Highly Efficient Ultra-Wide Band MIMO

Patch Antenna Array for Short Range

THz Applications

Mandeep Singh, Simranjit Singh, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam

Abstract In this chapter, a highly efficient and ultra-wideband MIMO patch antenna
array are studied and analyzed for short-range sub terahertz wireless communica-
tions. The polyimide material with thickness 50 μm and a dielectric constant of 3.5
is used as the substrate material. First, a single octagonal shape patch antenna is
developed from a rectangular shape patch antenna then such an octagonal antenna is
optimized by using a genetic algorithm (GA) for the terahertz frequency range. The
microstrip line feed with 50  impedance is used to feed the radiating patch for proper
impedance matching between the source and load. Furthermore, to tackle the highly
attenuated, path loss environment for the terahertz frequency range, a 4 × 2 MIMO
patch antenna array is developed by using the proposed optimized antenna. From the
measured results, it is found that the developed MIMO antenna array is resonating
on 0.660 and 0.833 THz frequency with an effective −23.98 dB and −29.29 dB
reflection coefficient, respectively. The developed antenna is efficiently covering
57.96% bandwidth. The optimized antenna has maximum directivity 9.77 dB and
gain 8.28 dB within the resonance band. Also, the mutual coupling between the
antenna element is low as the transmission coefficient and envelope correlation coef-
ficient (ECC) is less than −14 dB and 0.01 between the respective MIMO antenna
element. The proposed MIMO antenna array can be a good candidate for future
short-range terahertz wireless applications.

Keywords Terahertz · MIMO · Bandwidth · Antenna

M. Singh (B) · S. Singh

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala
147002, Punjab, India
e-mail: mswalia23@[Link]
M. T. Islam
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 Bangi, Malaysia

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 193
A. Biswas et al. (eds.), Emerging Trends in Terahertz Engineering and System
Technologies, [Link]
194 M. Singh et al.

1 Introduction

The modern world’s reliance on digital technologies and the use of high-speed
internet in exchanging information, images, photographs, and videos has put a
burden on the present microwave electromagnetic spectrum. New frequency bands
are needed to meet customer requirements. It is continuously observed from the last
three decades that wireless traffic is projected to be double every eighteen months
[1]. The fifth-generation (5G) network is already moved to the millimeter waves
to fulfill the demands of high-speed networks. According to the Federal Commu-
nications Commission (FCC), the millimeter-wave from 24 to 100 GHz has been
allotted for 5G millimeter-wave-based communications. Recently, it is significantly
noted that in developed countries like the USA, China, UK, Canada, and South
Korea 5G networks based upon millimeter wave are already been established and
under trials [2]. Following this trend, it is anticipated that sometime in the next five
to ten years, sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications having data speed of
Terabit-per-second (Tbps) connectivity will become a reality. So, to accommodate
the upcoming demands of higher transmission speeds, FCC has already unlocked
the spectrum around 95 to 3,000 GHz for innovative usage and unlicensed appli-
cations to encourage the advancement of new wireless communication systems [3].
There are some hurdles like atmospheric loss and molecular absorption loss at the
THz regime for wireless communications. But for short-range or indoor wireless
communications, the molecular absorption losses for distances far below 1 m seem
to be almost negligible, and thus the THz band performs as a kind of 3 THz wide
transmission window. Moreover, many resonances become significant for transmis-
sion distances of over 10 m, and the transmission windows become shorter. From
the past experiments, it is observed that some low loss transmission windows like
w1 = [0.38–0.44 THz], w2 = [0.45–0.52 THz], w3 = [0.62–0.72 THz], and w4 =
[0.77–0.92 THz] can be a good option for future high-speed short-range wireless
communication in the terahertz band. The influence of molecular absorption loss
inside each transmission window is marginal, well under 10 dB/km [4, 5]. Nonethe-
less, the total path loss is very strong due to the scattering loss, which encourages the
utilization of highly efficient antennas as well as advanced MIMO antenna system
technologies. The significant disadvantage for the terahertz communications network
is the atmospheric loss as already mentioned. As reported, to resolve this challenge,
the high-power transmitters and efficient detectors need to be developed [5–7].
The planar antennas can play a revolutionary role to realize the terahertz short-
range wireless communications due to its significant properties like compact size,
ease of fabrications, and low cost. Despite several advantages, it has some disad-
vantages like narrow bandwidth and low gain which can’t be considered in proper
utilization of terahertz band for communications. But one can increase the gain, band-
width, and efficiency of the antenna by deploying some techniques like slot inside
patch, defected ground surface, use of multiple layers of substrate, etc. Also, the
on-chip deployment of MIMO antenna array is only possible by utilizing the planar
Highly Efficient Ultra-Wide Band MIMO Patch Antenna Array … 195

