Strength of Material

Lab Manual

Roll No:
Name:
Year: Semester:
Strength of Material Lab Manual 2018-19

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this file is submitted by

Shri/Ku.

Roll No. a student of year of the course

as a part of PRACTICAL/ORAL as

prescribed by the Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University for the subject

Strength of Materials in the laboratory of SOM LAB during the academic year

and that I have instructed him/her for the said work,

from time to time and I found him/her to be satisfactory progressive.

And that I have accessed the said work and I am satisfied that the same is up to that

standard envisaged for the course.

Date:- Signature & Name Signature &

Name of Subject Teacher of HOD

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Strength of Material Lab Manual 2018-19

Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology

Vision
 To be a centre of excellence for developing quality technocrats with moral and social
ethics, to face the global challenges for the sustainable development of society.

Mission

 To create conducive academic culture for learning and identifying career goals.
 To provide quality technical education, research opportunities and imbibe
entrepreneurship skills contributing to the socio-economic growth of the Nation.
 To inculcate values and skills, that will empower our students towards development
through technology.

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision:

 To be the centre of excellence for developing quality Civil Engineers with moral and
social ethics to face global challenges for the sustainable development of society.

Mission:

 To create conductive academic culture for learning and identifying career goals.
 To impart quality technical education along with research opportunities.
 To impart knowledge and generate entrepreneurship skills contributing to socio-
economic growth of the nation.
 To inculcate values and skills, that will empower our students, towards National
development through technology, to preserve nature and its resources.

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Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

 Apply technical knowledge to find solution to the challenges in various areas and to
develop independent thinking in the field of Civil Engineering.
 Have analyze, design, technical and soft skills, for solving problem Civil Engineering.
 Inculcate morality professionals and ethical sense and self confidence.
 Take higher education or lifelong learning and contribute in research and
development throughout life.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

 An ability to plan, analyze, design and execute low cost housing and construction
works.
 An ability to provide the basic facilities with optimal utilization of resources to meet
the societal needs.

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PROGRAM: CE DEGREE: B.E

COURSE: STRENGTH OF MATERIAL SEMESTER: III CREDITS: 25 Marks
COURSE CODE: BECVE302P COURSE TYPE: REGULAR
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: CONTACT HOURS: 2 hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE : LAB COURSE NAME : Strength of Material

COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
BECVE302P III

LAB COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 This course explains the debate for each object oriented design principle.
 Draw a high level class diagram in UML for each pattern.
 Classify how the different components of the pattern collaborate with each other.
 List the consequences of each pattern to the overall software quality of a system.

COURSE OUTCOMES: Design Patterns

After completion of this course the students will be able -
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
SNO DESCRIPTION
LEVEL

CO.1 Understand the concept and application of various types of strain gauges. LEVEL 2
CO.2 Evaluate different engineering properties of engineering materials by LEVEL 5
performing different test on it.
CO.3 LEVEL 4
Understand the physical insight into the behaviour materials and
structural elements, including distribution of stresses and strains,
deformations and failure modes

CO.4 Develop individual and group reports: present objectives, describe test LEVEL 3
procedures and results, synthesize and discuss the test results, present
conclusions.

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Lab Instructions:
 Students should come to the lab on time unless prior permission is obtained from the

supervisor. As per department policy, a grace period of 10 minutes will be given to late

students. Student arriving after 10 minutes of the starting time will be considered

absent. Hence, he/she will automatically receive “zero” mark for the lab report.

 Students will be divided in to groups (preferably 2/3 students in a group). Each group

will be given a handout. This will serve as a guide for them throughout the experiment.

 All students must have to submit the lab report just after the entrance and before the

class start.

 Lab reports have to be submitted serially.

 Students have to complete the sample calculations and graphs in class and take sign

from the course teacher. (In some experiment which require more times, should be

completed as possible in class time.)

 Students should be very careful about any test. They should conduct the tests by

taking maximum care of the equipment during test.

 Thoroughly clean your laboratory work space at the end of the laboratory session.

