 3. What is the value of ∠BAP?
∠A, then ΔACB ≅ ΔADB by SAS congruence criteria.
a. 40° b. 30°
C
c. 50° d. 60°
4. What is the height of the remaining tree?
a. 3 m b. 5 m
A B c. 4 m d. 10 m
Case-Based-II: A deer park is in the shape of a triangle said PQR
as shown in figure below. It is found out that the measure of ∠QPR
is three times as of ∠PQR and also the measure of ∠PRQ is twice
D of ∠PQR.
Reason: Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the
included angle of one triangle is equal to the corresponding
two sides and included angle of the other.
4. Assertion: In triangles ABC and PQR, ∠A = ∠P, ∠C =
∠R and AC = PR. The two triangles are congruent by ASA
congruence. Now answer the following questions:
Reason: If two angles and included side of a triangle are equal 1. What is the value of the ∠PQR?
to the corresponding angles and side of the other triangle, a. 30° b. 45°
then triangles are congruent by ASA congruence criteria. c. 60° d. 90°
5. Assertion: In ΔABC, if AB = AC and ∠B = 50°, then ∠C is 50°. 2. What is the value of the ∠PRQ?
Reason: In a triangle, angles opposite to equal sides are equal. a. 30° b. 45°
c. 60° d. 90°
Case-Based Type 3. What is the value of the ∠QPR?
a. 30° b. 45°
Case-Based-I: In a forest, a tree got broken due to heavy rain. Due
to this rain, the branches AB and AC of tree with lengths 5 m fell c. 60° d. 90°

Triangles 25
 4. What is the value of ∠PRS as shown the figure? a. SSS b. SAS
a. 120° b. 45° c. AAS d. RHS
c. 60° d. 90° 2. If ∠QPR = 80°, find ∠PQR?
Case-based-III: A children's park is in the shape of isosceles a. 20° b. 100°
triangle PQR with PQ = PR, S and T are points on QR such that c. 50° d. 40°
QT = RS.
3. An isosceles triangle has
a. 3 sides equal
b. 2 sides equal
c. None of these sides equal
d. All angles equal
4. If PQ = 6 cm and QR = 7 cm, then perimeter of ΔPQR is:
a. 20 cm b. 19 cm
c. 13 cm d. 18 cm
Now answer the following questions:
1. Which rule is applied to prove the congruency of ΔPQS and
ΔPRT?

26 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 Olympiad & NTSE Level exercise

a. 30° b. 15°
Multiple Choice Questions
c. 45° d. 60°
4. In the given figure, AB and CD are parallel lines and
1. In the given figure, for which value of x is l1 || l2?
transversal EF intersects them at P and Q respectively, if
B
l1 ∠APR = 25°, RQC = 30° and ∠CQF = 65°, then
78°
x

35°
l2
A
a. 37° b. 57°
c. 45° d. 47°
2. In the figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC
and LM is parallel to BC. If ∠A = 50°, find ∠LMC.
A a. x = 55°, y = 40° b. x = 50°, y = 45°
c. x = 65°, y = 35° d. x = 35°, y = 60°
50°

5. In the given figure, if l1 || l2, the value of x is

L M
A
D l1
a°
a°
B
B C
x° x° b°
b°
a. 120° b. 100° E l2
C
c. 115° d. None of these
3. In the given figure, if PQR is an equilateral triangle and QRST
1°
is a square, then ∠PSR is a. 22 b. 40°
2
P
c. 45° d. 60°
6. In the given figure, x and y are

Q R

T S

Triangles 27
 a. x = 70°, y = 37° b. x = 37°, y = 70° 10. In the given triangle, AD is the bisector of ∠BAC and ∠DAC
c. x = 70°, y = 27° d. x = 60°, y = 37° = 30°, then ∠BPC is
7. In the given figure, X is a point in the interior of square a. 60° b. 140°
ABCD. AXYZ is also a square. If DY = 3 cm and AZ = 2 c. 120° d. Cannot be determined
cm, then BY = A
A B

Z
P
X

Y x y
y x
B D C
D C
11. The length of the sides of a triangle are integral. If the
a. 6 cm b. 9 cm perimeter is 6, then the triangle can only be
c. 7 cm d. 8 cm a. Equilateral
8. In the given figure, if AC is bisector of ∠BAD such that AB b. Isosceles
= 3 cm and AC = 5 cm, then CD = c. Scalene
d. None of these
B 12. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle in which ∠B
3 cm
= 2∠C. D is a point on side BC such that AD bisects ∠BAC
and AB = CD. BE is the bisector of ∠B. The measure of
5 cm ∠BAC is
A
C

a. 2 cm b. 8 cm
c. 4 cm d. 5 cm
9. In the given figure, if AD = CD = BC and ∠BCE
= 96°, then ∠DBC is
a. 72° b. 73°
a. 54° b. 84°
c. 74° d. 95°
c. 64° d. Can't be determined
13. For a pentagon, which of the following is true
E
a. Sum of the sides < half the sum of the diagonals
b. Sum of the sides > half the sum of the diagonals
C c. Sum of the sides ≥ half the sum of the diagonals
96°
d. Sum of the sides = half the sum of the diagonals.
14. The sides of a right triangle are 9, 12 and 15 cm long. Find
the sum of the squares of the medians.
a. 337.5 cm b. 230 cm
c. 337 cm d. 225 cm
15. In the given figure, find the sum of the angles a + b + c + d
A D B
+ e + f + g + h + i.

28 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 c. BY = AX and ∠BAY ≠ ∠ABX
d. None of these
5. In the given figure, if D is any point on the base BC produced,
of an isosceles triangle ABC, then which of the following is/
are correct.

a. 360°
b. 540°
c. 180°
a. AD < AB b. AD ≤ AB
d. Cannot be determined
c. AD > AB d. AD ≥ AB
16. The bisectors of an exterior angles B and C of ΔABC meet
at O. If ∠A = x°, then ∠BOC =
Integer Type Questions
x° x°
a. 90° + b. 90° –
2 2 1. In a triangle ABC, if AB = AC and AB is produced to D such
that BD = BC and the ratio of ∠ACD : ∠ADC is m : n, then
x° x°
c. 180° + d. 180° – find the value of m + n.
2 2
2. If the angles A, B and C of ΔABC satisfy the relation B – A
Multi Correct MCQ's ∠B
= C – B, then find the measure of .
10
1. D, E and F are the mid-point of the sides BC, CA and AB 3. In the given figure, if AB || CD, EF || BC, BAC
respectively of ΔABC. Then ΔDEF is congruent to triangle
= 65° and ∠DHF = 35°, find ∠AGH .
a. ΔABC b. ΔAFE 20
c. ΔBFD d. ΔCDE
2. A triangle has its longest side 20 cm and another of its side is
of length 10 cm. Its area is 80 cm2. What is the exact length
of the third side?
a. 260 cm b. 250 cm

