punctuation:

apostrophe:

there are three uses of apostrophe

1. For contraction
2. For Possession: asim’s pen, asim’s book.
3. For missing letters:

1. Contraction

Generally we use helping verbs. Don’t

Doesn’t,

It isn’t my pen.

It’s a book.

Cannot, can’t.

Are: Ain’t

2. For possession

e.g.,

ali’s book

note: a word or noun ends on the sound of “s” such as sars, or soas, students,

then we only use ‘ apostrophe, or and not additional s.

thomas’ book. Not thomas’s book.

 It can also be used with singular as well as with plural nouns.

Children’s party, teams’ bus.

Are not: ain’t, I am not? Check

 Rule of shared possession

If things are under combined posssesion
Asim and ali’s house. It takes apostrophe with the latter noun.
e.g., I am visiting ali and ameer’s house.
If properties are separate.
I went to ali’s and ameer’s house respectively.

 Compound noun
e.g., brother in –law, commander in chief, staff officer to president.
Rule is that in compound noun apostrophe is placed at the end of the compound noun.
This is my father-in-law’s house.
I visited-governor-general-Punjab’s house.

 Mistake when making plural noun

e.g., there are many cat’s, hell noooo! There are many cats.

 Possessive of ‘it”
Its color is red. Note: “it’s” is the contraction of ‘it is”

Note:
Mere susrar ki gari ki chabiyan
My father in law’s car’s keys are lost.
It is correct but not khoobsurat. Rather, the keys of my father in-law’s

Note: plural of abbreviations and acronyms

CDs,

In 1980s

Rule: for plural, apostrophe is not used.

We have three PHDs in our company. Not PHD’s.The latter will be incorrect.

3. For missing spellings and ommission

e.g., year 1999

I was born in 1979

Or I was born in ‘79

For omitting 19, we will use apostrophe.

This is the rule of omission.

Or I am goin’ to my home. G is omitted but informally, not in academics.

Mixture:

He is the poet of ‘80s poet.

He is ‘80’s poet. Now date is used as possessive.

End of the document

1. Some abbreviations have full stop in the end.

Etc.

Vol.

- Search on Google for abbreviations that have fullstop inside them.

2. If a sentence is ending on a full stop- word

We reached lahore at 8:00 a.m.

We don't use another full stop.

3. Direct question end with question mark and an indirect question ends with
full stop.

What is your name?

I asked ayesha what her name was.

I wonder what she is doing tonight.

4. Use full stop after closing brackets.

I met Ali.

I met Ali (my childhood friend).

** Use full stop inside brackets and not outside if the sentence is complete.

I met Ali ( he is my childhood friend. )

5. If anything comes in inverted comma at the end of sentence

- She said to me, " Do not go out of city."

- she says to me, "I love Pakistan."

6. We use full stop with certain words

Jan. Feb. Wed. Etc.

Exclamatory mark (!)

1. Strong feeling- of any type.

She said, " Help!"

2. We use capital letters after exclamatory marks

"Help!" She said in a loud voice.

3. "I" should always be capitalized.

4. Shiddat e jazbat m. - we use exclamatory mark.

Is she getting married!

Ali said, "Get out!"

"Get out!" said Ali.

"Help!" said Natasha.

"Give me your pen," said Ali.

5. Please help me at 5 A.M. !

If it was stated under emotions we use exclamatory marks.

What is life? - Name of a book.

Don't read "What is Life?"!

Yahoo!

Don't work in Yahoo!

Rules of comma

1. We used it in dates

Pakistan was established on 14th August 1947.

Pakistan was established on August 14, 1947.

Pakistan was established in August, 1947.

2. We uses Comma in places.

I live in Model town, Lahore.

3. When we write friendly letter.

My dear ali,

Dear brother,

Dear father,

4. Closing of letter.

Only yours,

Yours obediently,

5. With a name

Asim Raza , M.Com, LLB.

Asim Raza, PAS.

6. We use it in a series.

I met Amir, Irfan, and Farooq.

I met Amir, Irfan, and farooq and his sons.

I met Amir, Irfan, Farooq, and Farooq's son.

I like Samosas, Pakoras, and tea.

I like samosa and chutni, Pakoras and ketchup, and tea and biscuit.

If there are two things we don't use commas

I met Ali and Salma.

I met ali, Salma, and tania.

7.

The weather was wonderful. They decided to go to zoo.

- Use conjunction and connect them.

Use comma while connecting two sentences with conjunction.

Ali wants to become a CSP officer, and Salma wants to become a doctor.

- two sentences( independent CLAUSE) can be attached without using

conjunction rather use semi-colons.

Ali wants to become a csp officer; sania wants to become a doctor.

8. If any sentence have introductory word or phrase then we use commas.

- if she works hard, she will pass.

- As it was raining, i decided to eat pokaras.

Introductory phrase do not makes sense indepently.

- Being my elder brother, he looks after me well.

9. the words that comes as interrupter then we use comma

- Natasha gave me her book.

- Natasha, reluctantly, gave me her book.

- Ali is my friend.
- Ali, by the way, is my childhood friend.

- Ali, of course, is my childhood friend.

10. Appositive

If this come, we use comma.

Wo Alfaz jo noun k barey m koi information day.

- Ali loves to play hockey.

- Ali, my younger brother, loves to play hockey.

- lahore, the city of the garden, is very beautiful.

11.

