Database System- SQL

Lecture 5
Dr. Mohammad Assaad 1
SELECT Statement - Grouping
⚫ Use GROUP BY clause to get sub-totals.
⚫ SELECT and GROUP BY closely integrated: each item in
SELECT list must be single-valued per group, and SELECT
clause may only contain:

⚫ column names
⚫ aggregate functions
⚫ constants
⚫ expression involving combinations of the above.

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SELECT Statement - Grouping
⚫ All column names in SELECT list must appear in
GROUP BY clause unless name is used only in an
aggregate function.

⚫ If WHERE is used with GROUP BY, WHERE is applied

first, then groups are formed from remaining rows
satisfying predicate.

⚫ ISO considers two nulls to be equal for purposes of

GROUP BY.
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 Example 4.1 Use of GROUP BY
⚫ Find number of staff in each branch and their total
salaries.

SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS count,
SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
ORDER BY branchNo;

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Example 4.1 Use of GROUP BY

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Example 4.1 Use of GROUP BY

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Restricted Groupings – HAVING clause

⚫ HAVING clause is designed for use with GROUP BY to

restrict groups that appear in final result table.

⚫ Similar to WHERE, but WHERE filters individual rows

whereas HAVING filters groups.

⚫ Column names in HAVING clause must also appear in the

GROUP BY list or be contained within an aggregate function.

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 Example 4.2 Use of HAVING
⚫ For each branch with more than 1 member of staff, find
number of staff in each branch and sum of their salaries.

SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS count,
SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
HAVING COUNT(staffNo) > 1
ORDER BY branchNo;

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Example 4.2 Use of HAVING

Staff Table

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Example 4.2 Use of HAVING

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Subqueries

⚫ Some SQL statements can have a SELECT embedded

within them.

⚫ A subselect can be used in WHERE and HAVING

clauses of an outer SELECT, where it is called a
subquery or nested query.

⚫ Subselects may also appear in INSERT, UPDATE, and

DELETE statements.
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Example 4.3 Subquery with Equality

List staff who work in branch at ‘163 Main St’.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘163 Main St’);

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Example 4.3 Subquery with Equality

Staff Table

branch Table Dr. Mohammad Assaad 13

Example 4.4 Subquery with Equality

⚫ Inner SELECT finds branch number for branch at ‘163

Main St’ (‘B003’).

⚫ Outer SELECT then retrieves details of all staff who

work at this branch.

⚫ Outer SELECT then becomes:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’;
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Example 4.5 Subquery with Equality

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Example 4.6 Subquery with Aggregate

List all staff whose salary is greater than the average

salary, and show by how much.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,

salary – (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM Staff) As SalDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary >
(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM Staff);

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Example 4.7 Subquery with
Aggregate
⚫ Cannot write ‘WHERE salary > AVG(salary)’

⚫ Instead, use subquery to find average salary (17000),

and then use outer SELECT to find those staff with
salary greater than this:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,

salary – 17000 As salDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 17000;

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Example 4.7 Subquery with
Aggregate

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Subquery Rules

⚫ ORDER BY clause may not be used in a subquery

(although it may be used in outermost SELECT).

⚫ Subquery SELECT list must consist of a single column

name or expression, except for subqueries that use
EXISTS.

⚫ By default, column names refer to table name in FROM

clause of subquery. Can refer to a table in FROM using
an alias.

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Subquery Rules

⚫ When subquery is an operand in a comparison,

subquery must appear on right-hand side.

⚫ A subquery may not be used as an operand in an

expression.

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Example 4.8 Nested subquery:
use of IN
List properties handled by staff at ‘163 Main St’.
SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE staffNo IN
(SELECT staffNo
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘163 Main St’));

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Example 4.9 Nested subquery:
use of IN

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ANY and ALL
⚫ ANY and ALL may be used with subqueries that produce a
single column of numbers.

⚫ With ALL, condition will only be true if it is satisfied by all

values produced by subquery.

⚫ With ANY, condition will be true if it is satisfied by any

values produced by subquery.

⚫ If subquery is empty, ALL returns true, ANY returns false.

⚫ SOME may be used in place of ANY.

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Example 4.10 Use of ANY/SOME

Find staff whose salary is larger than salary of at least one

member of staff at branch B003.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary > SOME
(SELECT salary
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’);

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Example 4.11 Use of ANY/SOME

⚫ Inner query produces set {12000, 18000, 24000} and outer

query selects those staff whose salaries are greater than
any of the values in this set.