 Keep work area neat and free of any unnecessary objects.

 Never block access to exits or emergency equipment.

 Food and drink, open or closed, should never be brought into the laboratory.

 Know the location of all the exits in the laboratory and building at the time of
emergency.

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Continuous Assessment Practical

Date of
Exp Page
NAME OF EXPERIMENT Commence Sign Remark
No No
ment

1 Study The Universal Testing Machine 8-13

(U.T.M.)
Perform the Tensile test on a metal
2 using Universal Testing Machine 14-17
(U.T.M.)
To determine the compressive
3 18-19
strength of brick

4 Perform Shear Test on Metals. 20-21

5 Study various types of Strain Gauges. 22-26

6 Perform Hardness test on Mild Steel. 27-28

Perform Impact strength of steel. (By

7 29-30
Izod test)
To determine the Stiffness of the
8 Spring and Modulus of Rigidity of the 31-33
Spring wire.
9 To determine the stiffness & modulus 34-37
of rigidity of the spring wire

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CONTENTS
Exp Date of Remar
NAME OF EXPERIMENT Sign
No Submission k

1 Study The Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.)

2 Perform the Tensile test on a metal using

Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.)
3 To determine the compressive strength of brick

4 Perform Shear Test on Metals.

5 Study various types of Strain Gauges.

6 Perform Hardness test on Mild Steel.

7 Perform Impact strength of steel. (By Izod test)

8 To determine the Stiffness of the Spring and

Modulus of Rigidity of the Spring wire.
9 To determine the stiffness & modulus of rigidity
of the spring wire

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EXPERIMENT NO – 1
AIM: - Study of Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.)

OBJECT: - To Study the various component parts of the Universal Testing Machine
(U.T.M.) & test procedures of various practical’s to be performed.

APPARATUS: - Universal Testing Machine with all attachment i.e. shears test attachment,
bending attachment, tension grips, compression test attachment etc.
DIAGRAM:-

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THEORY : - The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units.

1) Loading unit, 2) Control panel.

LOADING UNIT:-
It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside. The piston which
moves up and down. The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left
hand side. The screw column maintained in the base can be rotated using above
arrangement of chain. Each column passes through the main nut which is fitted
in the lower cross head.
The lower table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is
joined to ensure axial loading. There is a connection between lower table and
upper head assembly that moves up and down with main piston. The
measurement of this assembly is carried out by number of bearings which
slides over the columns.
The test specimen each fixed in the job is known as ‘Jack Job’. To fix up the
specimen tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically by handle.

CONTROL PANEL:-
It consists of oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass for checking the oil
level. The pump is displacement type piston pump having free plungers those
ensure for continuation of high pressure. The pump is fixed to the tank from
bottom. The suction & delivery valve are fitted to the pump near tank Electric
motor driven the pump is mounted on four studs which is fitted on the right side
of the tank. There is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the valve. The
four valves on control panel control the oil stroke in the hydraulic system. The
loading system works as described below.
The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the flow control
valves to the cylinder & the piston goes up. Pressure starts developing &
either the specimen breaks or the load having maximum value is controlled with
the base dynameters consisting in a cylinder in which the piston reciprocates.
The switches have upper and lower push at the control panel for the downward
& upward movement of the movable head. The on & off switch provided on the
control panel & the pilot lamp shows the transmission of main supply.

METHOD OF TESTING:-
Initial Adjustment: - before testing adjust the pendulum with respect to
capacity of the test i.e. 8 Tones; 10 Tones; 20 Tones; 40 Tones etc.
For ex: - A specimen of 6 tones capacity gives more accurate result of 10 Tones
capacity range instead of 20 Tones capacity range. These ranges of
capacity are adjusted on the dial with the help of range selector knob.
The control weights of the pendulum are adjusted correctly.

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The ink should be inserted in pen holder of recording paper around the drum &
the testing process is started depending upon the types of test as mentioned
below.