antenna. Otherwise, it will be not possible by using horn antenna, lens antenna, and
Yagi-Uda antenna [8, 9].
If we speak about the previous research, for several terahertz applications several
researchers recorded terahertz antenna. Some of the most generally recognized tera-
hertz antennas, to the best of the author ‘s knowledge, are mentioned here. Several
researchers achieved a high degree of directness and gain by designing lens antenna,
leaky-wave antenna, reflector-based antenna, and Yagi-Uda antenna but at the cost
of a large, voluminous, and complex three-dimensional structure [10–16]. Because
of their large and complicated configurations, compatibility of the these kinds of
antenna with the on-chip processor is thus unlikely. So, the antenna researchers
switch to planar antenna configuration with on-chip integration. Hossein. D and
Behbod. G had developed a highly efficient wideband THz antenna having a band-
width of 118% (0.434–1.684 THz) and a maximum gain of 5.72 dB [17]. Singh
proposed a multiband antenna using a photonic band structure resonating at the THz
frequency with a peak gain of 10.5 dB [18]. Mittal developed a planar antenna at
0.63 THz frequency by using the polyimide substrate and achieved 7.93 dB gain
for defense applications [19]. Hocini et al. in Ref. [20] developed five THz patch
antennas based on a modified photonic bandgap (PBG) substrate in the frequency
range from 0.5 to 0.8 THz and obtained maximum 9.19 dB gain. Paul et al. proposed
a compact size wideband antenna for THz band using PBG and DGS techniques
at resonating frequency of 0.703 THz for THz applications and achieved a gain of
5.95 dB [21]. Azam et al. investigated the graphene patch antenna at resonating
frequency of 6.8 THz, 6.94 THz, 7.1 THz, and 7.13 THz with a peak gain of 16.7 dB
[22]. Jha et al. proposed a dual-band antenna resonating on 0.6 and 0.8 THz with
peak gain 10.9 dB and bandwidth 11.6% [23]. Kushwaha et al. proposed a dual-band
novel antenna using a photonic crystal with a peak gain of 7.94 dB and 10.1% band-
width [24]. Zhou et al. [25] presented a tunable compact size antenna at 1.03 THz
by using the graphene as the conducting patch and get 9.7% bandwidth. Anand et al.
[26] proposed the antenna at 0.75 THz by using the graphene nanoribbon wires for
tea hertz applications and achieved 5.09 dB gain with 6.67% bandwidth. Tamagone
et al. [26] presented at reconfigurable THz antenna at resonance 0.8 THz and achieved
radiation efficiency of 93%. Jha et al. [27] proposed a dual-band antenna by using the
double-layer substrate technique with a peak gain of 7.968 dB. Cheng [28] increased
the gain of an antenna by using epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterial superstrate
and found that the peak gain of the antenna is increased from 5.37 to 7.79 dB.
The numerous methodologies, such as PBG, electronics bandgap (EBG), DGS,
multilayered structures, nanoribbon wires, and complex substrate content, are used to
increase the antenna’s gain, bandwidth, and efficiency performance. From literature,
it is found that mostly antennas are resonating on different bands, didn’t cover the
low loss transmission window. Some are suffering from low gain, narrow bandwidth,
large size. Also, most of the authors developed only the single antenna element for
traditional single input single output communications systems but to realize the high-
speed communications in the terahertz regime, there is a need to develop and analyze
the MIMO antenna design.
196 M. Singh et al.

2 Design of Single Antenna Element for Terahertz

Applications

2.1 Design of Proposed Single Antenna Element

To develop the proposed terahertz planar antenna, a polyimide substrate material

having a dielectric constant of 3.5 and height 50 μm is used. The copper with thick-
ness of 2.1 μm is chosen as the conducting material. The dimension of rectangular
patch is computed by using the equations below [29]. Here the length and width of
the rectangular patch are calculated by using Eqs. (1–2)

(2N + 1) λ
Pl = √ × − L (1)
εeff 2
(2N + 1) λ
Pw =  × (2)
εr +1 2
2

where N is an integer, effective, and relative dielectric constants are given by εeff and
εr, respectively. Also, the following expression may be used to measure the upper
limit of substrate thickness h to mitigate the surface wave effect in the printed circuit
board.
λ
h= √
4 εr

And the effective dielectric constant has been computed by using equation a
 
εr + 1 εr − 1 h −1/2
εreff = + 1 + 12 (3)
2 2 Pw

And here due to fringing effect, the increase in length is given by using the
following equation
 Pw 
(εreff + 0.3) + 0.264
L = 0.412h  h
 (4)
(εreff − 0.258) Phw + 0.8