c. 2 65 cm d. 270 cm
3. Which one of the following cannot be the ratio of angles of
right angled triangle? 4. In ΔABC, if ∠B = 60°, ∠C = 80° and the bisectors of angles
a. 1 : 2 : 3 b. 1 : 1 : 3 ∠ABC and ∠ACB meet at a point O, then find the measure
c. 1 : 3 : 6 d. None of these of ∠BOC .
4. ABCD is a square. X and Y are the points on sides AD and 10
BC respectively such that AY = BX, then 5. In the given figure, the sides BC, CA and AB of a ΔABC
a. BY = AX have been produced to D, E and F respectively. If ∠ACD

b. ∠BAY = ∠ABX = 105° and ∠EAF = 45°, find the measure of ∠ABC .
15

Triangles 29
 Explanations

2 ∠B = 180° – ∠AOB
Subjective Questions
180° − 162°
∠B =  [from (1)]
2
Very Short Answer Type Questions ∠B = 9°
1. In ΔBDL and ΔCDM, we have 3. In ΔAMC and ΔBMD, we have l || m
A
∠BAC = ∠ABD [Alternate angles]
L ∠AMC = ∠BMD [Vertically opp. angles]
AM = BM [Given]
⸫ ΔAMC ≅ ΔMBD (By ASA)
B C
D A C l

M M

∠BLD = ∠CMD [Each equal to 90°]

D B m
∠BDL = ∠CDM [vert. opp ∠s]
BD = DC [D is the mid-point of BC] ⇒ CM = DM [C.P.C.T.]

∴ ΔBDL ≅ ΔCDM (By AAS) Hence, M is the mid-point of CD also.

4. In ΔADC and ΔCBA, we have
⇒ BL = CM [C.P.C.T.]
D B
Hence proved.
2. ∠AOB + 198° = 360°
E
[⸪ sum of ∠'s at a point is 360°]
   ∠AOB = 360° – 198° = 162° ...(1)

C A
CD = AB [Given]
AD = BC [Given]
AC = AC [Common side]
⸫ ΔADC ≅ ΔCBA [(By SSS)]
In ∆OAB,
Hence proved.
OA = OB [radius of circle]
5. In ΔABC,
Hence, ∠A = ∠B  ...(2)
A
[Angles opp. to equal sides]
In ∆OAB,
∠A + ∠B + ∠AOB = 180°
[Angle sum property of a Δ] 70° 35°
∠B + ∠B + ∠AOB = 180°  [from (2)]
B M N C

30 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° AX = AY [Given]
[Angle sum property of a Δ] ∠A = ∠A [Common angle]
⇒ ∠A = 180° – ∠B – ∠C
AC = AB [Given]
⇒ ∠A = 180° – 70° – 35°
⇒ ∠A = 75° So, by SAS criterion of congruence
As, AN is the angle bisector of ∠A then, ΔAXC ≅ ΔAYB
75°
⸫ ∠CAN = ∠BAN = = 37.5° ⇒ XC = YB [C.P.C.T.]
2
Now, ∠ANM = ∠NCA + ∠CAN Hence proved.
 [Exterior angle property of a Δ] 8. In ΔSPQ and ΔRQP, we have
= 35° + 37.5° = 72.5°
PS = QR [Given]
In ΔANM, ∠AMN = 90° and
∠ MAN + ∠ANM + ∠AMN = 180° ∠SPQ = ∠RQP [Given]
 [Angle sum property of a Δ] PQ = PQ [Common]
⇒ ∠MAN = 180° – 90° – 72.5°
Therefore, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
= 17.5°
ΔSPQ ≅ ΔRQP
6. In ΔABC, we have
⇒ SQ = RP and [C.P.C.T.]
AB = AC [Given]
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ACB  ....(1) ⇒ ∠PQS = ∠QPR  [C.P.C.T.]
 [Angles opp. to equal sides] Hence proved.
Now in ΔDBC, we have 9. Do it yourself.
DB = DC [Given]
⇒ ∠DBC = ∠DCB  .....(2) Short Answer Type Questions
 [Angles opp. to equal sides] 1. Given: Let ABCD is a quadrilateral where M and N are
Adding (1) and (2), we get the mid-points of the sides AB and CD respectively.
A
To prove: AD = BC
Construction: Join MD and MC.
Proof: In ΔCMN and ΔDMN, we have
DN = NC [⸪ N is the mid-point of CD]
∠DNM = ∠CNM = 90°
and MN = MN [Common]
C
B
⸫ ΔCMN ≅ ΔDMN (By SAS)

D ⇒ CM = DM  [C.P.C.T.]
⇒ ∠ABC + ∠DBC = ∠ACB + ∠DCB Also, ∠CMN = ∠DMN  [C.P.C.T.]
⇒ ∠ABD = ∠ACD Now, ∠AMN = ∠BMN [Each equal to 90°(Given)]
Hence proved. ⇒ ∠AMN – ∠DMN = ∠BMN – ∠CMN
7. In ΔAXC and ΔAYB, we have  [⸪ ∠CMN = ∠DMN]
A A M B
90°

