VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA, INDIA-590018.

A project Report on

“MULTIFUCTIONAL BLIND STICK”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of 8 th semester
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

1. NAVEEN.L.N [1SG20EC072] 2.NIKILESH [1SG20EC073]

3. PAVAN.G[1SG20EC073] 4.SUPRITH[1SG20EC104]

Under the guidance of

Prof.MANASA.M.G
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, and Recognized by AICTE, New Delhi)
(Accrediated by NAAC with “A” Grade), (Accredited by NBA)
(ISO 9001-2015 and 14001-2015 Certified Institute)
14/5, Chikkasandra, Bengaluru-560057, Karnataka, India.
2022-2023
 Sri Srinivasa Educational and Charitable Trust®
SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, and Recognized by AICTE, New Delhi)
(Accrediated by NAAC with “A” Grade), (Accredited by NBA)
(ISO 9001-2015 and 14001-2015 Certified Institute)
14/5, Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta, Main Road, Bengaluru-560057, Karnataka, India.

CERTIFICATE
##########################

Certified that the project work entitled “MULTIFUNCTIONAL BLIND STICK “carried out by,
1. NAVEEN.L.N [1SG20EC072] 2.NIKILESH [1SG20EC073]
3. PAVAN.G[1SG20EC073] 4.SUPRITH[1SG20EC104]

Are bonafide students of Sapthagiri College of Engineering Bengaluru, in partial fulfillment for
the award of degree of 8th semester Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication
Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2022-2023. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated have been incorporated in the report and the
project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project
work prescribed for the said degree.

_______________________ ____________________
Name & signature Dr. H C Sateesh Kumar
of the Guide Head of the Department

_________________________
Dr. H Ramakrishna
Principal
External Viva
Name of the examiners: Signature with date:
1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Satisfaction and Euphoria that accompany the completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible because “Success is the abstract
of hard work and perseverance, but steadfast of all is encouragement guidance”. So we acknowledge
all those whose guidance and encouragement served as a beacon light and crowned our effort with
success.
We would consider it is a privilege to express our gratitude and respect to all those who
guided us in completion of project work.
We would be grateful to MANAGEMENT of SCE for providing us an opportunity to complete
our 8th semester academics in this esteemed college.
We are grateful to thank our Principal Dr. H RAMAKRISHNA, Sapthagiri College of
Engineering, who patronized throughout our career & for the facilities provided to carry out this
work successfully.
It’s our great privilege to place on record deep sense of gratitude to our HOD Dr. H.C.
SATEESH KUMAR of Electronics and Communication Engineering, who patronized throughout our
career & for the facilities provided to carry out this work successfully.
We are also grateful to thank Professor Dr. NAGARAJA A M Dept. of ECE and J R GIRISH
Assistant Professor Dept. of ECE project coordinators for their motivation and invaluable support.
We are also grateful to thank Prof. Agalya P Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE project guide
for her invaluable support and guidance.
We would also like to thank the teaching and non-teaching staff members who have helped
us directly or indirectly during this project.
Finally, we also thank our family for their co-operation and motivation to complete this
project successfully.
Finally we thank Almighty

1. NAVEEN.L.N [1SG20EC072] 2.NIKILESH [1SG20EC073]

3. PAVAN.G[1SG20EC073] 4.SUPRITH[1SG20EC104]
 ABSTRACT

Evolution of technology has always been endeavored with making daily life simple. With a

fast paced life everybody is harnessing the benefits of technology except some parts of the society.

One of them is the visually impaired who have to rely on others for travelling and other activities.

