FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL
DRIVES
BEEI 3423 ACTUATORS AND DRIVES
DC DRIVES
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TYPES OF DRIVES
DC DRIVES
Using Line-
Using
frequency
Switched
Controlled
Mode
Rectifier
Simple single-
quadrant
converter
Full bridge SCR
dc-dc Controlled
converter Half bridge:
ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVES
The advantages and disadvantages of DC Drives
compared to AC Drives:
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Ease of control 1. Large and expensive (compared to induction
2. Deliver high starting torque motor)
3. Near-linear performance 2. Not suitable for high-speed operation due to
commutator and brushes
3. Not suitable in explosive or very clean
environment
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DC DRIVES
DC Drives
Using
SCR Switched
Controlled Mode
Single-phase DC-DC
drives converter
drives
Three-phase
drives 5
Controlled Rectifier- and DC-DC Converter-Fed Drives
Basic Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Motors
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝐸𝑔 = 𝐾𝑣 𝜔𝐼𝑓
𝑇𝑑 2𝜋𝑁
𝐼𝑎 = 𝜔=
𝐾𝑣 𝐼𝑓 60
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝑉𝑓 𝐼𝑓
• The motor speed can be varied by
– controlling the armature voltage Va, known as voltage control;
– controlling the field current If, known as field control; or
– torque demand, which corresponds to an armature current Ia, for a fixed
field current If.
• The speed, which corresponds to the rated armature voltage, rated field
current and rated armature current, is known as the rated (or base) speed.
CONTROLLERS-DC DRIVES
1) Single Phase Drive
Types of single-phase converters,
a) Single-phase half-wave-converter drives.
b) Single-phase semi converter drives.
c) Single-phase full-converter drives.
d) Single-phase dual-converter drives.
Single Phase Drive is conveniently and efficiently achieved by
phase-controlled (SCR) converters wherein the ac input voltage
is converted to a controlled dc output
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Rectifier Control Device
Type of Topology of
Rectifier circuit
Uncontrollable
(Diode)
RECTIFIER
Controllable
(Thyristor)
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Firing Angle (𝛼) of a Thyristor
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Firing Angle (𝛼) of a Thyristor
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1) Single Phase Drive
SINGLE-PHASE CONVERTERS
a) Single-phase half-wave-converter drives b) Single-phase semi converter drives
(Half-Controlled Rectifier)
c) Single-phase full-converter drives d) Single-phase dual-converter drives
(Full-Controlled Rectifier)
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Single-phase half-wave-converter drives
Average Armature Voltage:
Average Field Voltage:
𝑉𝑚 =𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2
• The applications of this drive are limited to the 0.5 kW power level.
• Figure shows the waveforms for a highly inductive load.
• A half-wave converter in the field circuit would increase the magnetic losses of the
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motor due to a high ripple content on the field excitation current.
Single-phase half-wave-converter drives
Average Armature Voltage:
Average Field Voltage:
𝑉𝑚 =𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2
• It is advisable to use semiconverter at field circuit because using half-wave
converter at field circuit will generate a huge magnetic loss because the field
current will be discontinuous unless a very large inductor is used
• Dm is a freewheeling diode (FWD) that prevents negative values in Va. FWD is 14
always required in a one-quadrant drive.
What is a Free-wheeling Diode (FWD)?
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What is a Free-wheeling Diode (FWD)?
FWD
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Single-phase semi converter drives
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Single-phase semi converter drives
Average Armature Voltage:
Average Field Voltage:
𝑉𝑚 =𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2
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Single-phase full-converter drives
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Single-phase full-converter drives
Average Armature Voltage:
Average Field Voltage:
𝑉𝑚 =𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2
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Single-phase full-converter drives
•It is a two-quadrant drive, as shown in Figure 15.13b, and
is limited to applications up to 15 kW.
•The armature converter gives + Va or - Va, and allows
operation in the first and fourth quadrants.
•During regeneration for reversing the direction of power
flow, the back emf of the motor can be reversed by
reversing the field excitation.
•The converter in the field circuit could be a full, or even a
dual converter.
•The reversal of the armature or field allows operation in the
second and third quadrants.
•The current waveforms for a highly inductive load are
shown in Figure 15.13c for powering action.
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Single-phase dual-converter drives
Average Armature Voltage:
Average Field Voltage:
𝑉𝑚 =𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2
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Single-phase dual-converter drives
•Two single-phase full-wave converters are connected.
•Either converter 1 operates to supply a positive armature voltage, Va, or converter 2
operates to supply a negative armature voltage, - Va.
•Converter 1 provides operation in the first and fourth quadrants, and converter 2, in
the second and third quadrants.
•It is a four-quadrant drive and permits four modes of operation: forward powering,
forward braking (regeneration), reverse powering, and reverse braking (regeneration).
•It is limited to applications up to 15 kW. The field converter could be a full-wave or a
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dual converter.
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