X Y

90°

C D N C
B

Triangles 31
 ⇒ ∠AMD = ∠CMB (ii) Since, PQRS is a square.
Thus, in triangles AMD and CMB, we have ∴ PQ = QR = PS = RS  ...(i)
AM = MB Also, SRT is an equilateral triangle.
 [⸪ M is the mid-point of AB (given)] ∴ ST = RT = ST ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
∠AMD = ∠CMB  [Proved above]
PQ = QR = RS = RS = RT = ST  ...(iii)
and DM = MC  [Proved above]
In ΔTQR, we have
⸫ ΔAMD ≅ ΔBMC (By SAS)
QR = RT  [From (iii)]
⇒ AD = BC [C.P.C.T.] ⇒ ∠TQR = ∠QTR = x
Hence proved.  [Angles opp. to equal sides]
2. Let AB be the breadth of river. Mark any point P on the Now, In ΔQRT
bank on which B is situated. ⇒ ∠TQR + QTR + ∠QRT = 180°
Let O be the mid point of BP. ⇒ 2x + 150° = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
Mark a point Q on AO produced such that ⇒ x = 15°
4. Given. A point O inside an equilateral four sided figure
∠OPQ = 90°. Join PQ.
ABCD i.e., AB = BC = CD = AD such that BO = OD.
Now in ΔOAB and ΔOQP, we have To prove. AO and OC are the same straight line.
Proof. In ΔAOD and ΔAOB,
AD = AB [Given]
AO = AO [Common]
OD = OB [Given]
⸫ ΔAOD ≅ ΔAOB (By SSS)
⇒ ∠1 = ∠2 .....(1) [C.P.C.T.]
Similarly, ΔDOC ≅ ΔBOC
⇒ ∠3 = ∠4  ...(2) [C.P.C.T.]
BO = OP [By constructions] D C
∠AOB = ∠POQ [Vertically opp. angles]
∠ABO = ∠OPQ [each = 90°]
⸫ ΔOAB ≅ ΔOQP (By ASA) 3
⇒ AB = PQ [C.P.C.T.]
2 4
If PQ is known, one can measure the width of the river O
without actually crossing it. 1
3. (i) Since PQRS is a square and ΔSRT is an equilateral A B
triangle.
⸪ ∠PSR = 90° and ∠TSR = 60° But, ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 360° 
 [Sum of the angles at a point is 360°]
⇒ ∠PSR + ∠TSR = 90° + 60°
∴ 2∠2 + 2∠3 = 360° [Using (1) and (2)]
⇒         ∠PST = 150°
⇒ ∠2 + ∠3 = 360°
Similarly, we have ∠QRT = 150° ⇒ ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°
Thus, in triangles PST and QRT, we have ⇒ ∠2 and ∠3 form a linear pair.
PS = QR  [Sides of square] Hence, AO and OC are in the same straight line.
∠PST = ∠QRT = 150° [Proved above] ⸫ AC is a straight line.
ST = RT [Sides of equilateral Δ] Hence proved.
So, by SAS congruent criterion, we obtain
5. Given: A ΔABC such that AB = AC. Side BA is produced
ΔPST ≅ ΔQRT to D such that AB = AD.
⇒ PT = QT [C.P.C.T] To prove: ∠BCD = 90º

32 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 D ∠2 = ∠4 + ∠6  ...(ii)
 [By exterior angle property of a Δ]
∠3 = ∠4 + ∠5  ...(iii)
 [By exterior angle property of a Δ]
A
On adding equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = ∠5 + ∠6 + ∠4 + ∠6 + ∠4 + ∠5
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 2 × [∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6]
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 2 × 180°
B  [⸪ ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 = 180° by ASP of Δ]
C
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 360°
Construction: Join CD.
Hence proved.
Proof: In ΔABC, we have
7. In ΔRTS, we have
AB = AC [Given]
ST = RT
⸫ ∠ACB = ∠ABC ...(i)
∴ ∠TRS = ∠TSR....(i)
[Angles opp. to equal sides]
 [Angles opp. to the equal sides]
Now, AB = AD [Given]
We have,
∴ AD = AC [⸪ AB = AC]
∠1 = ∠4 [Vertically opposite angles]
Thus, in ΔADC, we have
⇒ 2∠2 = 2∠3
AD = AC  [Proved above]  [⸪ ∠1 = 2∠2 and ∠4 = 2 ∠3 (given)]
⸫ ∠ACD = ∠ADC.....(ii) ∠2 = ∠3....(ii)
 [Angles opp. to equal sides] Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
Adding (i) and (ii), we get ∠TRS – ∠2 = ∠TSR – ∠3
∠ACB + ∠ACD = ∠ABC + ∠ADC
⇒ ∠TRB = ∠TSA....(iii)
⇒ ∠BCD = ∠DBC + ∠BDC
Thus, in triangles RBT and SAT, we have
 [⸪ ∠ADC = ∠BDC, ∠ABC = ∠DBC]
∠RTB = ∠STA [Common]
Adding ∠BCD on both sides, we get
RT = ST [Given]
⇒ ∠BCD + ∠BCD = ∠DBC + ∠BCD + ∠BDC
∠TRB = ∠TSA [From (iii)]
⇒ 2 ∠BCD = 180° [Sum of the angles
 of a Δ is 180°] So, by ASA congruence criterion, we obtain
⇒ ∠BCD = 90° ΔRBT ≅ ΔSAT
Hence, ∠BCD is a right angle. Hence proved.
6. Given: ΔABC in which, sides AB, BC and CA are 8. In ΔABC,
produced to F, D and E respectively. ∠BAC + ∠B + ∠BCA = 180°
To prove: The sum of all the three exterior angles is 360° [Angle sum property of Δ]
i.e., ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 360°.
∠BCA = 180° – ∠B – ∠BAC
E
∠BCA = 180° – 35° – 25°
A
2 ∠BCA = 120°  ...(i)
5 As BCD is a straight line.
⸫ ∠BCA + ∠ACD = 180°  [Linear pair]
∠ACD = 180° – ∠BCA
1 ∠ACD = 180° – 120°  [From (i)]
B 6 4
∠ACD = 60°  ...(ii)
3 C D
F ⇒ ∠ECD = ∠ACD = 60°
Proof: ∠1 = ∠5 + ∠6  ...(i) Now, In ∆ECD
 [By exterior angle property of a Δ] ∠AED = ∠ECD + ∠EDC
[Exterior angle property of a ∆]

Triangles 33
 ∠AED = 60° + 60° 2. Given: Two isosceles triangles ABC and DBC having the
∠AED = 120° common base BC such that AB = AC and DB = DC.
To prove: AD bisects BC at right angle.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Given: A ΔABC in which ∠B = 90° and D is the mid-point
of AC.
1
To prove: BD = AC
2
Construction: Produce BD to E so that BD = DE. Join EC.
Proof: In ΔADB and ΔCDE, we have
Proof: In ΔABD and ΔACD, we have
AD = DC [Given]
AB = AC [Given]
BD = DE [By construction]
BD = CD [Given]
∠ADB = ∠CDE [Vert. Opp. angles]
AD = AD [Common]
⸫ ΔADB ≅ ΔCDE (By SAS)
So, by SSS criterion of congruence
⇒ AB = EC ...(i) [C.P.C.T.]
ΔABD ≅ ΔACD .....(i)
Also, ∠CED = ∠ABD  [C.P.C.T.]
⇒ ∠1 = ∠2 ...(i) [C.P.C.T.]
Thus, transversal BE cuts AB and CE such that the alternate Now, in ΔABE and ΔACE, we have
angles CED and ABD are equal.
AB = AC [Given]
⸫ CE || AB
∠1 = ∠2 [From (i)]
A E
AE = AE [Common]
So, by SAS criterion of congruence,
ΔABE ≅ ΔACE
⇒ BE = CE  [C.P.C.T.]
and, ∠3 = ∠4 [C.P.C.T.]
D But, ∠3 + ∠4 = 180°  [Linear pair]
⇒ 2∠3 = 180° [⸪ ∠3 = ∠4]
⇒ ∠3 = 90°
B C ∴ ∠3 = ∠4 = 90°
Hence, ∠ABC + ∠ECB = 180° [Co-interior angles] Hence, AD bisects BC at right angles.
⇒ 90° + ∠ECB = 180° [⸪ ∠ABC = 90°] 3. Given, ∠PQT = ∠RQU  ...(i)
Thus, in ΔABC and ΔECB, we have and ∠TQS = ∠UQS ...(ii)