I have sold my car � .

I have sold my car, which was white.

If the information after which is necessary then we don't use comma other
wise we do.

My brother is coming.

My brother, who is in America, is coming.

12. Sometime we address someone.

- i want to see you, Ali.

- ali, I want to see you.

13. Direct and indreat language.

- She said, "I love Pakistan."

- "I love Pakistan," said Ali.

- "I love Pakistan," said Ali, "because it is my country."

14 . Rules of dates

I will see you on Monday, January 18, 2025.

Feb 21: punctuation continued

Semi colon: ;

To connect two independent clauses

I am a pakistani. I love Pakistan.

One way can be to use conjuncion between them.

I am a pakistani, and I love pakistan.

Another way:

I am a pakistani; I love Pakistan.

Note: to use conjunction, we use comma before them.

Such as and, but, so,

Note:
If we are connecting two sentences, and if there is a moti taazi conjunction
between them, then in that case, we use semi colon before that conjunction
rather than a comma.

e.g., consequently, however,

there was snowfall. All the passengers decided to enjoy.

To connect thtese two,

One way will be:

There was snowfall, and all the passengers decided to enjoy

Another way

Snowfall; all the passengers decided to enjoy.

Third way:

No conjunction, and use of semi colon

Snowfall; all the passengers decided to enjoy.

Note: never capitalize after semi colon.

Third use of semi colon:

Listing use of semi colon:

e.g., I bought milk, tea, and sugar in glocery items; protatoes, carrots, and peas in vegetables; and
apple, mangoes, and bananas in fruit.

Semi colon Use for pause: a rare use.

When we intend to extend the pause. Larger than a comma.
Original: Khalid is a friend of mine, and he lives in Karachi.
Khalid is a friend of mine; and he lives in Karachi.
Use of colon:
There are two uses of this.
Grammatical use. And non-grammatical use.
Non-grammatical use:
1. We use colon for indicating time. 11:15.
2. For ratio: 1:3. One ratio 3.
3. For Quranic references: 2:86. Surah 2, verse 86.
4. For references and citations: forget about the complex
details.
5. For business letters, for its greetings, such as, dear sir:
colon.
6. At the end of letters and applications. cc: chief minister of
Punjab.
7. PS: post scriptum, if we want to say after writing all the
letter or application. We can write, after writing PS: colon,
then the additional statement.
8. For writing dramas: act 4: scene 4.

Grammatical use of colon:

1. E.g., I bought many things: papers, pens, and pencils.
 Without colon, I bought many things like papers, pens, and
pencils.
e.g., many friends were invited to the party: Khalid, Javed,
and Salman.

2. when second part explains the first.

I need something in my life: I need peace in my life.
I cannot learn anything now: I am already occupied.
3. For emphasis \
I need only one thing in my life: money.
4. For dialogue
Ali: where are you going?
Asim: I am not going anywhere.
5. For title and subtitle of a book
Zindagi: dil jaalo ka afsana.

Note:
Colon use nahi hoga,
I bought tea, milk, and sugar.
Because gap nahi hai, bought k bad.
Note: colon k bad lower case main hoga sub kuch.

Use of hiphen:
1. It is used for prefixes and sufixes.
e.g., ex-hockey player. Hiphen is used here. Money-lender.
2. for connecting two nouns
Lahore-Islamabad highway.
From 21 to 99. We use twenty-one. Like.

3. fractions: two-third class is absent.

4. adjective: beautiful home.
Sometimes adjectives are made out of 2 3 nouns.
A 14-year-old girl.
It is a common-sense solution.
6. V-neck shirt. Sweat-shirt.
For clarity. i want to re-enter.
Anti-inflamatry. We cant do reenter, or antiinflamatry. It
would look ugly.

End of the doc

Feb 22:

Quotation marks:
First use:
For Indirect question

Asim�says,�“I�love�Pakistan.”�

Use 2:

When we seek to lay emphasis on any word in the sentence. Or we want to

taunt or sarcastically say.

This�‘progress’�in�the�developing�countries.�

Declaring�it�a�symbol�of�“progress,”�the�girls�started�to�wear�western�dress.

If we want to emphasis or sarcastically highlight that word, we will place

quotation marks.

Use 3:

When we use a word as a word, or noun.

e.g.,�the�word�“refusal”�has�many�menaings�in�English�dictionary.

Rule 4:

When we use the following things in our sentences.

Title of the books, songs, movies,

I�watched�“Dil�Wale��Dulhania�Ly�Jayen�Gay.”

Rule 4:
A smaller part of a sentence.

I really liked his, “Haye�Rabba�tu�ki�chann�charahaya.”

Note:

Rule 6:

Direct quotation.

When in direct quotation we need to write complete sentence. Then capitalize

first word.

ii. if the quoted sentence is not completed, it will not be capitalzied.

She�told�me�that�I�was�looking�“handsome”�

Note different ways of quotation:

Asim�says,�“I�love�Pakistan.”

“I�love�Pakistan,”�says�asim.

“What�happened?”�she�asked,�

“Hurrah!”�she�said.

“I�love�Pak,”�she�said,��“beceause��it�is�my�country.”

Last rule:

Practice sentence

I love Pakistan she said Pakistan is a very beautiful country

Correct:

“I�love�Pakistan,”�she�said.�“Pakistan�is�a�very�beautiful�country.”
Because her second sentence has no link with the first one.