This project aims at providing one such theoretical model which incorporates the latest

technologies to provide efficient and smart electronic aid to the blind. We have used ultrasonic

sensors along with ultrasonic range finder circuit for hurdle detection, will provide beep sound

assistance. The basic objective of the system is to provide a convenient and easy navigation aid for

unsighted which helps in artificial vision by providing information about the environmental

scenario of static and dynamic objects around them.Uing this blind stick , a person can walk more

confidently. this stick detects the object in front of the person and give response to the user either

by vibrating or through command. so, the person can walk without any fear. this device will be

best solution to overcome their difficulties

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Vision is one of the most important senses of as most of the information humans gets from the
environment is via sight. WHO reported that in august 2022, about 285 million people suffer from lack
of vision. It is estimated worldwide 39 million are blind and 246 million have less vision. Around 90%
of the visually impaired live in low income conditions. 82% of people living with blindness are around
50 and above. Globally, uncorrected refractive errors are the main cause of moderate and severe visual
impairment,cataract is the leading cause of blindness in middle- and low-income countries. The number
of people visually impaired from infectious diseases has reduced in the last 20 years according to global
estimates work. 80% of the visual impairments can be prevented or cured. The basic problem which
every blind person faces is with regard to commutation and navigation in daily life. The most basic tools
for them are walking cane and guide dogs and also on kindness of fellow commuters. The most
commonly used tool is still the blind stick .It suffers from drawbacks like lack of practice, range of
motion, less reliability in terms of dynamic hurdles and also range detection. We will try to modify this
cane with electronic components and sensors. The ever growing technology and with recent
developments can help in accurate navigation. We have used ultrasonic and ultrasonic sensors which
help in obstacle detection and on hurdle recognition will ring the speaker .We wish at presenting an
inexpensive and light weight and accurate model which helps in effortless navigation for the blind.

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1.1 OBJECTIVES FOR THE PROJECT WORK

In this project, the main objective is to develop a cheaper in price but will still maintain with a good
functional system for the visually impaired individuals. This system able to help visually impaired
individuals to avoid the obstacles such as people and animal on the corridor same with them and it also
can provides the distance of the obstacles in front of them. The aim of this project is to improve the
visually impaired individual’s ability in finding the direction at the corridor while they are walking rather
than just rely on the walking stick to detect all the obstacles manually and waste their time in finding the
exactly direction that they want to heading to.

1.2 MOTIVATION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

Visually impaired individuals will face many difficulties and one of the common difficulties is when they
involve in self-navigating at an environment which is not familiar to them. In fact, physical movement is
one of the biggest challenges for them. Besides that, while they travel around or walking at a crowded
corridor, it may pose great difficulty. One of the existing problems for visually impaired individuals to
travel in a path.

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1.3 PROJECT SCOPE

The scope of this project is to develop a system which can help visually impaired individuals to navigate
in the corridor and calculate the distance of obstacles. This system used the sensor to detect the obstacles.
An ultrasonic sensor, such as the HC-SR04, is commonly used to detect obstacles in the path of the user. It
emits ultrasonic waves and measures the time it takes for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object.
This data is used to calculate the distance of the object from the blind stick.

1.4 IMPACT, SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTION

This system is designed especially for any kind of visual impaired persons: blind, partially sighted, and
people with progressive loss of vision. This system will give a lot of benefits to the visually impaired
individuals especially for those who have financial problem. According to the researcher Choo, Malaysia
has around 60,000 visually impaired individuals and 28,000 of them had registered as a blind and applied
to get the help from the welfare provided in Malaysia. This mean that the number of visually impaired
individuals that have financial problem had covered more than half in the total number of impaired
visually individuals and this is reason why the system provided is cheaper and affordable by most of the
impaired visually individuals.

More than that, this system able to provide the distance of the obstacles in front of visually impaired
individuals by using sensor HC-SR04. It also able delivers the visually impaired individuals the existing
direction to help them headed to the right direction. With the system provided, the visually impaired
individual able walk at the corridor safety since the system developed is able to guide them along the
corridor by providing the information of the surrounding along the corridor. With the system developed
the visually impaired individuals also able to improve their own ability or less dependent to the help of
other people while walking along the corridor. The reason why the visually impaired individuals can
improve themselves into a more independent individual is because the system able to help them in finding
the direction while they are walking at the corridor. Hence, the visually impaired person able to more likes
a normal person in their daily lifestyle.