AB = EC [From (i)] On adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get

∠PQT + ∠TQS = ∠RQU + ∠UQS
BC = CB [Common]
⇒ ∠PQS = ∠RQS ...(iii)
∠ABC = ∠ECB [Each equal to 90°]
So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have  ∠ PQT + ∠ TQS = ∠ PQS
 ∠ RQU + ∠ UQS = ∠ RQS 
ΔABC ≅ ΔECB  
⇒ AC = BE  [C.P.C.T.] In ΔPQS and ΔRQS, we have
PQ = RQ [Given]
1 1
⇒ AC = BE  ∠PQS = ∠RQS [from (iii)]
2 2
QS = QS [Common]
1 1
⇒ AC = BD [ BD = DE = BE ] ∴ ΔPQS ≅ ΔRQS (By SAS)
2 2
⇒ ∠QPS = ∠QRS [C.P.C.T.]
Hence proved.
⇒ ∠QPT = ∠QRU ....(iv)

34 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 In triangles ΔQPT and ΔQRU, we have AB = AC  [Given]
QP = QR [Given] ∠C = ∠B  [Angles opp. to equal sides]
∠PQT = ∠RQU [Given] ⸫ ∠C = ∠B = 50°
∠QPT = ∠QRU [From (iv)] Now, in ΔABC,
∴ QPT ≅ ΔQRU (By ASA) ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
⇒ QT = QU [C.P.C.T.] ∠A + 50° + 50° = 180°
Hence proved. ∠A = 180° – 100° = 80°
4. Given: LM is a plain mirror. The image of an object placed 3. (d) In ΔPQR,
at a point A before the mirror LM is seen at point B by PQ = PR  [Given]
an observer at D.
⸫ ∠Q = ∠PRQ ...(i)
To prove: The image is as far as behind the mirror as the
object is in front of the mirror. i.e., AT = BT. [Angles opp. to equal sides]
Proof: In the given figure, AC is the incident ray, CD is As QRS is a line.
the reflected ray and CN is the normal (Perpendicular) ∠PRQ + ∠PRS = 180°  [Linear Pair]
to LM at C. We know that the angle of incidence is same ∠PRQ = 180° – 135°  [⸪∠PRS = 135°]
as the angle of reflection. Therefore. ∠PRQ = 45°
∠ACN = ∠DCN.....(i) Hence, ∠Q = ∠PRQ = 45°
Clearly, AT is perpendicular to LM. Now, in ΔPQR
AT ⊥ LM and CN ⊥ LM ∠P + ∠Q + ∠PRQ = 180°
∴ AT || CN  [Angle sum property of a Δ]
⇒ ∠P + 45° + 45° = 180°
⇒ AB || CN
⇒ ∠P = 180° – 90°
Now, CN || AB and transversal BC cuts AB and CN at B and
⸫ ∠P = 90°
C respectively. Therefore,
4. (b) Since ABCD is a parallelogram. Therefore,
∠ABC = ∠DCN [Corresponding angles]
AB = CD and AD = BC as opposite sides of parallelogram
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ACN  ...(ii) [From (i)] are equal.
Again CN || AB and transversal CA cuts CN and AB Thus, in ΔABD and ΔACB,
at C and A respectively. Therefore,
AD = BC  [opposite sides of a || gm]
∠CAB = ∠ACN....(iii) BD = AC  [Given]
 [Alternate angles]
AB = AB  [common]
From (ii) and (iii), we get
So, by SSS criterion of congruence,
∠ABC = ∠CAB ....(iv)
ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC
⇒ CA = CB .....(v)
5. (a) In ΔABC and ΔPQR, we have
 [Sides opposite to equal angles]
AB = QP
Now, in right ΔCAT and ΔCBT, we have
∠B = ∠P
CA = CB [From (v)]
BC = PR
∠CTA = ∠CTB = 90° [Given] Since two sides and an angle are equal so it obeys SAS.
CT = CT [Common] ⸫ ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR  (By SAS)
⸫ ΔCAT ≅ ΔCBT (By RHS) 6. (a) As the difference between the two sides of a triangle
⇒ AT = BT [C.P.C.T.] should be less than the third side. Hence, if the two sides of
a triangle are of lengths 5 cm and 1.5 cm, then the length of
Hence proved.
the third side of the triangle should be greater than 5 – 1.5 =
3.5 cm.
Multiple Choice Questions Hence, the length of the third side of triangle cannot be 3.4
cm.
1. (c) Do it yourself. 7. (c) Do it yourself.
2. (b) In ΔABC, 8. (b) Given that, ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR

Triangles 35
 Hence, AB = PQ x° = ∠ACO + ∠AOC
BC = QR  [Exterior angle property of a Δ]
and AC = PR x° = 80° + 40°
x° = 120°
As we should write the letters according to the correspondence.
Similarly, in ΔBOD
Thus, BC = PQ is not true, if ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR.
y° = ∠BOD + ∠BDO
9. (a) In ΔPQR, we have
 [Exterior angle property of a Δ]
∠R = ∠P [Given] y° = 40° + 70°  [From (i)]
∴ PQ = QR [Sides opposite to equal y° = 110°
 angles are equal]
Thus,
P
x° + y° = 120° + 110°
x° + y° = 230°
13. (a) In Δ ABM,
∠MAB + ∠ABM + ∠BMA = 180°
5c

 [Angle sum property of a Δ]

m

x + 30° + 90° = 180°

x = 180° – 120° = 60°
R ∠BAC = x° + x°
Q
4 cm = 60° + 60° = 120°
Now, QR = 4 cm, therefore, PQ = 4 cm. Now, by using exterior angle property in ΔABC, we get
Hence, the length of PQ is 4 cm. ∠ACD = ∠A + ∠B
10. (d) Do it yourself. ∠ACD = 120° + 30°
∠ACD = 150°
11. (c) Consider two triangles ABC and PQR.
A 14. (a) In ΔABC,
P
AB = AC [Given]
⸫ ∠ACB = ∠ABC ...(i)
 [Angles opp. to equal sides]
Now, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
 [Angle sum property of a Δ]
B C Q R
      42° + ∠B + ∠B = 180° [From (i)]
We know that while mentioning the congruence of triangles
          42° + 2∠B = 180°
the order of their names with respect to equality should be
followed.                2∠B = 138°
Given that, AB = QR, BC = PR and CA = PQ. 138°
                ∠B = = 69°
By using side-side (SSS rule), 2
We can say, ΔCBA ≅ ΔPRQ. Now,            ∠B = ∠C = 69°  ...(ii)
12. (b) In the figure, we need to find x + y But,             ∠C = ∠BCD + ∠DCA
B                  69° =∠BCD + 14°
y°              ∠BCD = 69° – 14°
C ⸫             ∠BCD = 55°
40° 70° 15. (a) It is given that ΔABC ≅ ΔFDE and AB = 5 cm. ∠B = 40°,
80° O and ∠A = 80°
D
So AB = FD and ∠C = ∠E  [C.P.C.T.]
A Now, in triangle ABC
x°
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
Here, AB and CD are straight lines intersecting at point O. ⇒ 80° + 40° + ∠C = 180°
∠BOD = ∠AOC  [Vertically opp. angles] ⇒    ∠C = 180° – 120° = 60°
∠BOD = 40° ...(i) Therefore,
Now, In ΔAOC DF = 5 cm, ∠E = 60°