Both are independent sentences.

Rules of parenthesis small bracket

We use commas for interrpting information.

My brother, who lives in karachi, coming to see me.

We can either do it in this way:

My brother (who lives in Karachi) coming to see me.

I�went�to�my�uncle�Amjad’s�House.

I went to my uncle amjad house (who lives in Lahore).

I need 20 kg (pounds) cake.

Yani kg pounsd main kitnay bantay.

Rule: when to explain something.

Like

The comma (the exercise 2) is often misused

Yani ye rule kahan mentioned tha.

Note: parenthesis is used for additional information in a sentence.

Rules of dash:
It is also used for interrupting information.

Lahore, my favourite city, is full of people.

Another way:

Lahore (My favourite city) is full of people.

Lahore – my favourite city – is full of people.

At the place of colon:

e.g.,

one way:

I did many activities: drove the car, played cricket, and sang songs.

In a dash manner:

I did many things – drove the car, played crikcet, and sang songs.

End of the document

What is Sentence
A group of words which gives some meaning.
e.g.,
Ali went to school.
Agar sirf yehi baat hoti.
Went to school. Yay meaning nahi day raha. It is not a
sentence.
2.
Types:
There are fur types of sentences.
i. Declarative ya assertive.
This is the sentence which gives some sort of information.
e.g., ali goes to school.
ii. Interrogative:
Where any question is asked.
Did ali go to school?

iii. Imperative
 Where some order is passed,
Like sit down.
Or any request,
Please give me a pen,
Or any advice is given.
Early wake up.
Or any recommendation is given.

iv. Exclamatory sentence

Which shows a strong emotion.
Hurray! Ah! We lost the match.
Baat number 3:
Components of a sentence:
Two components:

 Subject
 Predicate
e.g., ali went to school.
Subject is the hero of your sentnce.
Ali is the subject here.
and rest of the sentence is predicate.
e.g., liaqat was killed.
Was killed, is predicate.

Note: kuch sentences main subject use karnay ki zarurat nahi

hoti implied hota, understood hota.
e.g., please sit down.
Iss main menay yay class say kaha.

Baat number 4.
Addition to sentence.
e.g.,
Ali went to school ( for studying.
And
Ali went to school ( because he wanted to study.

For studying is a phrase here.

Yay group of words hotay hain jo k addition kar daitay hain
magar separately meaning convey nahi kartay.
Whereas
Because wanted to study.
Aisa group of words jis main subject b ho aur wo khud say b
meaning day raha ho. Is called a clause.
.e.g,
He was sitting ( on the wall.
Here on the wall is a phrase.
e.e.,
he has a chain which is made of gold.
Which is made of gold is a clause.

Note: difference between clause and sentence.

Ans: clause b sentnce he hai, but it is attached with any other
sentence to give more information. But it is different from
phrase as it igves information.
Next topic:

Parts of speech:
Jaisay tool ka aik mechanic ko pata hona chahiye.
There are nine parts of speech..

1. Noun:
It is name of any object, space, person, or thing.
e.g., boy, asim, city, Lahore, laptop, phone, pizza, mango,
apple, feelings b noun hain, love and hatred.
Situations, such as meeting, session,
Everything we can touch, smell or think about will probably
be a noun.
decision, judgement,
2. Pronoun:
It is the word to replace the noun and avoid its repition.
She, he, it, this, that. Those, they, them,
 3. Adjective::
This is a word which modifies the noun. Adds menaing to
noun.
e.g.,
this is a pen
pen is a noun.
this is a broken pen.
This is a beautiful pen.
Expensive pen, blue pen.
Note: generally it is used before the noun. Then it is called.
Atributive adjective
Sometimes is used after the pen.
This pen is beautiful.
Then it is predicative adjective.
When it is away from the noun.

4. Verb:
It is the word which modifies or tells about
Any action or any state (surat e haal)
 Ali plays cricket.
Plays is a verb, it tells an action.
Ali is ill.
Ill is telling about a situation.
He was ill or Is ill.
Recap:
Total nine parts of speech.
Noun, pronoun, adjective, verb,
Note: will be, (be) is also a verb.

End lecture
clause and phrase, phrase does not give meaning and does not have subject.

I have a chain is made of gold.

today’s topic:

adverb:
it works in three ways.

i. It modifies verb, and gives us information about the verb.

ii. It gives us information about any adjective.
iii. It also gives information about another adverb.

She plays
She: is pronoun:

Plays: is verb,

And if we add the manner of playing,

She plays beautifully, energetically, slowly,

All these are adverb.

e.g.,

aysha sings nicely, ayesha sings loudly,

generally adverbs end on l y.

but in some cases there can be exceptional cases,

such as: “fast,

ii. adverb modifying adjective

she is a beautiful girl

beautiful is adjective,

and if we add “verry” beautiful.

Then very will be adverb here modifying adjective.

e.g.,

This building is expensive

Expensive is adjective.

Adverb can be placed with expensive.

Such as

This building is immensely expensive.

iv. Adverb modifying another adverb:

She runs slowly

Slowly is adverb here.

She runs very slowly.

In this way, very and slowly are both adverbs.

4. preposition
Its definition is bayhooda.

But we can get it through example.

She is in the garden.

I agree with your proposal

She is fond of singing.

Definition:

These show the connection of the nouns with the place or another noun.

Conjunction:
These are those words which connect two words or two sentences.

e.g.,

asim and ali.