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1.5 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Nowadays, the tools to assist the visually impaired individuals are become very important because these
tools are used to assist them to navigate the surrounding in the corridor. According to Casey Helmick ,
those people who are visually impaired individuals often will rely on different tools to help them in
travelling around. Dog guide and walking stick are the most common tools to assist visually impaired
individuals in daily life. However, not all of them afford to purchase a guide dog, since the guide dog is at
a quite expensive and will require consuming their time in training with the guide dog and getting the
license and only able travelling around with the guide dog. The training cost and the license cost will also
become a big concern for them and we all know that dogs are not allowed to enter public places such as
hotel, apartment and hospital and this restrict them to walk smoother at indoor environment with just an
assist from the walking stick. Besides that, some of the visually impaired individuals can’t be around dogs.

Furthermore, the visually impaired individuals only can use the walking sticks to estimate and determine
the obstacle on the floor along the corridor and the obstacle must be close with their current location since
the length of their walking stick is limited. A walking stick may be harder to carry, since it’s longer than
the actual walking stick and because the blind people use walking stick while walking, so they only have
one hand free. Hence, this cause the visually impaired individuals become inconvenience especially when
their hands need carry a lot of items and since one of their hand need carry walking stick, so they may not
able to carry all of the items. Besides that, the existing walking stick for visually impaired individuals has
the range detection problem. The walking stick cannot detect the distance that much more far away from
the individual or the moving objects that moving around the corridor. Unlike a normal person they cannot
sense the stationary objects and moving objects since they cannot see this causes a much greater risk
while navigating through outdoor/indoor environment. The existing walking stick also cannot assist and
help the visually impaired individuals to detect the possible way whether to turn either left or right when
they reached to the end of the corridor. To improve the limitation that do exist on the current visually
impaired individuals walking stick, the corridor indoor navigation system has been proposed.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Due to the inconvenience of walking stick in the corridor, there are many researchers that have been
researching to discover a new way to solve the problem. In this chapter, there are some systems that are
reviewed. Some of them are taken from journal or internet.

LITERATURE SURVEY

 Prof.A.Sakhare: Blind Aid Stick has been a popular project with constant enhancements and
modifications. Currently the commercially available of blind stick are not that popular due to high
cost and lack of accuracy. Previous projects on the same idea – Shruit and Prof.A.Sakhare method
proposed for using smart stick for blind visionless: obstacles estimation, artificial vision and real
time assistance via GPS. This system works with GPS, artificial vision system, obstacle detection
and audio circuit. This project is fitted with a camera on the persons head; the camera will use an
algorithm to detect obstacles. The model also includes ultra-sonic sensors to detect the obstacles.
GPS system helps in reaching required destination. International Journal of Latest Trends in
Engineering and Technology Once an obstacle is encountered or we reach the destination voice
circuit will activate providing certain type of voice. Sub systems are connected with
microcontroller which executes and coordinates the operations. The system is low cost.

 Somnath and Ravi (2020). Uses a stick equipped with ultra-sonic sensors, GPS and audio output
system. The stick contains GPS which will have SD memory card which used to store different
locations. The user can set the location by voice and the GPS will guide the person to his/her
distention. This system will also provide the speed and the remaining distance to reach the
distention. When the ultra-sonic sensors detect any obstacle directly the voice system will activate
the caution voice. This system can be classified as a low cost system affordable by the user. In
addition to that, it can provide a voice guide for the user with greatest possible accuracy. The
system uses the ARM processor which has more memory space, so that the operating speed is
high as well. Application of certain transfonnation might also improve the model efficiency.

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 Shruit and Prof. A (2019): system done for using smart stick for blind people: obstacles
detections, artificial vision and real time assistance via GPS. This system operates by using GPS,
artificial vision system, obstacle detection and voice circuit. This system works by fitting a
camera on the persons head, the camera will be use an algorithm to identify the highs and
obstacles in front the blind person. This system also contains ultra-sonic sensors to detect the
obstacles. Furthermore, this system includes GPS system is to reach the required destination.The
accuracy of the artificial vision unit provides a high accuracy output for the user. However, the
designing complexity of the system makes it difficult to design and understand.