TENSION TEST:-
Select the proper job and complete upper and lower check adjustment. Apply
some Greece to the tapered surface of specimen or groove. Then operate the
upper cross head grip operation handle & grip the upper end of test specimen
fully in to the groove. Keep the lower left valve in fully close position. Open the
right valve & close it after lower table is slightly lifted. Adjust the lower points
to zero with the help of adjusting knob. This is necessary to remove the dead
weight of the lower table. Then lock the jobs in this position by operating job
working handle. Then open the left control valve. The printer on dial gauge at
which the specimen breaks slightly return back & corresponding load is known
as breaking load & maximum load is known as the ultimate load.

COMPRESSION TEST:-
Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary head & lower table
respectively. Place the specimen on the lower plate in order to grip. Then adjust
zero by lifting the lower table. Then perform the test in the same manner as
described in tension test.

FLEXURAL OR BENDING TEST:-

Keep the bending table on the lower table in such a way that the central position
of the bending table is fixed in the central location value of the lower table. The
bending supports are adjusted to required distance.
Stuffers at the back of the bending table at different positions. Then place the
specimen on bending table & apply the load by bending attachment at the upper
stationary head. Then perform the test in the same manner as described in
tension test.

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST:-

Place the specimen on the lower table & lift it up slightly. Adjust the zero fixed
value at the bottom side of the lower cross head. Increase the load slowly
ultimate load value is obtained. Then release the load slowly with left control
valve. Get the impression of a suitable value of five to ten millimeter on the
specimen & measure the diameter of the impression correctly by microscope &
calculate Brinell hardness.

SHEAR TEST:-
Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of
cutter. The specimen is inserted in roles of shear test attachment & lift the
lower table so that the zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the

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specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces
then it will be in angle shear, & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be in
double shear.
STUDY OF EXTENSOMETER:-
This instrument is an attachment to Universal / Tensile Testing Machines. This
measures the elongation of a test place on load for the set gauge length. The
least count of measurement being 0.01 mm, and maximum elongation
measurement up to 3 mm. This elongation measurement helps in finding out the
proof stress at the required percentage elongation.
WORKING OF THE INSTRUMENT:-The required gauge length(between
30to 120 ) is set by adjusting the upper knife edges ( 3 ) A scale ( 2 ) is provided
for this purpose . Hold the specimen in the upper and lower jaws of Tensile /
Universal Testing Machine. Position the extensometer on the specimen.
Position upper clamp (4) To press upper knife edges on the specimen. The
extensometer will be now fixed to the specimen by spring pressure. Set zero on
both the dial gauges by zero adjust screws (7 ). Start loading the specimen and
take the reading of load on the machine at required elongation or the elongation
at required load. Force setter accuracies mean of both the dial gauge ( 8)
readings should be taken as elongation. It is very important to note & follow the
practice of removing the extensometer from the specimen before the specimen
breaks otherwise the instrument will be totally damaged. As a safety, while
testing the instrument may be kept hanging from a fixed support by a slightly
loose thread.
TECHNICAL DATA:-
Measuring Range: 0 – 3 mm.
Least Count: 0. 01 mm.
Gauge Length adjustable from: 30 – 120 mm
Specimen Size: 1 to 20mm Round or Flats up to 20 x 20 mm.

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A) Stress-strain graph of Mild Steel

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B) Stress-strain graphs of different materials.

 Curve A shows a brittle material. This material is also strong

because there is little strain for a high stress. The fracture of a
brittle material is sudden and catastrophic, with little or no plastic
deformation. Brittle materials crack under tension and the stress
increases around the cracks. Cracks propagate less under
compression.
 Curve B is a strong material which is not ductile. Steel wires stretch
very little, and break suddenly. There can be a lot of elastic strain
energy in a steel wire under tension and it will “whiplash” if it
breaks. The ends are razor sharp and such a failure is very
dangerous indeed.
 Curve C is a ductile material
 Curve D is a plastic material. Notice a very large strain for a small
stress. The material will not go back to its original length.

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EXPERIMENT NO. – 02

AIM: -To Perform the tensile test on a metal.