And is conjunction.

Asim, as wel as ali.

But, although, however, yet, therefore, hence,

Articles:
These are three words

A an, and the,

A and an: are indefinite articles.

The:is definite articles.

Interjection:

These are those words which express a strong emotion.

Hurray! I have won the match.

Alas! We have lost the match.

Tenses: of six and seven class:

i. Active voice
ii. Passive voice
 12 active voice.

8 passive voice.

These 20 are the basis of english tenses.

Active voice:
i. Present tense: ii. Past tense: iii. Future tense:

i. Present indefinite:
This is the sentence which has three types of sentences.

 Ta ti tay hain.
He talks to me, she does not answer my call. Sun sets in the west.
All these are in present indefinite.
Subject plus verb plus remaining sentence / predicate.
S or e.s are added with the verb.

Negative of these are formed by:

Does not or do not are added in the sentence.

Interrogative form:
Does or do: come in the beginning.
Does she go to school?
Do I go to school?
Do they go to school?

Fourth use:
Interrogative negative.
Kya wo school nahi jata?
Does he not go to school?
Do I not go to school?

Note:

I do not go to school

Don’t go to school, they can be contracted.

Note:
Don’t I go to school?
Aisay b likha ja sakta hai.
Practice:
Zara cooks food
Zara does not cook food.
Zara doesn’t cook food.
Does zara cook food?
Does zara not cook food?
Doesn’t zara cook food?
All these can be made like this.

Subai hakoomat har saal mulazimeen par naye taxes

lagati hai.
Provincial government imposes new taxes on the people
every year.
This sentence is also in present definite.

Form II of the same tense:

When any state is presented, “haalat”
Wo bimar hun
Ye mera pen hai.
Tum udas ho
You are ill
He is ill
Negative
She is not ill
You are not ill.
Contracted:
Isn’t ill.
I amn’t ill.
You aren’t ill.
Interrogative
Is she ill?
Interrogative negative”
Is she not ill?
Isn’t she ill?
These are simple present/present definte.
When any state is presented.

End file.
Third case:

Present possession form:

Urdu main

Mere pas pen hai,

Uss k pass kitab hai.

I have a pen.

She has a book.

Isski negative bananay main aksar ghalti ho jati hai.

I do not have a pen.

Contracted:

I don’t have a pen.

Kuch bachy issko aise likh dete hai.

I have not a pen. Crossed.

Corrected: she does not have a pen.

She does not has a pen. Ye nai ho ga.

Contracted:

She doesn’t have a pen.

Interrogative:

Do I have a pen? Kya aapky saabun main namak hai?

Negative interrogative

Do I not have a pen?

For he/she,

Does she have a pen?

Does she not have a pen?

Practice:

Saira k pas aik khoobsurat gharri hai.

Saira has a beautiful caaaaaaaar.

Saira k pas khoobsurat ghari nahi hai.

Saira does not have a beautiful caaaar, ferrari.

Kya Pakistan k pas atom bomb hai?

Does Pakistan have nuclear bomb?

Tumhary pas iss nokri k liye required tajurba nahi hai.

You do not have required the experience for this job.

Present continuous tense:

Rha rhi, rhy hain, bla bla bla.

e.g.,

wo school ja raha hai.

Saira papers dy rhi hai.

Subject plus is/am/are plus verb1 + ing. And then predicate.

For making negative:

Is/am/are k baad NOT aata hai.

He is playing cricket

Negative

He is not playing cricket and

Interrogative

Is he playing cricket?

Negative interrogative

Is he not playing cricket?

e.g.,

Pakistan GB main bhasha dam bana rha hai.

Pakistan is building Bhasha dam in GB.

Additional phrase:

Pakistan bilji ka bohraan khatam karnay k liye gb main basha dam bana rha hai.

For eliminating electricity crisis, Pakistan is building Diamer basha dam in gb.

To end power crisis, Paks is constructing.

Pak is constructing basha dam in gb to end power crisis.

Such sentences are used in the english essay.

Around 250 sentences are written in the entire essay for the adequate length of 2500 words.

Present perfect tense:

It is one of the sentences, where candidates make mistakes.

Students usually commit mistakes in this tense.

 There are three types of sentences in present perfect tense.

Type one:

Chuka hai, chuki hai, chukay hain.

e.g.,

main ye kitab parh chuka hun.

I have read this book.

Ameer match khel chuka hai.

Ameer has played and given walkover the match.

Subject plus has/have plus verb3, then predicate.

In negative:

Has/have k baad NOT. Aaye ga.

I have played cricket.

Has/have is helping verb here.

Main verb is “played” here.

Negative:

I have not played cricket.

interrogative

Have I played cricket?

Have I not played cricket?

Singlular noun: she/he? K sath HAS aye ga.

She has played cricket.

Negative:

She has not played cricket.

Interrogative
Has she played cricket?

Practice:

America samajhta hai k iran atom bomb bana chuka hai.

America presumes that Iran has developed atom bomb.

Main 2018 main css ka imtihan day chuka hun.

I have taken the css attempt in 2018.

Type 2: of present perfect:

Ye confusing type sa hota. Apparently.

e.g.,

I have washed the car.

But sometimes yub hota hai k,

Rakhna, possession,

Its english is: “HAVE” pass hona, ya rakhna.

Its forms are: have, had, had,

Main ye car pehle b rakh chuka hun.

