FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: [email protected]

HCMC — 2017.

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OUTLINE

1 FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE

2 BASIC PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS

3 ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

4 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS

5 MATL AB

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 Functions of single variable Four Ways to Represent a Function

Functions arise whenever one quantity depends on

another. Consider the following 4 situations:
1
The area A of a circle depends on the radius r of
the circle: A = πr 2 .
2
The human population of the world P depends
on the time t. The table gives estimates of the
world population P(t) at the time t

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 Functions of single variable Four Ways to Represent a Function

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 Functions of single variable Four Ways to Represent a Function

3
The cost C of mailing an envelope depends on its
weight w. Although there is no simple formula
that connects w and C , the post office has a rule
for determining C when w is known.

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 Functions of single variable Four Ways to Represent a Function

4
The vertical acceleration a of the ground as
measured by a seismograph during an
earthquake is a function of the elapsed time t

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 Functions of single variable Four Ways to Represent a Function

REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

There are 4 possible ways to represent a function:

1
verbally (by a description in words)
2
numerically (by a table of values)
3
visually (by a graph)
4
algebraically (by an explicit formula)

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 Functions of single variable Function and its graph

DEFINITION 1.1
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in
a set X ⊂ R exactly one element y , called f (x) in a set
E ⊂ R. Denoted by:

f : X −→ E
y = f (x), x − independent, y − dependent

The set X = {x ∈ R : f (x)is defined} is called the domain

of the function f and is denoted by D(f ). The set
f (X ) = {y = f (x) ∈ R : x ∈ X } is called the range of the
function f and is denoted by E(f ).

f (x) is the value of f at x and is read " f of x ".

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 Functions of single variable Function and its graph

DEFINITION 1.2
The set consists of all points (x, f (x)), x ∈ X in the
coordinate plane Oxy is called the graph of the
function f .

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 Functions of single variable Function and its graph

EXAMPLE 1.1
p
Find the domain and range of function f (x) = x + 2

SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists of all values of x such
that x + 2 Ê 0 ⇔ x Ê −2, so the domain is the
interval [−2, +∞)
2
Theprange of f consists of all values of y such that
y = x + 2 Ê 0, so the range is the interval [0, +∞)

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 Functions of single variable Piecewise defined functions

DEFINITION 1.3
The functions which are defined by different formulas
in different parts of their domain, are called
piecewise defined functions

EXAMPLE 1.2
A function f is defined by
1 − x, if x É −1
½
f (x) =
x2 , if x > −1

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 Functions of single variable The composite function

Suppose that y = f (u), where u is a function of x :

u = g(x). We compute this by substitution

y = f (g(x))

The procedure is called composition because the

new function is composed of the 2 given functions f
and g
DEFINITION 1.4
Given 2 functions f and g, the composite function
f ◦ g (read: f circle g ) is defined by

(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x))

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 Functions of single variable The composite function

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 Functions of single variable The composite function

EXAMPLE 1.3
If f (x) = x2 , and g(x) = x3 − 7, find the composite
function f ◦ g and g ◦ f

SOLUTION We have

(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x3 − 7) = (x3 − 7)2

(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(x2 ) = (x2 )3 − 7 = x6 − 7

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 Functions of single variable One-to-one functions

DEFINITION 1.5
A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never
takes on the same value twice; that is,

f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 ) whenever x1 6= x2

EXAMPLE 1.4
1
The function f (x) = x3 is one-to-one because if
x1 6= x2 then x13 6= x23 .
2
The function g(x) = x2 is not one-to-one because,
for instance g(1) = 1 = g(−1), and so 1 and −1 have
the same output.

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 Functions of single variable Inverse functions

DEFINITION 1.6
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain D and
range E. Then its inverse function f −1 (read: f inverse)
has domain E and range D and is defined by

f −1 (y) = x ⇔ f (x) = y

f −1 (x) = y ⇔ f (y) = x

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 Functions of single variable Inverse functions

CANCELLATION EQUATIONS
f −1 (f (x)) = x, ∀x ∈ D, f (f −1 (y)) = y, ∀y ∈ E.

The graph of f −1 (x) is obtained by reflecting the

graph of f (x) about the line y = x.

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 Functions of single variable Inverse functions

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 Functions of single variable Inverse functions

HOW TO FIND THE INVERSE FUNCTION OF A

ONE - TO - ONE FUNCTION f

1
Write y = f (x)
2
Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)
3
To express f −1 as a function of x, interchange x
and y . The resulting equation is y = f −1 (x)
EXAMPLE 1.5
Find the inverse function of f (x) = x3 + 2
SOLUTION
1
y = x3 + 2
x3 = y − 2 ⇒ x = 3 y − 2
p
2
p
3
3
y = x − 2 = f −1 (x)
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 Basic properties of functions Periodic functions

DEFINITION 2.1
The function f is called periodic of period T > 0 if for
all x ∈ X , such that x − T , x + T ∈ X and

f (x + T ) = f (x − T ) = f (x) (1)

EXAMPLE 2.1
Function sine f (x) = sin x is periodic function and has
period T = 2π. This means that, for all values of x

f (x + 2π) = sin(x + 2π) = f (x − 2π) = sin(x − 2π)

= f (x) = sin x.

