CHE531
CHEMICAL
PROCESS
PRINCIPLES II
Energy Balance on
Nonreactive System
❑Elements of energy balance calculations
❑Changes in pressure at constant temperature
❑Changes in temperature
❑Procedure for energy balance calculations
❑Sensible heat and heat capacity
❑Balances on phase operation
❑Estimation & correlation of latent heat
❑Psychometric chart
❑Enthalpy concentration charts- single liquid phase
❑Entalphy – concentration chart – vapor liquid
equilibrium calculations
PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS
On a psychrometric chart (or humidity chart), several properties of
gas – vapor mixture are cross – plotted, providing a concise
compilation of a large quantity of physical property data.
A psychrometric chart in SI unit for Air – water system at 1 atm is
shown in Figure 8.4-1.
Dry – bulb temperature, T – the abscissa of the chart. This is the air
temperature as measured by a thermometer, thermocouple, or other
conventional temperature measuring instrument.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS
Absolute humidity, ha [kg H2O (v)/kg DA)] (called moisture content
on Figure 8.4-1) – the ordinate of the chart.
Relative humidity, hr = [100 x p H O/ p* H O (T)].
2 2
Curve on the psychrometric chart correspond to specified values of hr.
The curve that forms the left boundary of the chart is 100% relative
humidity curve, also known as saturation curve.
Dew point, Tdp – the temperature at which humid air becomes
saturated if it is cooled at constant pressure.
Humid volume, VH – the volume occupied by 1 kg of dry air plus the
water vapor that accompanies it.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS
Wet bulb temperature, Twb – if the air is saturated (100%
relative humidity), the wet bulb and dry bulb
temperature would be same.
Specific enthalpy of saturated air and Enthalpy deviation
How to use Psychrometric Chart? ?
Example – The psychrometric chart
.
Use a psychrometric chart to estimate:
(1) The absolute humidity, wet bulb temperature, humid volume,
dew point, and specific enthalpy of humid air at 410C and 10%
relative humidity
(2) The amount of water in 150 m3 of air at these condition
Analyze the information….
Tdb = 410C hr = 10%
Tdb = 41oC
hr = 10%
ha = 0.0048 kg H2O/kg DA
Twb = 19oC
VH = 0.895 m3/kg
DP = 3oC 54
V̂
H = 54 kJ/kg DA
o 0.880 m3/kg
19oC
0.90 m3/kg
10 % rh
0.0048
3oC
Wet bulb temperature, Twb = 190C
Dew point temperature, Tdp = 30C
Absolute humidity, ha = 0.0048 kg / kg DA
Humid volume, VH = 0.895 m3/kg DA
Specific enthalpy, H = 54 kJ/kg DA
Since the point corresponding to 410C and 10% relative humidity
falls roughly between enthalpy deviation curves corresponding
to -0.6 kJ/kg and -0.8 kJ/kg, we may calculate H as:
^
H = (54 − 0.7 ) kJ/kg DA
^
H = 53.3 kJ/kg DA
Amount of water
Given volume of air, V = 150 m 3
V ha
Amount of water =
VH
kg H 2O kg DA
Amount of water = 150 m 3 0.0048
kg DA 0.895 m 3
Amount of water = 0.804 kg H 2O
ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE
Inlet Gas, Outlet Gas, HS,
H, T TS
Gas is contacted with spray
of liquid water. Adiabatic
process.
The temperature of the water
being recirculated reaches a
Make-up steady state temperature
water, TS called the adiabatic saturation
temperature, TS when a large
amount of water is contacted
by the entering gas (the
contact is enough to bring the
gas and liquid to equilibrium).
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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE
If the contact between the entering gas and
spray of droplets is enough (sufficiently long
time) to bring the gas and liquid to
equilibrium, the leaving air is saturated at TS
and HS.
Read TS and HS on 100% saturation curve.
If contact is not sufficient, the leaving mixture
will be at percentage saturation less than
100% but on the same line.
12
Test yourself 1
• If the amount of water vapor in the air stays the same,
but the air temperature increases, what happens to the
relative humidity?
• The relative humidity would decrease.
• What is the difference between humidity and dew
point?
• Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the
air. Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor
condenses & the R.H. would be 100% (air is saturated).