 Jayant, Pratik and Mita, 2019 : proposed a smart cane assisted mobility for the visually
impaired. The system is based on normal ultrasonic sensors and ATMEL microcontroller. It
operates with two rechargeable battery (7.4v) it can be recharged using USB cable or AC adaptor.
The control unit is programmed using ATMEL AVR microcontroller ATMEGA328P
microcontroller. Once any obstacles are detected vibration and buzzer will start in order to warn
the user. This system is a non-complex system to use. It has the ability to cover a distance up to 3
meters and has the rechargeable feature of the battery. Also, this system can be folded in small
piece so that the user can carry it easily. However, this system has only one direction detection
coverage and it is inaccurate in detecting the obstacles
 M Narendran, SarmisthaPadhi, Aashita Tiwari, “the third eye for the blind using Arduino and
ultrasonic sensor”. Department of Computer Science & Engineering, SRM Institute of Science &
Technology Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India ,National Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Development ISSN: 2455-9040 Volume 3; Issue 1; January 2018; Page No. 752-
756 . This was a wearable technology for the blinds. One of the main feature of this device is that
it will be affordable. The Arduino Pro Mini 328- 15/16 MHz board is worn like a device. This
was equipped with ultrasonic sensors, consisting of module. Using the sensor, visually impaired
can detect the objects around them and can travel easily. When the sensor detects any object it
will notify the user by beep or vibration. Arduino, wearable band, buzzer, blind, people,
ultrasonic.

 Sathya, S.Nithyaroopa, P.Betty, G.Santhoshni, S.Sabharinath, M.J.Ahanaa”smart walking

stick for blind person”. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kumara guru College
of Technology Coimbatore. Coimbatore International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Volume 118 No. 20 2018, 4531-4536. The proposed system contains the ultrasonic sensor, water
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sensor, voice play back board, raspberry pi and speaker. The proposed system detects the obstacle
images which are present in outdoor and indoor with the help of a camera. The Stick measures the
distance between the objects and smart walking stick by using an ultrasonic sensor. To provide
vision to the user so we need to consider and process the image ahead as well. The image is
detected using image sensors (camera walking stick including a USB camera, RF module, Rain
sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Raspberry pi and a head phone attached to it. The raspberry pi is the
central controller of the system. The images which were sent from the camera are compared with
the images stored in the dataset using the image processing. For image processing, morphology
segmentation is used.

 Jayakumar, S.Magesh ,K.Prasanth, P.Umamaheswari, R.Senthilkumar,”smart walking stick

for visually impaired people”. Dept.of EEE, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College. International
Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST)
Vol.3, Special Issue.24, March 2017. The different sensors like object sensors (ultrasonic
sensors), humidity sensor, temperature sensor and light sensor are used. Speaker and volume
control is used in the form the status to the blind people. GPS is used to track the blind people
path and emergency conditions are transmitted to the neighbour through GSM based alarm
system. This project is implemented by using the DSPIC30F2010 controller ,ARM
Processor,DISPIC3OF 2010.

 Dada Emmanuel,Gbenga, Arhyel, Ibrahim Shani , Adebimpe Lateef, Adekunle . “Smart

walking stick for visually impaired people using ultrasonic sensor and Arduino”.Department Of
Computer Engineering, University Of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria . International journal of
innovative research in electrical, electronics, instrumentation and control engineering vol. 4, issue
3, March 2016. This paper presents the smart walking stick based on ultrasonic sensors and
Arduino for visually impaired people the system was designed, programmed using c language and
tested for accuracy and checked by the visually impaired person. Our device can detect obstacles
within the distance of about 2m from the user. Ultrasonic sensor, Arduino atmega328
microcontroller, mobility aid, visually impaired person, alarm.