The length (L f ) and width (F w ) of 50  transmission feed line is calculated by

[30]
 
1 9.5138h
Fw = √ − t (5)
0.8 e λ(εeff + 1.41)/Pw

L f = (2M + 1) × λ/2 (6)

Highly Efficient Ultra-Wide Band MIMO Patch Antenna Array … 197

Table 1 The various dimension of patch antenna developed for terahertz communications (μm)
Sa 400 Pw 230.14
Sb 400 Ra 112.69
Sc 392.98 Rb 109.29
Sd 376.12 Fw 28.34
Pl 271.11 Fa 30.06

Here, M is an integer and h is the substrate thickness (Table 1).

2.2 Performance Evaluation of Proposed Antenna

Here in this section, the different stages to develop a highly efficient and ultra-
wideband planar antenna are discussed. First, the low profile rectangular patch
antenna, as shown in Fig. 1a, is developed by using the Eqs. (1–6). In the second, an
octagonal patch is formed into rectangular shape planar antenna as shown in Fig. 1b.
Furthermore, in the third stage to optimized the reflection coefficient and bandwidth
of developed octagonal patch antenna, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used. The octag-
onal patch and ground plane are optimized to achieve the target values as shown in
Fig. 1c. The CST microwave studio is used to design, optimize, and analyze the
proposed antenna for terahertz communications. The time-domain analysis is done
of terahertz antenna. The various performance parameters such as reflection coeffi-
cient, gain, antenna, and radiation efficiency are measured against frequency. Here
in Fig. 2, the frequency versus reflection coefficient is plotted to evaluate the perfor-
mance of antennas at three different stages. From the plot, it is clear that at first
stage, antenna is resonating on the single narrow band at 0.822 THz and having a
reflection coefficient −14.08 dB. So further in the second stage, the octagonal patch
is developed from a rectangular patch antenna, and it is observed that the octagonal

Ground
Patch

(b) Developed Antenna Design B (c) Optimized Antenna Design C

(a) Computed Antenna Design A

Fig. 1 Design and development of new DGS irregular octagonal shape patch antenna at terahertz
198 M. Singh et al.

Fig. 2 Reflection coefficient versus frequency

antenna has dual wideband resonating frequencies. The developed antenna at 2nd
stage is resonating on 0.642 and 0.878 THz with a reflection coefficient −23.4 dB
and −33.42 dB. The developed antenna at stage 2nd is covering 0.605 to 0.683 THz
and 0.762 THz to 1 THz or it can be said that it has 12.14 and 27.08% bandwidth at
the respective resonating band. Furthermore, to enhance the reflection coefficient and
bandwidth, the GA is applied to the 2nd stage antenna. The 3rd final octagonal patch
antenna is transformed into an elliptical octagonal patch antenna with the defected
ground plane. Thus, the 3rd stage antenna has dual-band resonating with ultra-wide
bandwidth.
The 3rd stage proposed antenna is resonating on 0.658 and 0.858 THz with a reflec-
tion coefficient of −35.93 dB and −60.14 dB. Also, after applying the optimization
algorithm, the bandwidth of the 3rd stage antenna enhanced and it is covering the
entire band from 0.618 to 1 THz or can be said it is enhanced to 57.96%. Also, from
Fig. 3, it is noted that the optimized patch antenna has high gain as compared to the
2nd stage patch antenna.
Also, the other important parameters are analyzed and measured for various stages
of terahertz patch antenna and are listed in Table 2. In Fig. 4, the surface current
distribution of optimized patch antenna is shown for both the resonating frequency.
From Fig. 4, it is noticed that for resonating frequency 0.658 and 0.858 THz, the
maximum surface current density of 128 dBm A/m and 131dBm A/m is shown in the
figures. To characterize the radiation character of the optimized antenna, in Fig. 5, a
polar plot is plotted for both the resonating frequencies.
Highly Efficient Ultra-Wide Band MIMO Patch Antenna Array … 199

Fig. 3 Gain versus frequency

Table 2 Measured performance parameters for terahertz antenna of Stage 1st, 2nd and 3rd
Antenna Resonating Reflection Radiation Gain Directivity Bandwidth
design frequency coefficient efficiency (%) (dB) (dB) (%)
(THz) (dB)
Antenna at 0.822 −14.08 69.8 7.43 8.85 8.91
1st stage
Antenna at 0.642 −23.44 75.42 4.13 5.32 12.14
2nd stage 0.878 −33.62 72.45 6.84 8.22 27.08
Antenna at 0.658 −35.93 75.14 4.38 5.62 57.96
3rd stage 0.858 −60.14 72.85 7.13 8.49

(a) Surface current density at 0.65THz (b) Surface current density at 0.85THz

Fig. 4 Surface current distribution for elliptical octagonal patch antenna at both resonating
frequency
200 M. Singh et al.