OBJECT: - To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the
(i) Limit of proportionality (ii) Elastic limit
(iii) Yield strength (IV) Ultimate strength
(v) Young’s modulus of elasticity (VI) Percentage elongation
(VII) Percentage reduction in area.
APPARATUS: -
(i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
(ii) Mild steel specimens
(iii) Graph paper
(iv) Scale
(v) Vernier Caliper
DIAGRAM:-

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THEORY:-The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this
test ends of test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and
to a load measuring device. If the applied load is small enough, the
deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically deformed
solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However, if
the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial
part of the tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is
termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the manner in
which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress below
which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield
strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is
denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield
point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During
plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate
for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and
then begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength”’ which is defined
as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional area,
reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’
formation and rupture.
PROCEDURE:-
1) Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may
either be length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a
preset punch or the total length of the specimen.
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-
measuring device to it.
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together,
measure the final length and diameter of specimen.
OBESERVATION:- A) Material:
A) Original dimensions
Length = ------------
Diameter = ---------
Area = --------------
B) Final Dimensions:

Length = -------------------

Diameter = -----------------
Area = ------------------------

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OBESERVATION TABLE:-
S.No Load(N) Original Extension
2
Gauge length (mm) Load (N/mm ) Increase in length
Stress = Area Strain = ---------
Original length
1
2
3
4
5
To plot the stress strain curve and determine the following.
(i) Limit pf proportion
Load at limit of Proportionali
2
= =… . N/mm
Original area of cross-section

(ii) Elastic limit = load at elastic limit

Original area of c/s

(iii) Yield Strength 2

= Yield load N/mm
Original area of c/s

(iv) Ultimate Strength 2

= Max Tensile load N/mm
Original area of c/s

(v) Young’s Modulus, 2

= Stress below proportionality limit N/mm
E
Corresponding Strain

(vi) Percentage Elongation = Final length (at fracture) – Original length X 100 (%)
Original length

(vii) Percentage reduction = Original area-area at

in area fracture (final area) X 100 (%)

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Original
area of c/s

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RESULT:- i) Average Breaking Stress =

ii) Ultimate Stress=
iii) Average % Elongation =

PRECAUTION:-
1. If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be
removed before necking begins.
2. Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully.

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EXPERIMENT NO: - 03
AIM: -TO DETERMINE THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICK
OBJECT: - The specimen brick is immersed in water for 24 hours.
APPARATUS: Bricks, Oven Venire Caliper, Scale,Etc.
FORMULA: -
Compressive Strength = Max. Load at failure = _P_ N/mm2
Area of brick A

THEORY : - Bricks are used in construction of either load bearing walls or in portion
walls incase of frame structure. In bad bearing walls total weight from
slab and upper floor comes directly through brick and then it is
transversed to the foundation. In case the bricks are loaded with
compressive nature of force on other hand in case of frame structure
bricks are used only for construction of portion walls, layers comes
directly on the lower layers or wall. In this case bricks are loaded with
compressive nature of force. Hence for safely measures before using the
bricks in actual practice they have to be tested in laboratory for their
compressive strength.
PROCEDURE: -
1. Select some brick with uniform shape and size.
2. Measure it’s all dimensions. (LXBXH)
3. Now fill the frog of the brick with fine sand. And
4. Place the brick on the lower platform of compression testing machine
and lower the spindle till the upper motion of rams offered by a
specimen the oil pressure start increasing the pointer start returning to
zero leaving the drug pointer that is maximum reading which can be
noted down.

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Strength of Material Lab Manual 2018-19
OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S.No L X B XH Area Load (N) Compressive Average

3
. Cm LXB (P) Strength Compressive
2 2
Cm P/A(N/mm Strength

01
02
03
04
05

CALCULATION:- - Max. Load at failure

Compressive Strength = -----------------------------
Loaded Area of brick

RESULT : - The average compressive strength of new brick sample

is found to be...........Kg/sq.cm.