I have already had this car.

Main ye car rakh chuka hun.

Wo qaabil e aitbar aadmi nahi hai. Main ussay apna dost rakh chuka hun.

He is not a trustworthy man. I have had him my friend.

Aur
Main 25 may ke party rakh chuka hun.

I have had a party on 25 may.

Practice:

Kya wazeer e azam isteefa day chuka hai?

Has the pm resigned?

To be continued
We have done present perfect. Tense:

Now:

Third use of present perfect

Present perfect continuous

What is present perfect

Present continuous plus time = to present perfect continuous

I am going to school : main school ja raha hun.

Main itnay time say school ja raha hun. Then it will become present perfect
continuous.

What is the formula to form such sentence?

Subject plus has been/have been plus verbe1ing. Then object then since /for
and time.

e.g.,

I main doh ghantay say school ja raha hun.

I have been going to school for two hours.

Subject: I, have been, plus, verb ING, going, then for two hours.

Wo doh din say cricket khail rahi hai.

She has been playing cricket for two days.

Note: generally we commit mistakes in such sente3nces of two or three types.

 Since for mistake,

 People use “from” two hours. Instead of since for.
 And unnecessary use of present perfect. E.g.,
I am playing cricket. People use I have been playing cricket.

Use of since and for:

Since: for:

We use since when we have point of time.

Point of time, means koi kam kab shuru hua wo bata dia jata hai.
Main subha say school ja raha hun.
Main shaam say school ja raha hun.
Wo 2009 say css ke tyari kar rahi hai. Since 2009.
Hum pakistan k azadi walay din say cricket khail rahay hain, since the day of independece.
Wo mungal say muj say larai kar raha hai.
Eid say, shabraat say, shadi walay din say,
In short any given point of time.

And when our focus is on the period without its beginning or point of starting,
But the overall time frame,
Wo doh din say school ja raha hai, doh saal say, doh decades ay,
For two days, for two decades, for two centuries.
For two minutes b ho sakta hai.

Practice:
Pakistan 197`1 say maashi mushkiliaat ka saamna kar raha hai.
Pakistan has been facing financial challenges since 1971.
Exception cases:

In some cases, time is not visible, but understood.

In urdu, “taa raha hai, ti rahi hun, tay rahay hain, “ aata ahi.

Main tab say parhata raha hun. Maali plants ko paani daita raha hai.

I have been teaching the students, the gardener has been watering the plants.

He has been washing the car. (since you went to the market.)

Yay since or far k bina b aa jatay hain.

Practice:

Pak 2012 say basha dam bana rha hai but ye abi tak incomplete hai.

Pak has been constructing basha dam since 2012 but it is still incomplete.

Practice:

,main chaar din say cricket khaiil rha hun.

I have been playing cricket for four days.

Ab

Main chaar din pehle say cricket khail rha hun.

I have been playing cricket since four days back.

Practice

Main bohut saalo say cricket khail rha hun.

I have been playing crikcet for many days.

Main lambay arsay say cricket khail rha hun.

I have been playing cricket for a long time.

main kai saal pehle say cricket khail rha hun.

I have been playing cricket since many years ago.

Note: starting point k liye, since, if focus on the duration, then ‘for’ will be used.

Ago, back, shifts the focus from the duration to point of time.

Onlhy follow the rule, don’t follow common ghalt ul aam things.

Like: it is me, is incorrect, is am are, k baad pronoun subjective aata hai.

Such things are common errors.

Jo kaam maazi main shru huay, aur maazi main he
khatam ho gaya.
Main school gya, mainay cricket khaila, mainay paani peeya.

main school jata tha, khailta tha.

Formula:

Subject plus verbe2: plus predicate.

e.g.,

I played cricket

Jinnah nay pak banaya.

Jjinnah founded pakistan.

Negative:

Did not k saath.

Formula:

Subject: plus did not: verb 1, then predicate. Remaining part of

sentence.

I did not play cricket.

Interrogative:
Did pehlay aa jaye ga.

Did he cook food?

Did plus subject: verb 1, and remaining part of sentence.

Note:

Maazi main jo b hum baat kartay hain 90 percent, past indefinite

hoti hain.

Yay aik ghantay pehle wala b kaam ho sakta hai.

Aur one million years pehlay wala kaam b.

Allah nay duniya banai.

Allah created the world.

I played cricket.

I went to school yesterday.

Note: yay rule kahin nai hai k mazi door main past perfect use hota
hai.

Pak nay world bank ki hadayat k bawajood kala bag dam nahi
banaya.

Pakistan, despite the instruction of WB, did not construct KBD>

1977 main zia nay martial naafis kia, aur bhutto k arrest kia.
In 1977, Zia imposed martial law and arrested bhutto.

Practice:

Abi 8 o clock bajjay hain. , aur Mainay doh bajjay cricket khaili.

I played cricket at 2 pm.

Note: jahan today, use ho jata hai, it is the murder of the past simple tense, therefore, we will use,
“present perfect sentence.”

End file.
Past indefinite continued:

other types
main bimaar tha,
tum khamosh thy,
I was ill,
You were silent.
Were you ill?
You were not ill.
Was I ill?
was I not Ill?

Practice:
1947 main pakistan ka khazanah khaali tha.
In 1947, the exchequer of Pakistan was empty.
The exchequer of Pakistan was empty in 1947.