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Example 4.12 Use of ALL
Find staff whose salary is larger than salary of every member
of staff at branch B003.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary > ALL
(SELECT salary
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’);

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Example 4.12 Use of ALL

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SQL ANY and ALL
⚫ SQL ANY compares a value of the first table
with all values of the second table and
returns the row if there is a match with any
value.
⚫ It has the following syntax:

SELECT column
FROM table1
WHERE column OPERATOR ANY (
SELECT column
FROM table2
);
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SQL ANY and ALL

Here,

•column is the name of the column(s) to filter

•table1 and table2 are the two tables to compare
•OPERATOR is any SQL operator to connect the two
queries
•ANY compares table1 and table2 to see if there are
any matches

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Example 1: SQL ANY Operator

Suppose we want to find teachers whose age is similar to

any of the student's age. Then, we can use the following
query:

SELECT *
FROM Teachers
WHERE age = ANY (
SELECT age
FROM Students
);
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Example 1: SQL ANY Operator

Here, the subquery below returns all the ages from the
Student’s table.

SELECT age
FROM Students

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Dr. Mohammad Assaad 32
SQL ALL Operator

SQL ALL compares a value of the first table with all values
of the second table and returns the row if there is a match
with all values.

It has the following syntax:

SELECT column
FROM table1
WHERE column OPERATOR ALL (
SELECT column
FROM table2
);

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SQL ALL Operator

Here,

⚫ column is the name of the column(s) to filter

⚫ table1 and table2 are the two tables to compare
⚫ OPERATOR is any SQL operator to connect the two
queries
⚫ ALL compares table1 and table2 to see if all the values
match

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Example 2: SQL ALL Operator

For example, if we want to find teachers whose age is

greater than all students, we can use:

SELECT *
FROM Teachers
WHERE age > ALL (
SELECT age
FROM Students
);

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Example 2: SQL ALL Operator

⚫ Here, the subquery below returns all the ages from

the Student’s table.

SELECT age
FROM Students

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Dr. Mohammad Assaad 37
Example: SQL Subquery

◼ select all the rows from the Customers table with the minimum
age

SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE age = (
SELECT MIN(age)
FROM Customers
);

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Example: SQL Subquery

In a subquery, the outer query's result depends on the result

set of the inner subquery. That's why subqueries are also
called nested queries.

Here, the SQL command

1.executes the subquery first; and selects the

minimum age from the Customers table.

2.executes the outer query; and selects the rows where the
age is equal to the result of the subquery.
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Dr. Mohammad Assaad 40
SQL Subquery With IN Operator

Suppose we want the details of customers who have placed

an order. Here's how we can do that using a subquery:

◼ select the customers who have made orders

SELECT customer_id, first_name

FROM Customers
WHERE customer_id IN (
SELECT customer_id
FROM Orders
);
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SQL Subquery With IN Operator

Here, the SQL command

1. selects customer_id from the Orders table

2. select those rows from the Customers table where
customer_id is in the result set of the subquery

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SQL | ALL and ANY

ALL with WHERE or HAVING Statement:

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name comparison_operator ALL
(SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE condition(s));

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Consider the following Products Table and
OrderDetails Table,

Products Table
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Consider the following Products Table and
OrderDetails Table,

OrderDetails
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Queries

•Find the name of the all the product.

SELECT ALL ProductName

FROM Products
WHERE TRUE;

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The Output

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Queries

•Find the name of the product if all the records in the

OrderDetails has Quantity either equal to 6 or 2.

SELECT ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE ProductID = ALL (SELECT ProductId
FROM OrderDetails
WHERE Quantity = 6 OR Quantity = 2);

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The Output

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Queries

•Find the OrderID whose maximum Quantity among all product

of that OrderID is greater than average quantity of all OrderID.

SELECT OrderID
FROM OrderDetails
GROUP BY OrderID
HAVING max(Quantity) > ALL (SELECT avg(Quantity)
FROM OrderDetails
GROUP BY OrderID);

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The Output

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SQL : ANY

•ANY must be preceded by comparison operators. Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name comparison_operator ANY
(SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE condition(s));

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SQL : ANY Queries

Find the Distinct CategoryID of the products that have any

record in OrderDetails Table.

SELECT DISTINCT CategoryID

FROM Products
WHERE ProductID = ANY (SELECT ProductID
FROM OrderDetails);

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The output

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SQL : ANY Queries

• Find any records in the OrderDetails table that

Quantity = 9.

SELECT ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE ProductID = ANY (SELECT ProductID
FROM OrderDetails
WHERE Quantity = 9);

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The output

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