o ROOT FORMATION STARTS

- Cervical loop cells begin to proliferate downwards and forms a two layered
- After the stellated epithelium collapses and the distance structure:Tooth
HERTWIG’S EPITHELIAL ROOT SHEATH (HERS)
development.
between inner and outer enamel epithelium is reduced the - HERS proliferates and migrates downwards
tooth germ forms a bell structure which later becomes the  This guides root formation and induces the differentiation of odontoblasts
crow of the tooth (form the root dentin)
o BELL STAGE  HERS has limited growth potential: this determines the length of the root
- Morpho differentiation occurs to determine the future - HERS disintegrates and this results in the formation of an epithelial network
shape of the crown (incisive, canine, premolar and molar) called epithelial rests of malassez. (ERM)
- Important stage of histodifferentiation: - ERM allows the cells of the dental follicle to come into contact with the root
conversion of dental organ cells into specialized cells dentin and differentiate into cemontoblasts. Cementoblasts deposit cementum
 Inner enamel organ differentiates into ameloblasts onto the root surface
(produce enamel)
 Dental papilla differentiate into odontoblasts (produce PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
dentin) - Connects the tooth to the alveolar bone
 The cells differentiate down the slope of the cusp and up - Formed by fibroblasts which were differentiated by the dental follicle
the cervical loop - Dental follicle also gives rise to osteoblasts which form the alveolar bone.
- As the cells continue to produce mineralized matrix, the - The fibers of the periodontal ligament which insert themselves into the
dental lamina disintegrates and completely detaches the cementum and the alveolar bone to provide tooth anchorage = sharpeys fibers.
tooth germ from the oral epithelium PERMANENT TEETH
NOTE: sometimes when the dental lamina disintegrates it leaves - Development begins on 14th week of intrauterine life
behind nests of epithelial cells known as epithelial pearls. These - Extension of part of the dental lamina behind deciduous tooth buds =
peals give rise to abnormalities in the future such as: super- successional lamina forms
numerary teeth/ odontoma/ eruption cysts - Successional lamina gives rise to the tooth bud of all permanent teeth except
the molars.
- Dental lamina in the posterior regions of the jaw burry into the oral epithelium
and give off tooth buds that undergo some of the same stages of development
as deciduous teeth.
 MORPHOGENISIS
- Deciduous teeth: 6-7 weeks of intra uterine life o BUD STAGE
- Permanent teeth: week 14 of intrauterine life up until 5 - Dental placodes proliferate to form a bud-like structure known as the tooth bud. The tooth
years of age bud is attached to the oral epithelium by a dental lamina.
FORMATION OF DECIDIOUS TEETH: - Ectomesenchymal cells start to form clusters around the tooth bud which lead to the
o Starts from two tissue components: condensation of ectomesenchyme (especially right beneath the bud)
- Primitive oral epithelium (derived from the ectoderm) - During the bud stage the tooth is made from two types of cells: an outer layer of low
- Ectomesenchyme tissue (known as dental mesenchyme columnar cells and an inner layer of polygonal cells
and derives from cranio-facial mural crests) - This stage is unique
Tooth because it involves the proliferation of cells meaning that different
development.
- Oral epithelium and ectomesenchyme tissue instruct parts of the bud proliferate/grow at different rates.
each other in a sequential way to determine the o Cells in the center of the bud = slow proliferation
formation and location of specialized teeth o Cells in peripherals of the bud = fast proliferation
PROCESS (This results in invagination and the bud shape turning into a cap shape)
1. Thickening of oral epithelium o CAP STAGE
- Once it thickens it is known as the primary epithelial - Three different types of epithelial cells can be seen forming the enamel organ.
bands. There is one band in each jaw - The dividing cells: inner enamel epithelium, outer enamel epithelium and the stellate
- The bands split into 2: the inner/lingual dental lamina epithelium
and the outer/buccal vestibular lamina  Inner enamel epithelium is made by a layer of low columnar cells and lines the
- The buccal vestibular lamina becomes hollow and inner surface of the cap’s central depression
forms the vestibular portion of the mouth in the space  Outer enamel epithelium is made by a layer of cuboidal cells and lines the outside
between the alveolar portion of the lips, jaw and of the cap
cheeks  Stellate epithelium is made by a bunch of linked cells(linked by desmosomes) and
2. Signal proteins cause cells within the dental lamina to secrete GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS into intracellular spaces. This attracts water to
proliferate and invaginate in positions that correspond the area (extranuclear space) and pushes onto the cell membrane, causing the
to the positions of future teeth stellate cells to form a star shape
- Signal proteins include: BMP, FGF, EDA - The non dividing cells: enamel knots that signal the center to regulate the formation of the
(ectodysplasin) cusps. NUMBER of enamel knots determines NUMBER AND LOCATION of cusps in the
- Localized, large projections within the dental lamina developing tooth
are known as dental placodes - Ectomesenchyme cells within the enamel organ continue to accumulate near the
3. Dental placodes continue to proliferate and the tooth invagination of the cap and the dense condensation of the ectomesenchyme cells beneath
undergoes morphogenesis which results in different the cap = dental papilla. The accumulation of the ectomesenchyme cells around the dental
teeth shapes. papilla = dental sac/ dental follicle
- This is guided by the interactions between the oral - The enamel organ continues to grow and the invagination gap deepens: forms CERVICAL
epithelium and ectomesenchyme tissue LOOP at the tips of the invaginating epithelium
- Morphogenesis progresses through distinct phases: - The inner and outer enamel epithelium meet within the enamel organ between the stellate
bud, cap and bell stage. reticulum. Inner enamel epithelium differentiates into a layer of spindle shaped cells:
STRATUM INTERMEDIUM.
- Stellated reticulum begins to collapse which reduces the distance between the inner enamel
epithelium and outer enamel epithelium