Use of possession in past:

Mery pass car thi.
I had a car.
Mere pass car nahi thi.
I did not have a car.
Did I have a car?
Did I not have a car?
1947 main pakistan k pass bohut sari factories nahi theen.
Pakistan did not have so many factories in 1947.
Hamaray relations main bohut saaray masail thay.
There were so many issues in our relationship.

Past continuous:
Wo khail raha tha, wo pani pee raha tha, wo ameer hamza
jhoot bol rha tha.
Subject: plus was/were/ plus verb1ING.
He was playing
I was not playing
Was I playing or was I not playing?
Jab pakistan nay azadi hasil ki,India bohut sari industries laga
raha tha.
When Pakistan got independence, India was setting up many
industries.
Kya Muslims palestinians ki madad kar rahay thay?
Were Muslims helping out the Palestinians?

Past perfect:
Apparently: three types k aatay hain past perfect.
1. Jin sentences k end per Chuka tha. Aata hai.
e.g., main khail chuka tha, main khana kha chuka tha,
subject: plus had: plus verb3: eaten, ended, helped, plus
remaining sentence.
I had played cricket.
NegativeH:
I had not played cricket.

Jinnah 47 say pehlay Muslim league join kar chukay thay.

Jinnah had joined Muslim league before 1947.
 Interrogative:
Kya wazir e azam assemblies torr chukka tha?
Had the PM dissolved the assemblies?
Meray station per pohnchnay say pehlay train ja chuki thi.
The train had left before I arrived at the station.
Note: the train had left before my reaching the station.
Yahan per as a gerund use hua hai.

Another type:

Main car ko saaf chuka tha.

I had washed the car.

Exception: main car rakh chuka tha.

I had had the car.

Main usko apna dost rakh chuka tha.

I had had him my friend.

Main ussay apna dost rakh chuika hun.

I have had him my friend.

Past perfect continuous:

Formula:

Past continuous plus time.

Past continuous: main school ja raha tha.

Aur

Main doh din say school ja raha tha: perfect continuous.

Subject: had been verb ING form: plus object, plus since/for then time.

Pakistan 1958 say PIA ki performance improve karnay ke koshish kar raha tha.

Pakistan had been trying to improve the performance of PIA since 1958.

Formula for negative:

She had not been cooking for two hours.

Interrogative:

Had she been cooking for two hours?

Negative interrogative:

Had she not been cooking for two hours?

Note:
Sometimes perfect continuous time k bina b aa jata hai.

Ap kya kar rahay thay?

Main gharri dhotta raha tha.

I had / have been washing the car.

Future indefinite:
Main school jaun ga. Main khailun ga.

Subject: will/shall, plus, verb1.

Pakistan kbd banaye ga.

Pak will construct kbd.

Negative:
I will not play. ‘not” right after will,

Interrogative: will/shall bahir aa jata hai.

Will I play?

Shall I play?

Negative interrogative:

Shall I not play?

In old English:

I and we: k sath shall use hota tha.

But in modern english. Will is used everywhere.

Main 2025 main css main appear hun ga.

I will appear in css exam in 25.

Pak 27 main basha dam ki tameer mukammal karay ga.

Pak will complete the contruction of basha dam in 2027.

Note:

Jab iqbal nay jinnah say politics ko join karnay ke darkhwast ki uss waqt hindu Muslims k liye massail
paida kar rahay thay.

When iqbal requested jinnah to join poltics, at that time Hindus wer creating problems for the Muslims.

End:
 future indefinite:

main school jaun ga

wo school jai ga:

one type which is very simple.

Other type:

Jin main “honay” ka zikar hota hai.

Which translates to “be”

Its forms:

Be, was, been.

Like go went gone, ke tarha iski be was been hoti hain.

Have ke forms:

Have, had, had. hoti hain.

Rakhna aur honay main, confusion ho jati hai.

Main jaun ga.

I will go,

Main rakhu ga.

I shall have.

Main hoon ga.

I shall be.
Practice:

Main aik car rakhu ga.

I shall have a car.

Main aik car nahi rakhu ga.

I shall not have a car.

Sawaliye:

Shall I go?

Shall I have a car?

Sawliiye manfi:

Shall I not have a car?

Main hoon ga,

Main sehat mand hoon ga.

I shall be healthy.

Mian bimar nahi hoon ga.

I shall not be ill.

Kya main bimar hoon ga?

Shall I be ill?

Sawaliye manfi:

Shall I not be ill?

Future continuous: tense:
Raha ho ga, rahay hon gay, rahi ho gi.
Subject plus shall be/will be, verb ING form. Then
predicate.

Main crikcet khail raha hoon ga.

I shall be playing crikcet.
Negative:
I shall not be plaing cricket.
Interrogative
Shall I be playing cricket?
N I:
Shall I not bre playing cricket?

Wo pakistan ka wazeer e azam hoga:

He will be the PM of Pakistan.
Future continuous:
He will be becoming PM of Pakistan.

Future perfect tense:

There are three types of sentence in future tense:

First type: chuka hoon ga. Chuki ho ghe,

Main cricket khail chuka hoon ga.
Formula:
Subject: plus shall have, plus verb3. Plus remaining
sentence.
I shall have played cricket.
I shall not have played cricket.
Interrogative
Shall I have played cricket?
I N:
Shall I have not played cricket?
Pakistan KBD bana chuka ho ga.
Pak will have constructed kbd.
Kya pakistan world cup jeet chuka ho ga?
Will Pakistan have won the world cup?

ii. second type of future tense:

main aik car rakh chuka hoon ga.
I shall have had a car. Yay zyada nai use hota.

iii.

future perfect continuous:

formula:
future continuous plus time:
“main cricket khail raha hoon ga” simple future
continuous.