PRECAUTION: - 1) Measure the dimensions of Brick accurately.

2) Specimen should be placed as for as possible in
the of lower plate.
3) The range of the gauge fitted on the machine should
not be more than double the breaking load of specimen
for reliable results.

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EXPERIMENT NO :- 04
AIM: -To determine the Shear strength of steel.
OBJECT: - To conduct shear test on specimens under double shear:
APPARATUS: - i) Universal testing machine.
ii) Shear test attachment.
iii) Specimens.

THEORY: - Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment
consists of cutter. The specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift
the lower table so that the zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that
the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen breaks in two
pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks in three pieces then it
will be in double shear.
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment
in the upper portion and one end in the lower portion.
2. Switch on the main switch of universal testing machine machine.
3. The drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.
4. Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight
in the pendulum and balance it if necessary with the help of small
balancing weights.
5. Operate (push) buttons for driving the motor to drive the pump.
6. Gradually move the head control level in left-hand direction till the
specimen shears.
7. Down the load at which the specimen shears.
8. Stop the machine and remove the specimen
Repeat the experiment with other
specimens. OBESERVATION:-
Diameter of the Rod, D = mm
2
Cross-section area of the Rod (in double shear) = 2x (𝜋/4)𝐷2 =______mm
Load taken by the Specimen at the time of failure , W = N

Strength of rod against Shearing = ƒx2x (𝜋/4)𝐷2

2
ƒ = W / 2x (𝜋/4)𝐷2 N/mm

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RESULT:
The Shear strength of mild steel specimen is found to be
2
=..............................N/mm

PRECAUTION :-
1 The measuring range should not be changed at any stage
during the test.
2. The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment
should be slightly greater than that of the specimen.
3. Measure the diameter of the specimen accurately.

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EXPERIMENT NO: - 5
OBJECT: - To Study various types of strain Gauges.

THEORY : - A strain Gauge may be defined as any instrument or device that is

employed to measure the linear deformation over a given gauge length,
occurring in the material of a structure during the loading of structures.
This definition is quite broad. In fact it covers the range of instruments
included between the linear scale & the precise optical & electrical
gauges now available. The many types of strain gauges available are quite
varied both in applications & in the principle invalid in their
magnification, systems. Depending upon the magnification system the
strain gauges may be classified as follows:
1) Mechanical
1. Wedge & screw
2. Lever – simple & compound
3. Rock & pinion
4. Combination of lever & rack & pinion
5. Dial indicators

2) Electrical
1. Inductance
2. Capacitance
3. Piezoelectric

Accuracy & repeatability -: Sensitive does not ensure accuracy. Usually the very
sensitive instruments are quite prone to error unless they are employed
with utmost care. Before selecting a particular type of gauge following
factors must also be carefully evaluated.
1) Readability
2) Ease of mounting
3) Required operator skill
4) weight
5) Frequency response 6) cost.

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1) Mechanical Strain Gauges:-
a) Wedge & screw orignification:-
The wedge gauge is simply a triangular plate with its longer sides related at 1:10 slope
when inserted between two shoulders dipped to the test specimen, extension
could be detected nearest 0.05 mm .A single screw extensometer which is one
of the pioneer instruments used for measurement of strain. The magnification
in this instrument is accomplished solely by a screw micrometer a measures
the relative motion of two coaxial tubes
1. Magnetic
2. Acoustical
3. Pneumatic
4. Scratch type
5. Photo stress gauge Characteristic of a
Strain gauge:-
A strain gauge has the following four basic characteristics
Gauge length: - The gauge size for a mechanical strain gauge is characterized by the
distance between two knife edges in contact with the specimen & by width of a
movable knife edges non linear strum which should be as small as possible in that
case.
2) Sensitivity :- It is the smallest value of strain which can be read on the scale
associated with strain gauge .Sensitivity can be defined in two way :-

Smallest reading of scale

i) Deformation sensitivity = ------------------------------------
Multiplication factor

Deformation sensitivity
ii) Strain sensitivity =
Base length

3) Range: - This represents the maximum strain which can be recorded with out
resetting or replacing the strain gauge. The range & sensitivity are
1) Simple Mechanical lever magnification:-
The simple lever strain gauge gains its magnification factors by a

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Suitable positioning of fulcrum cap’s multiplying divider is an important extensiomeus
of this category. The magnification of this type of gauge is unlimited. The gauge
length of cap’s divider is 5cm & strain is magnified 10: 1 on graduated scale.