36 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
16. (d) In ΔADB and ΔADC, In ΔABC and ΔPQR
AB = AC [Given] AB = PQ  [Given]
BD = DC [Given] AC = PR  [Given]
AD = AD [Common]
∠BAC = ∠QPR [Given]
So, by SSS congruence criterion,
ΔADB ≅ ΔADC ⸫ ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR (By SAS rule)
Hence, ∠ADB = ∠ADB … (i) [C.P.C.T.] Hence, assertion is true as ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR but reason is false
As BDC is a straight line. as both triangles are congruent by SAS congruent rule.
⸫ ∠ADB + ∠ADC = 180° [Linear pair] 3. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
   ∠ADC + ∠ADC = 180° [From (i)] explanation of assertion.
          2∠ADC = 180° In ΔACB and ADB
Hence,      ∠ADC = 90° AC = AD [Given]
17. (b) SAS (Side Angle Side), ASA (Angle Side Angle), RHS ∠CAB = ∠DAB [⸪ AB bisects ∠A]
(Right - angle - Hypotenuse-Side) all are criterions for
congruence of triangles. AB = AB [common]
SSA (Side Side Angle) is not a criterion for congruence. ⸫ ΔACB ≅ ΔADB
18. (b) Do it yourself.  [By SAS congruence rule]
19. (a) Do it yourself. Reason is also correct.
20. (c) Two rectangles having the same area may or may not be 4. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
a congruent.
explanation of assertion.
Two rectangles can have the same area but they may not
have the same length and breadth. Example: Length = 5
and Breadth = 6.
⸫ Area = 30 sq. units
Or L = 15, B = 2, Area = 30 sq. units.
These rectangles are not congruent.

Assertion & Reason Type Questions

1. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct ∠A = ∠P
explanation of assertion. ∠C = ∠R
A P
AC = PR
30° 30° ⸫ ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR [ASA congruence rule]
Reason is also correct.
70° 80° 70° 80° 5. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
B C Q R explanation of assertion.
In ΔABC and ΔPQR A
∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q, ∠C = ∠R
But sides are of different length.
There is no rule of congruency as AAA.
⸫ ΔABC and ΔPQR are not congruent.
2. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. 50°
B C
Since, AB = AC  [Given]
⸫ ∠B = ∠C = 50°
 [Angles opp. to equal sides]
Hence, assertion is true and Reason explains assertion.

Triangles 37
Case-Based Type Questions Case-Based-III:

Case-Based-I: 1. (b) It is given that,

1. (c) In rt. ΔACP and ΔABP, we have QT = RS

Hyp. AC = Hyp. AB = 5 m  [Given] QT – ST = RS – ST
AP = AP  [Common] QS = RT ...(i)
⸫ ΔACP ≅ ΔABP  [By RHS] In ΔPQS and ΔPRT
2. (b) As, ΔACP ≅ΔABP QS = RT [From (i)]
Hence, BP = CP  [C.P.C.T.] PQ = PR  [Given]
So, CP = 4 m  [⸪ BP = 4m] ∠PQR = ∠PRQ
 [Angles opp. to equal sides]
3. (b) As, ΔACP ≅ΔABP
By SAS congruency, we have
Hence, ∠BAP = ∠CAP  [C.P.C.T]
ΔPQS ≅ ΔPRT
So, ∠BAP = 30°  [⸪ ∠CAP = 30°]
2. (c) Let ∠Q = ∠R = x and ∠P = 80°
4. (a) On applying Pythagoras theorem in rt. ΔAPC, we get
In ΔPQR,
AP2 = AC2 – CP2
AP2 = 52 – 42 ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180°  [Angle sum property of Δ]
AP2 = 25 – 16 80° + x + x = 180°
AP2 = 9 2x = 180° – 80°
AP = 3m 2x = 100°
Case-Based-II: 100°
x= = 50°
1. (a) Let ∠PQR = x 2
then ∠PRQ = 2x and ∠QPR = 3x 3. (b) An isosceles Δ has 2 sides equal.
4. (b) Perimeter = sum of all 3 sides
PQ = PR = 6 cm and QR = 7 cm.
So, P = (6 + 6 + 7) cm
= 19 cm

Olympiad & NTSE Level Exercise

In ΔPQR
∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
1. (d)
3x + x + 2x = 180° B l1
6x = 180° D F
78°
180°
x= = 30° x
6
Hence, ∠PQR = x = 30° C
2. (c) ∠PRQ = 2x
= 2(30) 35° l2
E G
= 60° A
3. (d) ∠QPR = 3x Here, if l1 || l2, then using the property, "if the two lines are
= 3 (30) parallel, then the alternate interior angles are equal", we get,
= 90° ∠ABD = ∠GAB
4. (a) On applying exterior angle property in ΔPQR, we get 78° = ∠GAC + ∠CAB
∠PRS = ∠PQR + ∠QPR 78° = 35° + ∠CAB
= 30° + 90° ∠CAB = 78° – 35°
∠CAB = 43°
= 120°