E-Plane E-Plane
0 0
H-Plane H-Plane
330 30 330 30
10 10

0 300 60 0 300 60

-10 -10

Gain (dB)
Gain (dB)

-20 270 90 -20 270 90

-10 -10

0 240 120 0 240 120

10 10
210 150 210 150
180 180

(a) Polar plot for 3rd stage developed planar (b) Polar plot for 3rd stage developed planar
antenna at 0.65THz antenna at 0.85THz
( )
Fig. 5 Radiation pattern for optimized patch antenna at dual bands

3 MIMO Antenna for THz Applications

3.1 Design of 4 × 2 MIMO Antenna Array for Short-Range

Wireless Terahertz Wireless

MIMO antenna communications system could provide an effective solution to the

multi-path issue by generating additional signal pathways. Here, MIMO antenna
system mainly consists of multiple antennas and multiple signal paths to acquire
communication channel knowledge. By using a communication link’s spatial dimen-
sion, MIMO systems can achieve significantly higher data rates than traditional single
input single output (SISO) communication channel [31].
In this section, the 4 × 2 MIMO antenna is designed for terahertz applications.
In Section ii, the various stages to develop a highly efficient and wideband antenna
are being discussed and analyzed. So, the optimized antenna element of 3rd stage is
being used to design the 4 × 2 MIMO antenna array.
Here in this arrangement, the eight radiating elements are designed on a single
substrate having dimensions (800 × 1600 × 50) μm as shown in Fig. 6. The perfor-
mance of the MIMO antenna array arrangement is analyzed based upon their various
performance parameters like the reflection coefficient, diversity gain, transmission
coefficient. From Fig. 7, it is noted that each element of MIMO antenna array is
resonating on 0.658 and 0.846 THz frequencies. Also, the mutual coupling between
the antenna elements is plotted in Figs. 8 and 9. It is noted that the transmission
coefficient between the respective antenna elements is less than −13 dB. which is
acceptable for the efficient working of MIMO antenna system.
Diversity gain and ECC are investigated to test the MIMO antenna array’s diver-
sity capabilities. The ECC is used to evaluate the correlation between symmetric
antenna components. To get a higher value of diversity between the MIMO antenna
components, ECC values between the symmetric element must be small. The ECC
is determined using Eq. (7) based on S-parameters and takes into account the form
Highly Efficient Ultra-Wide Band MIMO Patch Antenna Array … 201

Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4

Port 8 Port 7 Port 6 Port 5

Fig. 6 4 × 2 Proposed MIMO antenna array for terahertz communications

Reflection Coefficient (dB)

Frequency (THz)

Fig. 7 Reflection coefficient versus frequency of MIMO antenna

of the radiation pattern, the polarization, and the relative phase between two antenna
elements in a MIMO system [32]. From Fig. 10, it is clear that the values of
ECC for ECC(1,2), ECC(1,3), ECC(1,4), ECC(1,5), ECC(1,6), ECC(1,7), ECC(3,8),
ECC(4,8), and ECC(6,8) are less than 0.001, which is acceptable for working on two
independents antenna on a single substrate (7).
202 M. Singh et al.

Transmission Coefficient

Frequency (THz)

Fig. 8 Transmission coefficient versus frequency of MIMO antenna

Transmission Coefficient (dB)

Frequency (THz)

Fig. 9 Transmission coefficient versus frequency of MIMO antenna

 2
 ∗ 
sii si j + s ∗ji s j j 
pi j = 
2
      (7)
1 − sii |2 +s ji |2 1 − s j j |2 +si j |2

sij is the coupling factor between the ij th and jith elements used
pi2j is the envelop correlation coefficient
The diversity gain is being used to evaluate the MIMO antenna system’s diversity
performance. The relationship between the gain in diversity and ECC is provided by
using the equation below (8).
Highly Efficient Ultra-Wide Band MIMO Patch Antenna Array … 203

ECC

Frequency (THz)

Fig. 10 ECC versus frequency of MIMO antenna


DG = 10 × 1 − |ECC|2 (8)

In Fig. 11, the MIMO antenna array’s diversity gain is plotted and found that it has
an approximately constant value of 10 dB all across the band. In parallel, the MIMO
antenna gain and directivity are plotted in Fig. 11 which shows that at resonating
frequency 0.825 THz, it has the highest gain and directivity value that can be more
useful in deeply attenuated situations.
dB

Frequency (THz)

Fig. 11 Directivity, diversity gain and gain versus frequency of proposed MIMO antenna array
204 M. Singh et al.