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 Basic properties of functions Increasing and decreasing functions

DEFINITION 2.2
A function f is called
1
increasing on an interval X if f (x1 ) < f (x2 )
whenever x1 < x2 in X .
2
decreasing on an interval X if f (x1 ) > f (x2 )
whenever x1 < x2 in X .
EXAMPLE 2.2
1
Function f (x) = x is increasing on the R.
2
Function g(x) = x2 is decreasing on the interval
(−∞, 0) and increasing on the interval (0, +∞).
3
Function h(x) = c = const, according to the
definition is not decreasing and not increasing.
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 Basic properties of functions Symmetry

DEFINITION 2.3
Function f is called an even function on the X ⊂ R if
for all x ∈ X such that −x ∈ X and

f (−x) = f (x) (2)

DEFINITION 2.4
Function f is called an odd function on the X ⊂ R if
for all x ∈ X such that −x ∈ X and

f (−x) = −f (x) (3)

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 Basic properties of functions Symmetry

SYMMETRY
1
The graph of an even function is symmetric with
respect to the y−axis.
2
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about
the origin O.

EXAMPLE 2.3
1
Function f (x) = x is odd on R because for each x ∈ R
then −x ∈ R and f (−x) = −x = −f (x).
2
Function g(x) = x2 is even on R because for each
x ∈ R then −x ∈ R and g(−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = g(x).

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 Basic properties of functions Boundedness

DEFINITION 2.5
Let function f : X → Y be defined on a set D ⊂ X .
Function f is called
1
bounded from above if there is a number M ∈ R
such that for all x ∈ D from the domain D one has
f (x) É M;
2
bounded from below if there is a number m ∈ R
such that for all x ∈ D from the domain D one has
f (x) Ê m;
3
bounded if there is a number C > 0 such that for
all x ∈ D from the domain D one has |f (x)| É C;
4
unbounded if for all C > 0, exists x0 ∈ D such that
|f (x0 )| > C.
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 Basic properties of functions Boundedness

EXAMPLE 2.4
1
1
Function f (x) = is bounded from above on
1 + x2
the set D = R because 0 < f (x) É 1, ∀x ∈ R.
1
2
Function g(x) = is bounded on the open interval
x
[1, +∞) because 0 < g(x) É 1, ∀x ∈ [1, +∞) but g(x) is
unbounded on the interval (0, +∞) because for all
1
C > 0, exists x0 = ∈ (0, +∞) such that
C +1
|g(x0 )| = |C + 1| > C.

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 Elementary functions Linear function

LINEAR FUNCTION

y = mx + b, (4)

m is the slope of the line and b is the y−intercept.

The slope, m, of the line through (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is

given by the following equation, if x1 6= x2
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1

The slope of a line can be interpreted as the rate of

change in the y−coordinates for each 1-unit increase
in the x−coordinates.
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 Elementary functions Linear function

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 Elementary functions Linear function

EXAMPLE 3.1
Find the slope and the equation of the line through
the points (4, 3) and (2, 5)

SOLUTION The slope is

y2 − y1 5 − 3
m= = = −1.
x2 − x1 2 − 4
The equation of the line that has slope −1 and passes
through point (4, 3) is

y − 3 = −1(x − 4) ⇔ y = −x + 7

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 Elementary functions Polynomials

DEFINITION 3.1
A function P is called a polynomial if

P(x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + . . . + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0

where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers

a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an are constants called the coefficients of
the polynomial.

If the leading coefficient an 6= 0, then the degree of

the polynomial is n

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 Elementary functions Polynomials

EXAMPLE 3.2
1
P(x) = mx + b is a polynomial of degree 1 - linear
function
2
P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, (a 6= 0) is a polynomial of degree 2
- quadratic function
3
P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (a 6= 0) is a polynomial of
degree 3 - cubic function

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 Elementary functions Power functions

POWER FUNCTIONS

y = xα , α ∈ R. (5)

(Read: x to the α power)

The domain and range of power functions depend
on the parameter α.

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 Elementary functions Power functions

Case α = 2 ⇒ y = x2 - square function

1
Domain: D = R.
2
Range: E = [0, +∞).
3
Function is increasing on the interval (0, ∞) and
decreasing on the interval (−∞, 0).
4
Function is even, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y−axis.