 D.Sekar, S.Sivakumar, P.Thiyagarajan, R..Premkumar, Vivekkumar,” Ultrasonic and voice

based smart stick”. SriEshwar College of Engineering .International Journal Of Innovative
Research In Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation And Control Engineering Vol. 4, Issue 3,
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March 2016. In this paper GPS technology is integrated with pre-programmed locations to
determine the optimal route to be taken. The user can choose the location from the set of
destinations stored in the memory and will lead in the correct direction of the stick. In this system,
ultrasonic sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, GPS receiver, vibrator, voice synthesizer,
speaker or headphone, PIC controller and battery are used In this system, ultrasonic sensor,
temperature sensor, humidity sensor, GPS receiver, vibrator, voice synthesizer, speaker or
headphone, PIC controller and battery are used

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G. Gayathri, M. Vishnupriya, R. Nandhini, MM. Banupriya, "SMART WALKING STICK

FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED", International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science,
vol. 3, pp. 4057-4062, 2024. SO basically G.Gayathri and team had developed a stick for visually
impaired which helped the person in need where in the proposed person was just given an alarm
about any obstacles in front of them.

M. F. Saaid, I. Ismail, M. Z. H. Noor, "Radio frequency identification walking stick (RFIWS): A

device for the blind", Signal Processing & Its Applications 2009. CSPA 2009. 5th International
Colloquium on IEEE, pp. 250-253, 2009. Show Context The smart stick proposed by M.F.Saaid
and team used radio signals to detect object and alert the blind(or visually impaired) about any
hindrances in their way.

Joao José, Miguel Farrajota, Joao M.F. Rodrigues (2022) designed a smart stick prototype. It
was small in size, cheap and easily wearable navigation aid. This blind stick functions by
addressing the global navigation for guiding the user to some destiny and local navigation for
negotiating paths, sidewalks and corridors, even with avoidance of static as well as moving
obstacles ). Rather than that, they invented a stereo camera worn at chest height, a portable
computer in a shoulder-strapped pouch or pocket and only one earphone or small speaker. The
system is inconspicuous, and with no hindrance while walking with the cane. Also it does not
block normal sound in the surroundings.

Shruti Dambhare and A.Sakhare (2022) designed an artificial vision and object detection
withreal-time assistance via GPSto provide a low cost and efficient navigation aid for blind which
gives a sense of artificial vision by providing information about the environmental scenario of
static and dynamic objects around them .
S.Gangwar (2022) designed a smart stick for blind which can give early warning of an obstacle
using Infrared (IR) sensors. After identifying the obstacles, the stick alerts the visually impaired
people using vibration signals. However the smart stick focused only for obstacle detection but it is
not assisting for emergency purposes needed by the blind. And also the IR sensors are not really
efficient enough because it can detect only the nearest obstacle in short distance.

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S.Chew (2022) proposed the smart white cane, called Blindspot that combines GPS technology,
social networking and ultrasonic sensors to help visually impaired people to navigate public
spaces.The GPS detects the location of the obstacle and alerts the blind to avoid them hitting the
obstacle using ultra-sonic sensors. But GPS did not show the efficiency in tracing the location of
the obstacles since ultra-sonic tells the distance of the obstacle.

Benjamin etal (2022) had developed a smart stick using laser sensors to detect the obstacles and
down curbs. Obstacle detection was signalized by a high pitch “BEEP” using a microphone. The
design of the laser cane is very simple and intuitive. The stick can only detects obstacle, but can
not provide cognitive and psychological support. There exists only beep sound that triggers any
obstacle and there is no any assistance to direct them.

Central Michigan University (2009) developed an electronic cane for blind people that would
provide contextual information on the environment around the user. They used RFID chips
which are implanted into street signs, store fronts, similar locations, and the cane reads those
and feeds the information back to the user. A speaker located on the bag strap voice alerts when
an obstacle is detected and also directs the user to move in different direction.