Future perfect continous: Main doh din say cricket

khail raha hoon ga”

Formula: will have been, ya shall have been.

Verb ING: form:

Since/ for: plus remaining sentence:
Main doh din say khail raha hun ga.
I shall have been playing for two days.

Shall I have been playing cricket for two days?

I N:
Shall I not have been playing cricket for two days?
Future perfect continous: continued:
Wo doh saal say apni aik assignment par kaam kar
rahi ho ghe.
She will have been working on her assignment for
two years.

Recap of the today lecture:

Future indefinite: main gari chalaun ga. I shall drice the car.

Main prowdo rakhoon ga.

I shall have a pradow.

Main cricket hoon ga.

I shall be a cricketer.

Yay teeno future tense hain.

2. Future continuous:

Yay kaam ho raha ho ga.

Main khail raha hun ga, main jaa raha hun ga.

I shall be going,

formula: subject plus shall be, plus verb ING.

I shall be contesting the elections of 2024.

3. future perfect:

Main yay kaam kar chuka hoon ga.

Shall have plus verb form 3.

Main jaa chuka hoon ga

Main examination pass kar chuka hoon ga.

Pakistan will have constructed the kbd.

Future perfect continuous:

Main falaan waqt say parh raha hun ga.

I shall have been working/eating/ sleeping on it for two years.

There is a slight difference between future continuous and future perfect

continuous.

Perfect continuous tab banta hai jab time sentence k saath lag kar gatai k yay
kam kab say shru hua ho ga.

Wo 2027 main css main appear ho raha ho ga.

He will be appearing in css in 2027.

Wo 2020 say css main appear ho raha ho ga.

He will have been appearing in css since 2020.

Main 1986 main cricket khail raha tha/

I was playing cricket in 1986.

Main 1986 say cricket khail raha tha.

I had been playing cricket since 1986.

End file
Indirect questioning:

Wo kahan rehti hai.

Where does she live?
Main jaanna chahta tha k wo kahan rehti hai.
I wanted to known where she lived.
Tumhara naam kya hai
Whats your name
Tell me what your name is.
Tell me where the washroom are.

Rule: jub koi question is asked in an indirect format.

Then so, while translating it in english, helping verb jo bill
amoom jumlay k aghaaz main aa jata hai hum ussko follow
nahi kartay. Or question mark b nahi aata end par.
e.g.,
practice and common errors:
wo kahan cricket khailta hai?
Where does he play cricket?
 Har koi jaanta hai k wo kahan cricket khailta hai.
Everyone knows where he plays cricket.
Tum kaha jaa rahay ho.
Where are you going?
Kya tum mujay batao gay k tum kaha jaa rahay ho?
Will you tell me where you are going?
Note: yaha question mark aay ga, because helping verb
starting main hai.
Dehshat gardo nay kahan hamla kia?
Where did terrorists attack?
Koi nai janta tha dehshat gardo nay kaha hamla kia.
Noone knew that where the terrorists attacked.

Rule: past followed by past:

Sometimes apparently aik jumla present ka hota hai but in
reality, wo past ka hota hai.
Aur aisay sentences ko past main he translate kartay hain.
Practice:
Menay cricket khaili,
I played cricket, simple.
Aur, main cricket khelta hun.
Simple, I play cricket,
But but but, agar jumla yay ho.
Mainay ussay bataya k main cricket khailta hun.
I told him that I played cricket.
Ghor karain, hum maazi main kisi ko bata rahay hain k main
khailta tha, therefore, both the parts will be in past.
Angraizi hogi isski
I told him that I played cricket.
Menay uss say poocha k wo kahan rehta hai.
Yay daikhnay main aik hissa past main hai aur doosra present
main, magar yay sara ka sara past main hai.
I asked him where he lived.
Main khayal tha k wo cricket khailta hai,
I thought that he played cricket.
Exceptional case:
Main cricket khailta tha aur main ab b cricket khailta hun.
I used to play cricket and I still play cricket.
Another case:
Mainay faisla kia k main crickedt khailun ga.
Bachay karain gay.
I decided that I will play cricket,
But will ka maazi would hota hai.
I decided that I would play cricket.

Mujay lagta tha k mera koi dost nahi hai.

I was of the view that I had no friend.
Sir, “I thought that I had no brother. Or, I thought that I did not
have any brother. Both are correct.
Passive voice:

Yay wo type hai jahan subject k saath kuch ho raha hota hai .

Types:

Present passive

Past passive

Future passive:

Yay b teen zamano main hotay hain.

passive voice in present:

urdu main examples
cricket khaili jaati hai.
Bacho ko ;parahaya jaata hai.
Formula:
Subject plus is/am/are, plus verb 3.
Cricket khaili jasti hai.
Cricket is played.
Negative:
Cricket is not played.
Interrogative
Is cricket played?
Interrogative negative
Is cricket not played?