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 Elementary functions Power functions

1
Case α = −1 ⇒ y = - reciprocal function
x
1
Domain: D = R \ {0}.
2
Range: E = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
3
Function is decreasing on the interval (−∞, 0) and
(0, +∞)
4
Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about
the origin O(0, 0).

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 Elementary functions Power functions

1 p
Case α = ⇒ y = x -square root function
2
1
Domain: D = [0, +∞).
2
Range: E = [0, +∞).
3
Function is increasing on the interval (0, +∞)
4
Function does not have symmetry.

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 Elementary functions Exponential functions

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

y = ax , a > 0, a 6= 1. (6)

(Read: base a to the x power)

Laws of exponents
axx.ay = ax+y a x ³ a ´x
a =
= ax−y bx b
a y
(ax )y = axy 1
ax .bx = (ab)x a−x =
ax

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 Elementary functions Exponential functions

Function y = ax , (a > 1)
1
Domain: D = R
2
Range: E = (0, ∞)
3
Function is increasing on the interval (−∞, +∞)
4
The graph always passes through the point at
(0, 1)

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 Elementary functions Exponential functions

Function y = ax , (0 < a < 1)

1
Domain: D = R.
2
Range: E = (0, +∞).
3
Function is decreasing on the interval (−∞, +∞)
4
The graph always passes through the point at
(0, 1)

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 Elementary functions Logarithmic functions

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

y = loga x, a > 0, a 6= 1 (7)

(Read: logarithm of x with base a)
Logarithmic function y = loga x is the inverse function
of exponential function y = ax , this means that, if
y = loga x then x = ay > 0. Therefore, the domain of
logarithmic function is:
D = {x ∈ R | x > 0}.
The graph of logarithmic function y = loga x is the
reflection of the graph of exponential function y = ax
about the line y = x.
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 Elementary functions Logarithmic functions

Properties of logarithmic functions

loga (x.y) = loga x + loga y
x
µ ¶
loga = loga x − loga y
y
µ ¶
1
loga = −loga x
x
α
logaβ xα = loga x
β

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 Elementary functions Logarithmic functions

Function y = loga x, (a > 1)

1
Domain: D = (0, +∞).
2
Range: E = R.
3
Function is increasing on the interval (0, +∞).
4
The graph of logarithmic function y = loga x is the
reflection of the graph of exponential function
y = ax about the line y = x.

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 Elementary functions Logarithmic functions

Function y = loga x, (0 < a < 1)

1
Domain: D = (0, +∞).
2
Range: E = R.
3
Function is decreasing on the interval (0, +∞).
4
The graph of logarithmic function y = loga x is the
reflection of the graph of exponential function
y = ax about the line y = x.

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 Elementary functions Trigonometric functions

Function sine y = sin x

1
Domain: D = R 2
Range: E = [−1, 1]
3
Function is periodic of period 2π :
sin(x) = sin(x + 2π) = sin(x − 2π)
interval − π2 , π2 , and
¡ ¢
4
Function is increasing on the
¡ π 3π ¢
decreasing on the interval 2 , 2
5
Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about
the origin O(0, 0).

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 Elementary functions Trigonometric functions

Function cosine y = cos x

1
Domain: D = R 2
Range: E = [−1, 1]
3
Function is periodic of period 2π :
cos(x) = cos(x + 2π) = cos(x − 2π)
4
Function is increasing on the interval (−π, 0) , and
decreasing on the interval (0, π) ,
5
Function is even, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y−axis.

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 Elementary functions Trigonometric functions

sin x
Function tangent y = tan x = cos xª
©π
1
Domain: D = R \ 2 + kπ, k ∈ Z
2
Range: E = R
3
Function is periodic of period π :
tan(x) = tan(x + π) = tan(x − π)
Function is increasing on the interval − π2 , π2 .
¡ ¢
4

5
Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about
the origin O(0, 0).

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 Elementary functions Trigonometric functions

x
Function cotangent y = cot x = cos
sin x
1
Domain: D = R \ {kπ, k ∈ Z}
2
Range: E = R
3
Function is periodic of period π :
cot(x) = cot(x + π) = cot(x − π)
4
Function is decreasing on the interval (0, π).
5
Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about
the origin O(0, 0).