38 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 Further, applying angle sum property of the triangle in ΔABC,
we get
∠CAB + ∠ACB + ∠CBA = 180°
43° + 90° + x = 180°
           x = 180° – 133°
           x =47°
Thus, x = 47°
2. (c) In ΔABC, AB = AC  [Given]
∠ABC = ∠ACB = θ
 [Angles opp. to equal sides]
∠B = ∠C = θ Here, we draw a line ST parallel to AB, i.e AB || ST
Now, again in ΔABC Also, using the property, "two lines parallel to the same line
are parallel to each other"
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
As,
   50° + θ + θ = 180°
AB || ST and AB || CD
           2θ = 180° – 50° = 130°
Thus, CD || ST.
130°
            θ = = 65° Now, AB || ST and PR is the transversal.
2 ∠APR = ∠PRT [Alternate int. angles]
Hence,     ∠B = ∠C = 65°  ...(i) ⇒ ∠PRT = 25° ...(1)
As, LM || BC and MC is a transversal. Similarly, CD || ST and RQ is the transversal
∠LMC + ∠BCM = 180°  [Co-interior angles] ∠QRT = ∠RQC [Alternate int. angles]
∠LMC + 65° = 180° [From (i)] ⇒ ∠QRT = 30° ...(2)
∠LMC = 180° – 65° On adding eq. (1) and (2), we get
⸫ ∠LMC = 115° ∠PRT + ∠QRT = 25° + 30°
3. (b) In the given figure, PQR is an equilateral triangle. ⇒ ∠PRQ = 55°
PQ = QR = PR ... (i) [Sides of an equilateral Δ] Hence, x = 55°
Also, QRST is a square. Further, FPE is a straight line
QR = RS = ST = TQ ...(ii) [Sides of a square] ⸫ ∠CQF + ∠CQR + ∠RQP = 180°  [Linear pair]
From (i) and (ii), we get 65° + 30° + ∠RQP = 180°
PR = RS  ...(iii) ∠RQP = 180° – 95°
Also, ∠PRQ = 60° [Angles of an equilateral Δ] ⇒ ∠RQP = 85°
And, ∠QRS = 90° [Measure of an angle of a square] On, applying angle sum property in ΔPRQ, we get
Hence, ∠PRS = ∠PRQ + ∠QRS ∠RPQ + x + ∠RQP = 180°
∠PRS = 60° + 90° ∠RPQ + 55° + 85° = 180°
∠PRS = 150° ...(iv) y + 140° = 180°
In ΔPSR, y = 180° – 140°
PR = RS [From (iii)] y = 40°
⸫ ∠SPR = ∠RSP [Angles opp. to equal sides] Thus, x = 55° and y = 40°
Let ∠SPR = ∠RSP = x 5. (c)
In ∆PSR,
∠PRS + ∠SPR + ∠RSP = 180°
A
          150° + x + x = 180° D l1
a°
                   2x =30° a°
B
                    x =15°
x° x° b°
4. (a) I n t h e f i g u r e a n d A B | | C D , ∠ A P R = 2 5 ° , b°
E l2
∠RQC = 30°, and ∠CQF = 65° we need to find the value C
of x and y

Triangles 39
 Here, l1 || l2 and AC is a transversal. A B
∠DAC + ∠ECA = 180°  [Co-interior angle]
(a + a) + (b + b) = 180° Z
2a + 2b = 180°
180° X
a+b=
2
Y
a + b = 90° ...(1)
Further, applying angle sum property in ΔABC, we get
∠BAC + ∠BCA + ∠ABC = 180°
C
a + b + ∠ABC = 180° D
90° + ∠ABC = 180°  [From (i)] From the above figure we have
∠ABC = 180° – 90° XY = YZ = AZ = AX  [Sides of square AXYZ]
∠ABC = 90°  ...(2) Now in the given figure
Now, AB is a straight line. DZ = DY + YZ
x + x + ∠ABC = 180°  [Linear pair] DZ = 3 + 2
2x + 90° = 180° [From (2)] DZ = 5 cm
2x = 180° – 90° As, AXYZ is a square,
90° ⸫ ∠AZY = ∠AXY = 90°.
x=
2 On applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔADZ, we get.
x = 45°
AD = DZ2 + AZ2
Thus, x = 45°
6. (b) In ΔABD and ΔACD AD = 52 + 2 2
AD = 25 + 4 =29 cm
As, BXY is a straight line.
⸫ ∠AXY + ∠AXB = 180°  [Linear pair]
     90° + ∠AXB = 180°  [⸪ ∠AXY = 90°]
          ∠AXB = 90°
On applying Pythagoras theorem in rt. ΔAXB, we get
BX = AB2 − AX 2

( )
2
= 29 − 22
AB = AC [Given]
 AB = 29 ( sides of square ABCD ) 
= AD
BD = CD [Given]   
AD = AD [Common]  AX= AZ
= 4 (sides of square AXYZ) 

⸫ ΔABD ≅ ΔACD [By SSS Rule] = 29 − 4

⇒ ∠BDA = ∠CDA [By C.P.C.T.] = 25
Hence, y = 70° = 5 cm
Also, ∠BAD = ∠CAD  [By C.P.C.T.] So, BY = XY + BX
Hence, x = 37° = 2 + 5
Therefore the value of x = 37° and y = 70°. = 7 cm
7. (c) We are given 8. (c) It is given that AC, is bisector of ∠BAD
DY = 3 cm and AZ = 2 cm ⸫ ∠BAC = ∠CAD  ...(i)
where ABCD is a square and AXYZ is also a square Also, AB = 3 cm and AC = 5 cm.

40 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 On applying angle sum property in ΔBCD, we get
B    y + y + ∠BCD = 180°
3 cm [Exterior ∠ property of a ∆]
2x + 2x + ∠BCD = 180°  [From (i)]
A
5 cm          ∠BCD = 180° – 4x
C As ACE is a straight line.
⸫ ∠ACD + ∠BCD + ∠BCE = 180°  [Linear pair]
x + (180° – 4x) + 96° = 180°
D
              x – 4x = 180° – 180° – 96°
                3x =96°
On applying Pythagoras theorem in rt. ΔABC, we get
96°
AC2 = AB2 + BC2                  x = = 32°
3
52 = 32 + BC2
On putting value of x in (i), we get
BC2 = 25 – 9
y = 2 (32) = 64°
BC2 = 16
∠DBC = y = 64°
BC = 16 = 4 cm ...(ii) 10. (c) As AD is a bisector of ∠BAC.
In ΔABC and ΔACD, we have ⸫ ∠BAD = ∠DAC = 30°
∠BAC = ∠CAD [From (i)] Hence, ∠BAC = ∠BAD + ∠DAC
AC = AC [Common] ∠BAC = 30° + 30° = 60° ...(i)
∠ABC = ∠ADC = 90° [Given] A
⸫ ΔABC ≅ ΔADC (By ASA)
Hence, BC = CD  [C.P.C.T.]
⸫ CD = 4 cm [⸪ BC = 4 cm] 30°
9. (c) In ΔADC,
P
AD = DC  [Given]
⸫ ∠DAC = ∠DCA  [Angles opp. to equal sides]
Let ∠DAC = ∠DCA = x x y
Now, in ΔBDC y x
DC = BC  [Given] B C
D
⸫ ∠CDB = ∠CBD  [Angles opp. to equal sides]
Now, In ΔABC
Let ∠CDB = ∠CBD = y
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
E
[Angle sum property of a Δ]
C 96° 60° + (x + y) + (x + y) = 180°
2(x + y) = 180° – 60°
120°
x x+y= = 60°  ...(ii)
2
Now, In ΔBPC
∠CBP + ∠BPC + ∠BCP = 180°
x y y [Angle sum property of a Δ]
y + ∠BPC + x = 180°
A D B
∠BPC = 180° – (x + y)  [From (ii)]
Again, in ΔADC
∠BDC = ∠CAD + ∠ACD ∠BPC = 180° – 60° = 120°
y= x+x 11. (a) Let a, b, c represent the length of the sides of the triangle.
y = 2x  ...(i) So a, b, c are (Positive) integers and a + b + c = 6 ...(1)