Mohd Helmyabd Wahab and Amirul A. Talibetal (2022) developed a cane could
communicate with users through voice alert and vibration signal). Ultrasonic sensors are used
to detect obstacle in front, since ultrasonic sensors are good in detecting obstacle in few meters
range and this information will be sent in the form of voice signal. This voice signal is send via
speaker to the user. Here blind people might find it difficult in travelling without any emergency
alert rather than having only ultrasonic sensors.

Alejandro R. Garcia Ramirez and Renato Fonseca Livramento da Silvaetal (2022)

designed an assistive technology device called the electronic long cane to serve as a mobility aid
for blind and visually impaired people .The author implements the cane with an ergonomic
design and an embedded electronic system, which fits inside the handle of a traditional long
cane. The system was designed using haptic sensors to detect obstacles above the waistline. It
works in such a way when an obstacle is detected; the cane vibrates or makes a sound.
However this system only detects obstacle above the waistline.
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CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED WORK AND ARCHITECTURE

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Description

 This prototype will be mainly able to provide a means of transport and communication for
the quadriplegic and deaf and dumb.

 The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with light and water sensing. Our
proposed project first uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles ahead using ultrasonic
waves.

 On sensing obstacles the sensor passes this data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller
then processes this data and calculates if the obstacle is close enough.

 If the obstacle is not that close the circuit does nothing. If the obstacle is close the
microcontroller sends a signal to sound a buzzer.

 The system has one more advanced feature, integrated to help the blind find their stick if
they forget it.

 A wireless RF based remote is used for this purpose. Pressing the remote button sounds a
buzzer on the stick which helps the blind person to find their stick.

 Thus this system allows for obstacle detection as well as finding stick if misplaced by
visually disabled people.

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CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

4.1 Arduino Nano Board Layout

Fig 4.1: Arduino nano board layout

The Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board that acts as the brain of the
blind stick. It receives inputs from various sensors, processes the data,
and controls the different functionalities of the stick.

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4.2 Buzzer

Fig 4.2: Buzzer

We are using Piezo buzzer to give the response when any objects detected in front of the blind
person while walking and also it is programmed in such a way that when the light falls LDR
resistor it starts producing buzzing sound as shown in the below figure.

It is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight, simple construction and
low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck reversing indicator, computers, call
bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezo electricity It is the phenomena of
generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa
is also true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials are either
naturally available or manmade. Piezo ceramic is class of manmade material, which poses piezo
electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an
alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal
thereby producing sound.

Working of Piezo buzzer:

When a small DC voltage is applied to the input pins, it is first converted to an oscillating signal
using the combination of resistor and transistor. These oscillating signals are amplified using the
inductor coil. When high voltage alternating signals are applied to the piezo ceramic disc, it
causes mechanical expansion and contraction in radial direction. This causes the metal plate to
bend in opposite direction. When metal plate bends and shrinks in opposite direction
continuously it produces sound waves in the air.

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4.3 Ultrasonic sensor

In this project we are using Ultrasonic ranging module HC-SR04 so that blind person can feel safe
while walking on the road. If any objects arrived with in a range of 2cm to 400cm then then stick
gives him a response by vibrating and also with a buzzer sound so he can aware of that object. We
added pair of ultrasonic ranging modules so the stick can detect the lower objects small stones and
higher

objects too. The ranging module is shown in the below Figure 4.3

Fig 4.3: Ultrasonic sensor

Working principle:
As shown in the above Figure 3.3 is a 4 pin module, whose pin names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and
Ground respectively. This sensor is a very popular sensor used in many applications where
measuring distance or sensing objects are required. The module has two eyes like projects in the
front which forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The sensor works with the simple
formula that is,

Distance = Speed × Time

The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when it gets
objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is

observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the below figure 3.6. The working
principle of a ultrasonic sensor is as below:

 Send at least 10us of HIGH signal to trigger pin.