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 Elementary functions Trigonometric functions

Some basic formulas

2
sin x + cos x = 12 sin x
tan x =
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cos x
tan(π − x) = tan(−x) =
sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
1 − cos 2x − tan x
sin2 x =
2 tan(π + x) = tan(x)
π ³π´
sin = 1; sin(kπ) = 0 tan 0 = 0, tan is
2 2
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x undefined
cos x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = cot x =
sin x
1 − 2 sin2 x cot(π−x) = cot(−x) = − cot x
1 + cos 2x
cos2 x = cot(π + x) = cot x
2 ³π´
cos 0 = 1; cos π = −1 cot = 0, cot 0 is
³ π´ 2
cos ± = 0. undefined
2

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 Elementary functions Inverse trigonometric functions

Function arcsine y = arcsin x

y = arcsin x ⇐⇒ x = sin y
π π (8)
−1 É x É 1, − ÉyÉ
2 2

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 Elementary functions Inverse trigonometric functions

Function arcosine y = arccos x

y = arccos x ⇐⇒ x = cos y
(9)
−1 É x É 1 0ÉyÉπ

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 Elementary functions Inverse trigonometric functions

Function arctangent y = arctan x

y = arctan x
⇐⇒ x = tan y
π π (10)
−∞ < x < ∞ − <y<
2 2

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 Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions

ex − e−x
Function sinh x = is called hyperbolic sine.
2

1
Domain: D = R 4
Function is odd, the
2
Range: E = R graph is symmetric
3
Function is increasing about the origin O(0, 0).
on the R

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 Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions

ex + e−x
Function cosh x = is called hyperbolic cosine.
2

1
Domain: D = R 4
Function is even, the
2
Range: E = [1, +∞) graph is symmetric
3
Function is increasing with respect to the
on (0, +∞) and y−axis.
decreasing on (−∞, 0)

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 Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions

DEFINITION 3.2
sinh x
Function tanh x = is called hyperbolic tangent.
cosh x

DEFINITION 3.3
cosh x
Function coth x = is called hyperbolic
sinh x
cotangent.

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 Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions

Hyperbolic Identities
sinh(−x) = − sinh x
cosh(−x) = cosh x
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x
sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFTS

Suppose c > 0. To obtain the graph of

1
y = f (x) + c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units upward
2
y = f (x) − c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units downward
3
y = f (x + c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units to the left
4
y = f (x − c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units to the right

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STRETCHING

Suppose c > 0. To obtain the graph of

1
y = cf (x), stretch the graph of y = f (x) vertically by
a factor of c
1
2
y = f (x), shrink the graph of y = f (x) vertically by
c
a factor of c
3
y = f (cx), shrink the graph of y = f (x) horizontally
by a factor of c
µ ¶
1
4
y = f x , stretch the graph of y = f (x)
c
horizontally by a factor of c

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL REFLECTING

To obtain the graph of

1
y = −f (x), reflect the graph of y = f (x) about the
x−axis
2
y = f (−x), reflect the graph of y = f (x) about the
y−axis

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

EXAMPLE 4.1
Given the graph of y = x2 , use transformations to
graphs
1
y = f (x) = (x − 2)2 − 3
2
y = |f (x)| = |(x − 2)2 − 3|
3
y = f (|x|) = (|x| − 2)2 − 3

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

The graph of y = f (x) = (x − 2)2 − 3 is a translation of

y = x2 . The parent graph has been translated right 2
units and down 3 units.

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

The graph of y = |f (x)| = |(x − 2)2 − 3| is a translation of

y = f (x) = (x − 2)2 − 3. This transformation reflects any
portion of the parent graph that is below the x−axis
so that it is above the x−axis.

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

The graph of y = f (|x|) = (|x| − 2)2 − 3 is a translation of

y = f (x) = (x − 2)2 − 3. This transformation results in
the portion of the parent graph on the left on the
y−axis being replaced by a reflection of the portion
on the right of the y−axis.

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

EXAMPLE 4.2
Given the graph of y = cos x, use transformations to
graphs
1
y = 2 cos x
1
2
y = · cos x
2
3
y = cos(2x)
µ ¶
1
4
y = cos · x
2

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

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 New Functions from Old Functions Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

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 MatLab

MATL AB: FUNCTIONS

1
Composition: compose(f,g).
Example: syms x; f = xˆ2; g = exp(x); compose(f , g)
⇒ ans = exp(2 ∗ x).
2
Inverse function: finverse(f).
Example: syms x; f=exp(x); finverse(f ) ⇒
ans = log(x).
3
Evaluate function at a number: subs(f,x,a).
Example: syms x; f = xˆ2 + 1; subs(f , x, 2) ⇒ ans = 5.

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 MatLab

MATL AB: MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION

1
Simplify expression: simplify(f).
Example: syms x; f = (sin(x))ˆ2 + (cos(x))ˆ2;
simplify(f ) ⇒ ans = 1.
2
Simple expression: simple(f).
Example: syms x; f = (x + 1) ∗ x ∗ (x − 1); simple(f ) ⇒
ans = xˆ3 − x.

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 MatLab

MATL AB: INPUT - OUTPUT

1
Input: input(’Input x’, x)
2
Output: disp(’The value of x is’, x)

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 MatLab

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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