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Example – Material and Energy Balance on an Air
Conditioner
Air at 800F and 80% relative humidity is cooled to 510F at a constant
pressure
. of 1 atm. Use the psychrometric chart to calculate the fraction
of the water that condenses and the rate at which heat must be removed
to deliver 1000 ft3/min of humid air at final condition.
Analyze the information….
Tdb in = 800F hr in = 80%
Tdb out = 510F
V = 1000 ft3/min
Do basis of calculation: 1 lbm of dry air (DA)
Flow chart of process:
1lbmHumid
1000 ft3/min DA air
m22(lbm
(lbmHH 2O (v))
2O(v))
o 0
T=51T=52F F
H2H(Btu/lbm)
2 (Btu/lbm)
1lbm
Humid DA
air
m1 (lbm H2O (v))
T=800F, hr=80%
H1 (Btu/lbm)
m3 (lbm H2O (l))
0
T=52
T=51 oF F
HH33(Btu/lbm)
(Btu/lbm)
Q (Btu)
At Tdb = 800F hr in = 80%
Absolute humidity, ha = 0.01762 lbm H2O/ kg DA
Specific enthalpy, H1 = 38.6 Btu/ lbm DA
Amount of water, m1 = ha mass of DA
lbm H 2O
m1 = 0.018
0.01762 1 lbm DA
lbm DA
m1 = 0.018
0.01762 lb
m H 2O
At Tdb = 510F hr out = 100% (saturated)
Absolute humidity, ha = 0.008 lbm H2O/ kg DA
Specific enthalpy, H2 = 20.82 Btu/ lbm DA
Amount of water, m2 = ha mass of DA
lbm H 2O
m2 = 0.0079
0.008
1 lbm DA
lbm DA
m2 = 0.0079
0.008 lbm H 2O
Amount of liquid water, m3
m1 = m2 + m3
m3 = m1 − m2 = 0.018 − 0.0079
0.01762 - 0.008
m3 = 0.0101
0.00962 lbm H 2O condensed
Fraction of H2O condensed
0.010 H 2O condensed 0.55
0.00962
Fraction of H 2O condensed = = 0.555
0.018 lbm fed
0.01762
Enthalpy of condensate, H3
Reference condition for water in chart = 320F
Use the same reference to calculate H3
(
H 2O l,320 F ) (
→ H2O l,510 F )
Btu
Given the C p of liquid water is 1.0
lbm 0 F
Btu
( )
^ ^
Δ H = H 3 = 1.0 510
F − 320
F
lbm F
0
^ Btu
H 3 = 19.0
lbm H 2 0
Energy balance
Open system → Q = H
Choose reference state: DA → 00F, 1 atm, gas
: water → 320F, 1 atm, liq
Construct inlet – outlet enthalpy data
Construct inlet – outlet enthalpy data
Reference: DA (g,00F, 1 atm), water(l,320F, 1 atm)
Comp. Flow in Flow out
min Hin mout Hout
Humid air 1.0 lbm DA 38.6 Btu/ lbm DA 1.0 lbm DA 20.82 Btu/ lbm DA
H2O (l) - - 0.00962 19 Btu/ lbm H2O
For overall process
ΔH = ni H i − n H i i
final initial
Btu Btu
1.0 lbm DA 20.9
20.86 + 0.01 lbm H 22O 19.0
0.00962 lbm H O
lbm DA lbm H 2O out
Q=
− 1.0 lb DA 38.8 Btu
38.6 + 0
m
lbm DA in
Q = (20.9
20.86+ 38.8) Btu
0.183 -−38.6
+ 0.19
Q = −17.71
17.6 Btu
To calculate the cooling requirement of 1000 ft3/min of delivered air,
we must first determine the volume of delivered air corresponding to
our assumed basis and scale the calculated value of Q by the ratio
(1000 ft3/min)/(Vbasis). From psychrometric chart,
For saturated air at T = 510F, Humid volume, VH = 13.025 ft3/lbm DA
Vbasis = Amount of air VH
3
ft
Vbasis = 1.0 lbm DA 13.025
13.0
lbm DA
Vbasis = 13.025
13.0ftft3 3
From calculation, 13.0ft 3 - 17.71
17.6 Btu
ft 3
1000 -17.71
17.6 Btu
ft 3 min Btu
If V = 1000 → Q= → Q = −1351.2
1362.3
min 13.0ft 3
13.025 min