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 Detect the pulse width of echo signal sent back.

4.4 Battery

Fig 4.4: Battery

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for
powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is
supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

4.5 Push button

Fig 4.5: Push buttons

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism to control

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some aspect of a machine.

4.6 Moisture Sensor

Fig 4.6: Moisture sensor

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the direct gravimetric
measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighing of a sample, soil moisture
sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such
as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture
content.

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4.8 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

Embedded C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards
Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded
systems. Embedded C programming typically requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in
order to support enhanced microprocessor features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct
memory, banks, and basic I/O operations. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of
standard C, e.g, main function, variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements (if,
switch case),loops(while,for),functions, arrays and strings ,structures and union,bit
operations,macro,etc.

Program Code (Object detection):

const int trigPin = 3;

const int echoPin = 2;
const int buzzer = 5;
const int motorPin = 5;

long duration;
int distance;
int safetyDistance;

void setup()
{
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

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void loop()
{
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = duration*0.034/2;

safetyDistance = distance;
if (safetyDistance <= 30)
{
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
}

Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
}

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CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGIES
5.0 METHOD OF WORKING

Here we are using Arduino NANO as the controller. So, the input and output units are interfaced with the
Arduino controller. The ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with Arduino as the input and the output for the
ultrasonic sensor are in the form of sound through buzzer. The water sensor also interfaced with Arduino
controller so if there is any water in front of water and the water is interfaced with water sensor in the
bottom of the walking stick, there is a buzzer sound to alert the blind person. Finally, there is RF receiver
and transmitter that are mainly used to find the walking stick which works as wireless. The Arduino is
coded using Embedded C software. Based on the function of the Arduino the program was logically coded
in the Embedded C software and checked for the errors. If there is any error it will be displayed in the
message box. After removing the errors, the sketch can be compiled and run successfully. Finally, the
sketch is uploaded into the Arduino controller through USB serial interface. The pin details are A0 is
connected to the LM35’s (temperature sensor) output pin. The output pin from the water sensor are
connected to the A1 Pin (analog pin).

5.1 Large Obstacle Detection Methodology

While walking if any obstacle like human, animal, tree or wall appears in front of him then the
Ultrasonic sensor which is continuously transmitting high frequency sound waves are echoed back
after striking the obstacle and are collected across receiver. These received waves are sending to the
processor in the form of electrical impulse for processing. After processing the Input the processor will
sent a voice instruction stored within the memory for obstacle avoidance and at the same time vibrator
also shakes to alert the person regarding presence of obstacle and his speed of walking and try to find
the obstacle free path by directing sensor in different direction. If the object is found at 1 meter or
more then it comes under close zone, an emergency voice instruction along with vibrating alert will be
send to user to stop at the same place and to find the obstacle free direction using the sensor. And if
object is detected at less than 1 meter then it comes under danger zone, a voice instruction to back step
along with vibration alert is send to the user and at the same time a buzzer will also rung to let people
around know that the person is blind and he needs help.

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5.2 Small Obstacle Detection Methodology

If in the way pit, staircase or stone like obstacle which are small in size and cannot be detected by the
Ultrasonic sensor are detected by the IR sensor as it is located at the lower side of the stick. After
detecting the small obstacles on ground, IR sensor will send the signal to the processor and as a result
of which the processor will send a voice instruction for small obstacle available on ground from the
memory location and at the same time it will enable the first buzzer for informing the blind person
about presence of obstacle on ground and thus avoidance the collision.

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CHAPTER 6

EXPECTED RESULTS & PLAN OF EXECUTION

6.1 NECESSARY PARAMETERS

To evaluate the performance of this stick, testing is performed in real world, by actual beneficiaries

(trained and untrained) blind people.

The proposed system should be compared with available and up to date technology. Several parameters

should be considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed guidance system such as the range of

detection, time response and power consumption.

 The first parameter is the range of detection. A tool which can find obstacles throughout 0-2m can be

considered as a low range device, 2-4m as medium range, while higher than 4m is considered as high

range.