Triangles 41
 The various positive integral values of a, b, c, which satisfy [Since, ∠ADC = ∠EDA + ∠EDC]
the equation (1) may form the following triplets: ⇒ y + 2y = 2x + y [From (ii) and (iv)]
{1, 1, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {2, 2, 2} [As we can take only integral ⇒ 2x = 2y
values.]
x = y …(v)
The first triplet gives 1 + 1 = 2 < 4, so does not correspond to
Now in ΔABC,
a triangle as the sum of 2 sides of a triangle is always greater
than third side in a ∆. ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
The second triplet gives 1 + 2 = 3, so this also does not [Angle sum property of a Δ]
correspond to a triangle. ⇒ 2y + 2x + x = 180°
⇒ 2x + 2x + x = 180° [Since, x = y, from (v)]
Only the third triplet corresponds to a triangle, which is an
equilateral one as 2 + 2 = 4 > 2. ⇒ 5x = 180°
12. (a) ⇒ x = 180° / 5 = 36°
⇒ ∠BAC = 2y = 2x
          = 2 × 36° = 72°
13. (b) Let ABCDE be a pentagon its sides are AB, BC, CD, DE
and EA.
Its diagonals are AC, BD, CE, DA and EB.
As the sum of the two sides in a triangle is greater than the
third.
So in the ΔABC,
AB + BC > AC
In the figure, ∠B = 2∠C, AD and BE are the bisectors of ∠A D
and ∠B respectively and AB = CD. Let ∠C = x, then ∠B =
2x.
Let ∠A = 2y.
⸫ ∠ABE = ∠CBE = x
[⸪ BE is the bisector of ∠B] E C
and ∠BAD = ∠CAD = y
[⸪ AD is the bisector of ∠A]
In ΔBCE,
∠EBC = ∠BCE = x
[⸪ ∠B = 2∠C, ⸫ ∠C = x]
⸫ BE = EC …(i) A B
 [Sides opposite to equal angles] In ΔBCD,
In ΔABE and ΔDCE, BC + CD > BD.
AB = DC  [Given] In ΔCDE,
∠ABE = ∠C = x CD + DE > CE
BE = EC [From (i)] In ΔDEA,
⸫ ΔABE ≅ ΔDCE (By SAS) DE + EA > DA
Hence, ∠BAE = ∠EDC = 2y …(ii) [C.P.C.T.] In ΔEAB,
and AE = ED …(iii) [C.P.C.T.] EA + AB > EB
Now, In ΔAED, we have On adding these equations, we get
AE = ED [Form (iii)] 2(AB + BC + CD + DE + EA) > (AC + BD + CE  + DA +
⸫ ∠EAD = ∠EDA = y ...(iv) EB)
 [Angles opp. to equal sides] 1
⇒ AB + BC + CD + DE + EA > (AC + BD + CE + DA
In ΔABD,
+ EB)
2
Ext. ∠ADC = ∠ABD + ∠BAD
i.e., the sum of the sides > half the sum of the diagonals.
 [Exterior angle of property of a ∆]
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
∠EDA + ∠EDC = 2x + y

42 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
14. (c) 3(AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
Appollonius theorem: The sum of the squares of any two AB = 9 cm, BC = 12 cm, and CA = 15 cm.
sides of any triangle equals twice the square on half the AD, BE, CF are medians
third side, together with twice the square on the median
3
bisecting the third side. ⇒ AD2 + BE2 + CF2 = (AB2 + BC2 + AC2)
4
A 3
= [(9)2 + (12)2 + (15)2]
4
3
= [81 + 144 + 225]
4
3
= × 450
4
B C = 337.5 cm.
D 15. (b) In ΔBCD, we have
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
b + i + e = 180°  ...(i) [Angle sum property of a Δ]
2 In ΔCHI, we have
1 
⇒ FB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + 2  BC   c + d + h = 180° ...(ii) [Angle sum property of a Δ]
2 
In ΔAFG, we have
(D is the mid-point of BC)
a + g + f = 180° ... (iii) [Angle sum property of a Δ]
2 2 2
BC2 On adding eq. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
⇒ AB + AC = 2AD +
2
b + i + e + c + d + h + a + g + f = 180° + 180° + 180°
⇒ 2AB2 + 2AC2 = 4AD2 + BC2
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i = 540°
Similarly, we get
2AB2 + 2BC2 = AC2 + 4BE2...(ii) 16. (b)
2BC2 + 2AC2 = AB2 + 4CF2...(iii) It is given that,

A BO is the bisector of ∠PBC.

∠PBC
⸫ ∠PBO = ∠OBC =
2
F E Also, OC is the bisector of ∠BCQ.
∠BCQ
⸫ ∠BCO = ∠OCQ =
2
B C Now, in ΔABC
D
∠PBC = ∠BAC + ∠ACB  ...(1)
On adding eq. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
 [Exterior angle property of a Δ]
4AB 2 + 4BC 2 + 4AC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 + BC 2 + 4BE 2
Also, ∠BCQ = ∠BAC + ∠ABC  ...(2)
+ 4CF2 + 4AD2
 [Exterior angle property of a Δ]
3AB2 + 3BC2 + 3AC2 = 4BE2 + 4CF2 + 4AD2
A
A
x
15 cm
B
9 cm C

B 12 cm C
P O Q
Using Apollonius theorem, we get

Triangles 43
Multi Correct MCQs 2. (a, c) In ΔABC, the length of its longest side, AB is 20 cm
and another side BC = 10 cm.
1. (b, c, d) It is given that D, E and F are the mid points of the
sides BC, CA and AB respectively of ΔABC. Area of ΔABC = 80 cm2.
A Draw CD ⊥ on AB at point D.
C