2) Compound Magnification System:-

Two commercially available gauges which utilize the compound magnification
are illustrated by Barry gauge strain gauge.
The Barry strain gauge consists of frame a with two conically painted contact
points. One point b is rigidly fixed to frame while other c is provided from a
frame & is internal with a lever armed which alone magnifies the strain about
5.5. A screw micrometer or dial indicator is used to measure the motion of arm,
thus permitting measurements of strain to nearest 0.005 m with a 0.025mm
micrometer.
3) Compound lever Magnification:-
Two gauges of this category are Huggenberger strain gauge & parter lipp strain
gauge. In these instruments the magnification system is composed of two or more
simple levers in serus. They have relatively small size & high magnification factor.
4) Mechanical by rack & pinion:-
The rack & pinion principle alone with various types of gear train is employed in
gauge in which the magnification system is incorporated in an indicating dial. In
general a dial indicator consists of an encased grain train actuated by a rack cut
in spindle which follows the motion to be measured. A spring imposes sufficient
spindle force to maintain a reasonably uniform & positive contact with the
moving part. The gear train terminates with a light weight pointer which
indicator spindle travel on a graduated dial. Lost motion in gear traum is
minimized by +ve force of a small coul spring the dial gauge extensometer is the
most popular gauge of this type used in a material testing laboratory. Dial gauge
indicator are frequently attached permanently to a structure to indicate the
deflection one deflection on deformation obtained under working condition.

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3) Acoustical strain gauge:-
The vibrating wire or acoustical gauge consists essentially of a steel wire
tensioned between two supports a predetermined distance apart. Vibration of the
distance alters the natural frequency of vibration of the wire & thus change in
frequency may be correlated with the change in strain causing An electro –
magnet adjacent to the wire may be used to set the wire in vibration & this wire
movement will then generate on oscillating electrical signal . The signal may be
compared with the pitch adjustable standard wire , the degree of adjustment
necessary to match of two signal frequencies being provided by a tensioning
screw on the slandered wove calibration of this screw allows direct
determination of change of length of a measuring gauge to be made once the
standard gauge has been tuned to match the frequency of measuring wire.
The visual display produced is a co renders adjustment easier. Tuning is now
more usually accomplished by feeding the two signal in to two pours of plates of
an oscillogram & making use of the luscious figure formation to balance the
frequencies. Matching of tones is simplified & made more accurate by tuning out
the beats with results when the vibration frequencies of two were are nearly the
lame.
The fundamental frequency of stretch wire

1 p p elA
f=
2L m 2l L
A = Cross sectional area
E = Young’s modulus of were
h = length of vibrating were
m = mass per unit length of were
p = tensioning force is were
w = increment in length of vibrating were

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EXPERIMENT NO-06
AIM: - To Determine the Hardness of a Mild Steel.
OBJECT: - To conduct hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and
aluminum specimens.
APPARATUS:- Hardness tester, soft and hard mild steel specimens, brass,
aluminum etc.
DIAGRAM:-

THEORY: - The hardness of a material is resistance to penetration under a localized

pressure or resistance to abrasion. Hardness tests provide an accurate, rapid and
economical way of determining the resistance of materials to deformation. There are
three general types of hardness measurements depending upon the manner in which
the test is conducted:
a. Scratch hardness measurement,
b. Rebound hardness measurement
c. Indention hardness measurement.
In scratch hardness method the material are rated on their ability to scratch one
another and it is usually used by mineralogists only. In rebound hardness
measurement, a standard body is usually dropped on to the material surface and the
hardness is measured in terms of the height of its rebound .The general means of
judging the hardness is measuring the resistance of a material to indentation. The
indenters usually a ball cone or pyramid of a material much harder than that being
used. Hardened steel, sintered tungsten carbide or diamond indenters are generally
used in indentation tests; a load is applied by pressing the indenter at right angles to
the surface being tested. The hardness of the material depends on the resistance which
it exerts during a small amount of yielding or plastic. The resistance depends on
friction, elasticity, viscosity and the intensity and distribution of plastic strain