4 State-of-Art-of Comparison

In this section, the comparisons between the proposed optimized antenna with the
previously reported antennas are done for terahertz applications as listed in Table
3. The comparison is done based on performance parameters like resonating bands,
radiation efficiency, gain, bandwidth, and size of the antenna elements, see Table
3. In Ref. [17, 19, 21, 25, 26] the reported antennas are resonating on a single
band and suffering from low gain and narrow bandwidth so these antennas are not
a suitable candidate for wideband short wireless terahertz communications. On the
other hand, the antennas reported in [18, 22, 24, 28] are resonating on multiple bands
and having efficient gain but these antennas didn’t cover the important low loss
terahertz transmission windows, so these are not a suitable for terahertz applications.
In Ref. [20], the reported antenna is claiming the wide bandwidth and high gain but
such antenna is resonating on a single band, also the size of the antenna is large as

Table 3 Performance comparison between the proposed antenna and previously reported antennas
Reference Resonating Radiation Maximum Bandwidth Size MIMO
frequency efficiency Gain (%) (L × W × configuration
(THz) (%) (dB) H)μm3
[17] 1.65 77.5 5.72 118 150 × No
150 × 9.6
[18] 0.96, 1.28, – 11.01 51.88 950 × 950 No
1.43, 1.56 × 185
[19] 0.67 – 5.2 5.97 208.90 × No
422 × 20
[20] 0.65 87.73 9.19 46.15 600 × No
600 × 90
[21] 0.704 – 5.090 3.78 180 × No
510 × 10
[22] 6.8,6.94 – 8.92,12.5, – 24 × 24 No
7.1,7.13 14.3, 16.7 × 0.0485
[23] 0.6, 0.8 96.1, 95.7 10.9, 9.13 8.33, 3.33 500 × No
500 × 50
[24] 1.03 10 – 9.7 – No
[25] 0.75 86.58 5.09 6.67 208.98 × No
433.2 ×
20
[26] 0.8 20 – – – No
[27] 0.6, 0.542 71.98,73.12 7.968 – 400 × 410 No
× 400
[28] 1.85 78.55 7.88 3.78 – No
Proposed 0.658 75.14 8.28 57.96 400 × Yes
optimized 0.858 72.85 400 × 50
antenna
Highly Efficient Ultra-Wide Band MIMO Patch Antenna Array … 205

compared to the proposed antenna. The antenna reported in Ref. [23] has resonance
on dual-band with high gain and efficiency but having low bandwidth as compared
to propose optimized antenna.
From Table 3, it is clear that the proposed antenna is providing better performance
as compared to the previously reported terahertz antenna. The optimized antenna is
resonating on dual-band and covering the entire bandwidth from 0.61 to 1 THz of the
terahertz regime. The entire band has a high constant value of radiation and antenna
efficiency over the resonance. Moreover, many researchers have developed only the
single antenna for terahertz communications, didn’t characterize the MIMO antenna
system for proposed geometry.

5 Conclusion

This chapter is having research-oriented content of the design of MIMO antenna

for THz applications. In this chapter, we have presented a new dual wideband opti-
mized MIMO patch antenna array that is developed for terahertz indoor wireless
applications. This research is focused to design a low profile, highly efficient, easy
to fabricate, wideband, and high gain planar MIMO antenna. The proposed antenna
is resonating on 0.65 and 0.85 THz band having −35 dB and −60.14 dB reflection
coefficient, so very low power is reflected back. The antenna will be fully utilized
the input power. Such antenna attained 8.41 dB maximum gain and 70.01% antenna
efficiency. Furthermore, there is a requirement of the MIMO antenna system to
tackle the multiple losses in the terahertz environment so a 4 × 2 MIMO antenna is
developed and analyzed. The developed MIMO antenna system has same resonance
character as that of the optimized antenna when eight antenna elements are arranged
on a single substrate. The developed MIMO antenna has less than −13 dB values
of transmission coefficient and less than 0.01 dB values of ECC between respective
antenna elements. The proposed MIMO antenna array can be a good candidate for
on-chip devices for next-generation wireless short-range communications.

6 Acknowledements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Visvesvaraya Ph.D. scheme, Meity
(India) and Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science
and Technology (DST), Government of India and for financial support under grant
number EEQ/2019/000,115.
206 M. Singh et al.

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