10
cm

F E

A B
D
20 cm
Let CD be the height of the triangle.
B D C
As per the formula of the area of the triangle, we have
Note: The mid-point theorem states that the line segment
1
in a triangle joining the mid-point of two sides of the Area of ΔABC = × AB × CD
triangle is said to be parallel to its third side and is also 2
half of the length of the third side. 1
         80 = × 20 × CD
2
          CD =8 cm
⸪ E and F are the mid-points of AC and AB.
Now, CD ⊥ AB i.e., BCD is a rt. angled triangle.
1
⸫ EF = BC and EF || BC  ...(i) On applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔBCD, we get
2
As, D is the mid-point of BC. BD2 = BC2 – CD2
BD2 = 102 – 82
1
⸫ BD = DC = BC  ...(ii) BD2 = 100 – 64
2
BD2 = 36
From (i) and (ii), we get
EF = BD  ...(iii) BD = 36 = 6 cm  ...(i)
⸪ D and E are the mid-points of AC and BC As, AB = 20  [Given]
1 AD + BD = 20
⸫ DE = AB and DE || AB  ...(iv)
2 AD + 6 = 20  [From (i)]
As, F is the mid-point of AB. AD = 20 – 6 = 14 cm.
1 As, CD ⊥ AB i.e., ADC is a rt. angled triangle.
⸫ AF = BF = AB  ...(v)
2 On applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔADC, we get
From (iv) and (v), we get AC2 = AD2 + CD2
DE = BF  ...(vi) AC2 = 142 + 82
Now, In ΔDEF and ΔBDF, we have
AC2 = 196 +64
EF = BD  [From (iii)]
AC2 = 260
DE = BF  [From (vi)]
DF = DF  [common]
AC = 260 which is equivalent to
2 65 cm.
⸫ ΔDEF ≅ ΔBFD  (by SSS)
Similarly, ΔDEF ≅ ΔAFE and ΔDEF ≅ ΔCDE. Hence, (a) and (c) are correct.
 [You can prove these two yourself.] 3. (c, b) Do it yourself.

44 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
 4. (a, b) A
In ΔABY and ΔBAX, we have
5
A BB

6 4
B C
2
3

X Yy 1

D
D C
D C As,
AB = AC [Given]
AY = BX  [Given]
∠6 = ∠4 .......(i)
AB = AB  [Common]
 [Angles opp. to equal sides]
∠ABY = ∠BAX = 90°  [Angles in a square]
Also, BD = BC [Given]
⸫ ΔABY ≅ ΔBAX
∠1 = ∠2.....(ii)
Hence, BY = AX  [C.P.C.T.]  [Angles opp. to equal sides]
Also, ∠BAY = ∠ABX  [C.P.C.T.] In ΔBDC,
Hence, (a) and (b) are correct. ext. ∠6 = ∠1 + ∠2
5. (a, b, d)  [Exterior ∠ property of a Δ]
ext. ∠6 = ∠1 + ∠1 [(Using (ii)]
ext. ∠6 = 2∠1
From (i), we get
ext. ∠4 = 2∠1.....(iii)
Now, we need to find ∠ACD : ∠ADC
i.e., (∠4 + ∠2) : ∠1
(2∠1 + ∠2) : ∠1 [∠4 = 2∠1, using (iii)]
(2∠1 + ∠1) : ∠1  [∠2 = ∠1, using (ii)]
AB = AC  [⸪ ABC is an isosceles Δ] 3∠1 : ∠1
⸫ ∠ACB = ∠ABC  ...(i) Eliminating ∠1 from both the sides, we get 3 : 1
 [Angles opp. to equal sides] Thus, the ratio of ∠ACD : ∠ADC is 3 : 1
Now, in ΔACD Hence, the value of m = 3 and n = 1.
∠ACB = ∠ADC + ∠DAC ∴ The value of m + n is 3 + 1 = 4.
 [Exterior angle property of a Δ] 2. In the given ΔABC,
Hence, ∠ACB > ∠ADC ∠A, ∠B and ∠C satisfy the relation B – A = C – B
A
⇒ ∠ABC > ∠ADC  [From (i)]
⸫ AD > AB
 [⸪ Sides opp. to greater angles is longer]
Hence, (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect.

Integer Type Questions

1. In the given ΔABC, AB = AC and AB is produced to D
such that BD = BC.
B C
As,

Triangles 45
 ∠B – ∠A = ∠C – ∠B 4. In ∆ABC, ∠B = 60°, ∠C = 80° and the bisectors of ∠B
∠B + ∠B = ∠C + ∠A and ∠C meet at O.
2∠B = ∠C + ∠A
2∠B – ∠A = ∠C.....(i)
In ΔABC,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Angle sum property of a Δ]
∠A + ∠B + (2∠B – ∠A) = 180° [Using (i)]
3∠B = 180°
180°
∠B = = 60°
3 Since, BO is the bisector of ∠B.
Therefore, ∠B = 60° 1
⸫ ∠OBC = ∠B
∠B 60° 2
Hence, the value of = = 6.
10 10
1
3. In the given figure, AB || CD and EF || BC.
= ( 60° ) = 30°
2
Also, ∠BAC = 65° and ∠DHF = 35°. Similarly, CO is the bisector of ∠C
1
∠OCB = ∠C
2
1
= (80°)
2
= 40°
In ΔBOC,
∠OCB + ∠OBC + ∠BOC = 180°
Here, GF and CD are straight lines intersecting at point H.  [Angle sum property of a Δ]
⸫ ∠DHF = ∠GHC  [Vertically opp. ∠'s]       40° + 30° + ∠BOC = 180°
⇒ ∠GHC = 35°  [⸪∠DHF = 35° (given)]            ∠BOC + 70° = 180°
               ∠BOC = 180° – 70°
Further, as AB || CD and AC is the transversal.
                       =110°
⸫ ∠BAC = ∠ACD  [Alternate angles]
⇒ ∠ACD = 65°  [⸪ ∠BAC = 65° (given)] Therefore, ∠BOC = 110° = 11
10 10
In ΔGHC, 5. In ΔABC, ∠ACD = 105° and ∠EAF = 45°.
∠GHC + ∠HCG + CGH = 180° F
E
 [Angle sum property of a Δ] 45°
∠CGH + 35° + 65° = 180°
A
100° + ∠CGH = 180°
∠CGH = 180° – 100°
  ∠CGH = 80°
As AGC is a straight line
∠CGH + ∠AGH= 180°  [Linear pair] 105°
∠AGH + 80° = 180°
B C
∠AGH = 180° – 80° D
∠AGH = 100° Here, ∠EAF and ∠BAC are vertically opposite angles.
⸫ ∠EAF = ∠BAC
∠AGH 100°
Therefore, = =5 ⇒ ∠BAC = 45°
20 20

46 Class-IX MATHEMATICS
Further, BCD is a straight line. ∠ABC + 75° + 45° = 180°
∠BCA + ∠DCA = 180°  [Linear pair] 45° + 75° + ∠ABC = 180°
∠BCA = 180° – 105° ∠ABC = 180° – 75° – 45°
∠BCA = 75° ∠ABC = 180° – 120°
Now in ΔABC, ∠ABC = 60°
∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180°
Therefore, the value of ∠ABC 60°
= = 4.
 [Angle sum property of Δ] 15 15

Triangles 47