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produced by a given tool during indentation.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Place the specimen securely upon the anvil.
2. Elevate the specimen so that it come into contact with the penetrate and
put the specimen under a preliminary or minor load of 100+2N
without shock
3. Apply the major load 900N by loading lever.
4. Watch the pointer until it comes to rest.
5. Remove the major load.
6. Read the Rockwell hardness number or hardness scale.

OBESERVATION TABLE:-
Reading (HRC/)
S.NO Specimens 1 2 3 Mean
1 Mild Steel HRB =
2 High Carbon steel HRC =
3 Brass HRB =
4 Aluminum HRB =

RESULT: - The hardness of the metal is found to be

i) Hard steel =
ii) Unhardened Steel =

PRECAUTION:-
Brielle test should be performed on smooth, flat specimens from which dirt
and scale have been cleaned.

The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression
shows through the metal, nor should impression be made too close to the
edge of a specimen.

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EXPERIMENT No :- 07
AIM: - TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT STRENGTH OF STEEL.
OBJECT: -To Determine the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test
APPARATUS: - 1.Impact testing machine
2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:-
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do
not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important
factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the strength
and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact
or suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths are generally lower as
compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all types of impact
tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test
measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an
impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock
loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems
directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good
way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material
under different condition. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle
transition temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature.

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PROCEDURE:-
(a) lzod test
1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel
specimen in impact testing machine’s vice in such a way that the notch face the
hammer and is half inside and half above the top surface of the vice.
2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is
already there, and lock it at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of
the operating manual supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through
its momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it
continues to swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the
indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that
topmost final position.
5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back
OBESERVATION:-
Izod Test.
1. Impact value of - Mild Steel N-m
2. Impact value of - Brass N-m
3. Impact value of - Aluminum N-m

RESULT:- i. The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out

to be Joules.

ii. The energy absorbed for Brass is found out to be Joules.

iii. . The energy absorbed for Aluminum is found out to

be Joules

PRECAUTION:-
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
2. Hold the specimen (lzod test) firmly.
3. Note down readings carefully.

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Strength of Material Lab Manual 2018-19
EXPERIMENT NO :- 09
AIM: - TO DETERMINE THE STIFFNESS & MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OF THE
SPRING WIRE
OBJECT: -To determine the stiffness of the spring and modulus of rigidity of the
spring wire
APPARATUS: - i) Spring testing machine.
ii) A spring
iii) Vernier caliper, Scale.
iv) Micrometer.
DIAGRAM:-

THEORY: - Springs are elastic member which distort under load and regain their
original shape when load is removed. They are used in railway carriages,
motor cars, scooters, motorcycles, rickshaws, governors etc. According
to their uses the springs perform the following Functions:
1) To absorb shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.
2) To store energy as in clock springs.
3) To apply forces to and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.
4) To measure forces as in spring balances.
5) To change the variations characteristic of a member as in
flexible mounting of motors.

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The spring is usually made of either high carbon steel (0.7 to 1.0%) or medium
carbon alloy steels. Phosphor bronze, brass, 18/8 stainless steel and Monel and
other metal alloys are used for corrosion resistance spring.
Several types of spring are available for different application. Springs may
classified as helical springs, leaf springs and flat spring depending upon their
shape. They are fabricated of high shear strength materials such as high carbon
alloy steels spring form elements of not only mechanical system but also
structural system. In several cases it is essential to idealise complex structural
systems by suitable spring.

PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer.
2) Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the vernier caliper
3) Count the number of turns.
4) Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the
5) spring by a suitable weight and note the corresponding axial deflection in
tension or compression.
6) Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.
7) Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the
stiffness of the spring.

OBESERVATION
Least count of micrometer = 0.001 mm
Diameter of the spring wire, d = mm
(Mean of three readings)
Least count of vernier caliper = 0.002 mm
Diameter of the spring coil, D = mm
(Mean of three readings)
Mean coil diameter, Dm = D – d = = mm
Number of turns, n =

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OBESERVATION TABLE:
S.NO Load,W Deflection,(δ)
(N) (mm) Stiffness K = W / δ
N / mm

1
2
3
4
5
Mean k = ……
3
8W Dm n
Modulus of rigidity C δ d4
=

Spring Index = Dm
D

RESULT: The value of spring constant k of closely coiled helical spring is

found to be N / mm

PRECAUTION:- 1)The dimension of spring was measured accurately.

2) Deflection obtained in spring was measured accurately

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Strength of Material Lab Manual 2018-19
EXPERIMENT NO :- 09
AIM: -TO DETERMINED YOUNG’S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF MATERIAL
OF BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT ENDS.
OBJECT:-To find the values of bending stresses and young’s modulus of elasticity of
the material of a beam simply supported at the ends and carrying a
concentrated load at the centre.
APPARATUS: - 1. Deflection of beam apparatus 2.Pan 3.Weights
4. Beam of different cross-sections and material (say wooden and Steel beams)
DIAGRAM:-

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THEORY:-
If a beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a concentrated load at its
centre, the beam bends concave upwards. The distance between the original
position of the beams and its position after bending at different points along
the length of the beam, being maximum at the centre in this case. This
difference is known as ‘deflection’
In this particular type of loading the maximum amount of deflection (δ) is
given by the relation,
3
δ = Wl
48 EI.............................................(i)

3
E = Wl
48 δ I--------------------------------- (ii)
W =Load acting at the center, N
L =Length of the beam between the supports mm
2
E =Young’s modulus of material of the beam, N/mm
I =Second moment of area of the cross- section (e.i., moment of
4
Inertia) of the beam, about the neutral axis, mm.

BENDING STRESS
M
σ
b =
As per bending equation,
=
I Y
Where, M = Bending moment, N-mm
4
I = Moment of inertia, mm.
2
σb = Bending stress, N/mm , and
Y = Distance of the top fiber of the beam
from the neutral axis

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PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust cast- iron block along the bed so that they are symmetrical with respect
to the length of the bed.
2. Place the beam on the knife edges on the block so as to project equally beyond
each knife edge. See that the load is applied at the centre of the beam
3. Note the initial reading of vernier scale.
4. Add a weight of 20N (say) and again note the reading of the vrenier scale.
5. Go on taking readings adding 20N (say)each time till you have minimum
six readings.
6. Find the deflection (δ) in each case by subtracting the initial reading of
vernier scale.
7. Draw a graph between load (W) and deflection (δ) . On the graph choose any
two convenient points and between these points find the corresponding values
of W and δ. Putting these Values in the relation
3
δ = WI Calculate the value of E

48 δ I

corresponding values of W and δ. Putting these Values in the relation

3
WI
δ= Calculate the value of E
48 δ I

8. Calculate the bending stresses for different

My
loads using relation δb = As given in the observation table

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OBESERVATION TABLE :-

Bending Bending Young‘s

S.No. Load W moment stress Deflection, Modulus of
WI 3
(N) M= (Nmm) Áb = M y δ (mm) WI
4 I elasticity, E = 48δI
2
N/mm
1
2
3
4
5
Sample Calculation:

RESULT:
2
1. The young’s modulus for steel beam is found to be N/mm .
2
2. The young’s modulus for wooden beam is found to be_______N/mm

PRECAUTION
1. Make sure that beam and load are placed a proper position.
2. The cross- section of the beam should be large.
3. Note down the readings of the vernier scale carefully

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