 The second parameter is the response time, and a system sensing and responding 0–100ms is regarded

as fast, 100–200ms medium and higher than 200ms as slow.

 The third important parameter is the power consumption of the system and how long it will stay working

without the need to recharge. The following ratings are considered: consumption of an electrical power of

0 0.5W is regarded as low power, 0.5–1W as medium consumption, and higher than 1W as high

consumption.

 The device is portable if it is light in weight and the user can easily wear for extended period of time

otherwise it is considered non-portable.

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6.2 RESULTS

1. The physically impaired person is taught the positions of the buttons present in the smart blind
stick.

2. For navigation, the person can press the navigation button, and it will help them reach their
destination and detect the obstacles present at left, right, and front using ultrasonic sensors.

3. Whenever there is obstacle detection, there is a warning given to the blind person by voice
command via buzzer.

4.

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CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

7.1 ADVANTAGES

a. This gadget will help all the blind people in the world make them easier to walk everywhere they want.

Furthermore, the navigation system helps them with voice command.

b. It will detect the obstacle coming in the way of blind people.

c. The most important feature will be the panic button on the gadget; whenever the blind person is stuck

or in an emergency, his location will be sent to the predefined person.

d. The gadget will be portable and can be used in other blind sticks also.

e. Convenient and easy navigation aid for unsighted.

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7.2 LIMITATIONS

a. There is a requirement of prior training of the blind person in order to use the device.

b. The device cannot recognize small objects.

c. The device cannot differentiate between person or object; it will simply sense it is an

obstacle.

d. Does not protect from obstacles at face level or from above the head.

e. Little sensor support in these fields.

f. Limited and fixed route to follow daily routine.

g. Less mechanical strength.

h. In water will damage the circuit.

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The Smart Stick acts as a basic platform for the coming generation of more aiding devices to help the

visually impaired be safe. It is effective and affordable. This product is an attempt to fill the gap formed in

visually impaired people’s life by providing them strength of self-dependency. Here we have designed an

electronically smart guiding stick that is incorporated with multiple sensors which will help in navigating

the way while walking and keep alarming the person if any sign of danger or inconvenience is detected.

This stick also comprises of Text to speech conversion that facilitates the translation of English language

text into speech output in different languages that will help blind and partially sighted people over

worldwide to get audio news update from newspaper study books and hand written notes. This can also be

used by the students for hearing the audio of class notes and understanding the meaning in compatible

language. The system has been designed giving priority to safety, comfort, cost effectives and strength of

the product. It can be further improved to increase its capability of decision making with introducing some

other sensors in the system that will increase the area of application.

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8.1 FUTURE SCOPE

Till now we have succeeded to translate English language text into speech output of three different

languages i.e., English, Hindi and Bengali which are the most commonly spoken and understand by the

people of India. We are planning to include some other local languages so that several other visually

impaired people can use this stick to overcome the reading problem in daily life. We are also working out

to include Face recognition system that will avail blind people to recognize the person standing in front of

him. At the same time global positioning system (GPS) can be linked with the voice stick for navigation,

so that person can know his current position and distance from the destination which will be informed to

user through voice instructions whenever needed

The future scope of the existing smart stick, guides the visually impaired person in his navigation

independently in an efficient manner ensuring the person’s safety.

a. The Braille input device gives the blind person an uncomplicated method to provide the destination

address for navigation.

b. The programmable wheels would steer the stick away from the obstacles and also leading the blind

person towards the destination.

c. Internet of Things is a trending concept which can increase the benefits of the smart stick by allowing

one stick to communicate with another smart stick (or mobile, PCs) nearby to utilize the functionality

of the other stick when one stick’s functionality breaks down.

d. In order to run this integrated set of hardware we can use solar panels as an alternative to the battery.

The use of solar panel occurs to be more advantageous as it uses sunlight, the easily available

renewable resource of energy, to get recharged.

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