Practice:
Ghar pathar say banaya jaata hai.
A House is built with stone and brick.
Bacho ko nahi parhaya jaata hai.
Children are not taught.

passove vpoce present continuous

Urdu main example
Chabo ko parhaya jaa raha hai
Cricket khaili jaa rahi hai.
Formula:
Subject plus is/am /are, plus being plus verb 3.
Example: Cricket is being played
Negative
Cricket is not being played.
Is cricket being played?
Practice
Bhasha dam gilgit main banaya jaa raha hai
Basha dam is being bilt in gilgit.
Dehshat gardon par hamlay kiye jaa rhaay hain
Attacks are being launched on terrorists.
Or
Terrorists are being attacked.

PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE VOICE:

Urdu main shakal
Cricket khaili jaa chuki hai.
Class khatam ho chuki hai.
Paani pia jaa chuka hai.
Formula:
subject plus has been/have been, plus verb 3.
Cricket khaili jaa chukit hai.
Cricket has been played.
Negative:
Cricket has not been played.
Interrogative:
Has cricket been played?
KBD DAM BANAYA JAA CHUKA HAI.
kbd has been constructed.
Ussay bataya ja chuka hai k wo lahore jai ga.
He has been informed that he will go to Lahore.
Match bari ke waja say multavi kia jaa chuka hai
The match has been postponed due to rain.
Or the match has been called off due to rain.

Today we covered fived stuctures.

Passive voice: past indefinite:

URDU MIAN ISS KE SHAKAL

cricket khaili gai

cricket khaili jati thi

ussay school baija gaya

formula:

subject: plus was/were plus verb 3.

Cricket khaili gai

Cricket was played

KDB NAHI BANAYA GAYA

KBD WAS NOT CONSTRUCTED.

KYA USSAY SAZA DEE GAI?

WAS HE PUNISHED?

NEGATIVE:

WAS HE NOT PUNISHED?

LIAQAT ALI KO 1951 MAIN QATAL KAR DIA GAYA

LIAQAT ALI KAHN WAS ASSASSINATED IN 1951.

Active voice banao iss sentence ko.

Someone assassinated liaqat ali khan in 1951.

Passive voice past continuous tense:

Dam banaya ja raha tha.

Bacho ko vaccined dee ja rahi thi.

Formula:

Subject: plus was/were plus being plus thrid form of verb.

Yay present continous he hai, just was were ka difference hai.

Dam was being constructed.

Cricket nahi khaili ja rahi thi.

Cricket was not being played.

Kya bacho ko saza dee ja rahi thi?

Were the children being punished?

Combo senence practice:

Jub mainay bator assisstant commissioner kaam karna shuru kia, toh
deshat gardi k khilaf jung larri ja rahi thi.

When I started working as AC, the fight against terrorism was being made.

Sir,

When I started to wrk as an ac, the war against terrorism was being fought.

Past perfect passive voice:

Urdu main

Cricket khaili jaa chuki thi.

Qatal kia ja chuka tha.

Formula:

Subject: had been plus verb 3.

Cricket had been played.

Cricket had not been played.

Practice:

Kya tum samajhtay ho, 2020 say pehlay kala bag dam banaya ja chuka tha?

Do you think that KBD had been constructed before 2020?

Note: perfect continuoous passive voice nahi hota:

FUTURE INDEFINITE PASSIVE VOICE:

Urud mian

Cricket khaili jai ghe.

Crickedt will be played.

Imtihan lia ja chuka ho ga.

Formula:

Subject: plus: will be/ shall be plus third form of verb.

Cricket will be played.

Cricket will not be played.

Will cricket be played?

Will cricket not be played?

Ussay PM banaya jai ga.

He will be made PMm of Pakistan.

Note: will be: three places par use hota hai.

Wo pakistan ka pm ho ga. Yay future indefinite hai, aur active voice hai.

Jesay, he will play, he will be pm of pakistan.

Second,

Wo cricket khail raha ho ga. Future continous aur active voice hai.

He will be playing cricket.

Ussay maar dia jai ga, future passive voice, indefinite.

He will be killed.

Similarly, has been, b different tarha say use aur jaga par use ho jata ahi.

Pracgtice of will be:

Kdb 2025 main complete kia jai ga.

Kbd will be completed in 2025.

Future continous main koi passive voice nahi hoga.

Future perfect: the last tense:

Cricket khaili ja chuki ho gi.

Formula: Subject: plus will have been/shall have been: plus third form of
verb.

Cricket will have been played.

Kdb tameer kia ja chuka ho ga.

Kdb will have been constructed.

 Note: will have been, active voice main b use hotay hauin.

Subah say barish ho rahi ho gi.

It will have been raining since morning.

It will have been raining for two hours.

Practice:

Mujrim ko saza dee ja chuki ho gi.

The criminal will have been punished.

Quick overview:

Active and passive practice together:

Cricket is played.
Present continous
I am playing cricket
Passive: cricket is being played.
Present perfect:
I have played cricket.
Cricket has been played.
Note: it has been raining since morning, iss ka passive nahi
hota.
Present complete active passive.

Past active and passive:

Menay cricket khaili
I played cricket.
Cricket was played.
I was playing cricket.
Cricket had been played.
Past perfect:
I have played cricket.
Cricket had been played.
Past perfect continous.
It had been raining since that morning.

Future:
I will play cricket,
Cricket will be played.
Future continous.
I will be playing cricket.
Future perfect:
I will have played cricket.
Cricket will have been played.
Future perfect continuous.
It has been raining for two hours.

End file