INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
First edition
1996-06-I 5
Technical drawings - Projection methods -
Part 3:
Axonometric representations
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Dessins techniques - Methodes de projection -
(standards.iteh.ai)
Partie 3: Rep&en ta tions axonomb triques
ISO 5456-3:1996
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65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
Reference number
IS0 5456-3: %996(E)
IS0 5456-3: 1996(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be rep-
resented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
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Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
(standards.iteh.ai)
International Standard IS0 5456-3 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISOnC 10, Technical drawings, product definition ISO and 5456-3:1996
related documen-
tation, Subcommittee SC 1, Basic conventions.
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65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
IS0 5456 consists of the following parts, under the general title Technical
drawings - Projection methods:
- Part 1: Synopsis
Part 2: Orthographic representations
Part 3: Axonome tric representations
Part 4: Central projection
Annex A of this part of IS0 5456 is for information only.
0 IS0 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 l CH-121 1 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii
@ IS0 IS0 5456-3: 1996(E)
Introduction
Axonometric representations are simple pictorial representations obtained
by projecting the object to be represented from an infinitely distant point
(projection centre) on a single projection plane (normally the drawing sur-
face). This kind of parallel projection gives an adequate approximation for
distant views.
The resulting representation depends on the shape of the object and on
the relative positions of the projection centre, the projection plane and the
object itself.
Among the infinite possibilities of axonometric representation, only a few
types are recommended for technical drawings in all fields of technical
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activities (mechanical, electrical, construction, etc.).
(standards.iteh.ai)
Axonometric representations are not as commonly used in technical
drawings as are orthographic representations.
ISO 5456-3:1996
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65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
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STANDARD
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blank
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ISO 5456-3:1996
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65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @IS0 IS0 5456-3: 1996(E)
Technical drawings - Projection methods -
Part 3:
Axonometric representations
1 Scope
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10209-Z: 1993, Technical product documentation
This part of IS0 5456
(standards.iteh.ai)
specifies basic rules for the
- Vocabulary - Part 2: Terms relating to projection
methods.
application of the recommended axonometric rep-
resentations for all types of technical drawings. ISO 5456-3:1996
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3 Definitions
65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
2 Normative references
For the purposes of this part of IS0 5456, the defi-
The following standards contain provisions which, nitions given in IS0 5456-1, IS0 10209-I and
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of IS0 10209-Z apply.
this part of IS0 5456. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject
to revision, and parties to agreements based on this
part of IS0 5456 are encouraged to investigate the 4 General
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 The general principles of presentation given in
maintain registers of currently valid International IS0 128 shall be followed.
Standards.
IS0 128: 1982, Technical drawings - General prin- 4.1 Position of the coordinate system
ciples of presentation.
The position of the coordinate axes shall be chosen,
IS0 129:1985, Technical drawings - Dimensioning - by convention, so that one of the coordinate axes (the
General principles, definitions, methods of execution Z-axis) is vertical.
and special indications.
IS0 3098-I :I 974, Technical drawings - Lettering - 4.2 Position of the object
Part 7: Currently used characters.
IS0 5456-l : 1996, Technical drawings - Projection The object to be represented is located with its prin-
methods - Part 7: Synopsis. cipal faces, axes and edges parallel to the coordinate
planes. The object shall be orientated to show the
IS0 10209-I : 1992, Technical product documentation principal view and the other views that would prefer-
- Vocabulary - Part 7: Terms relating to technical ably be chosen when representing the same object in
drawings: general and types of drawings. orthogonal projections.
1
IS0 5456-3: 1996(E) @ IS0
4.3 Axes of symmetry 5 Recommended axonometries
Axes and traces of planes of symmetry of the object Recommended axonometries for technical drawings
shall not be drawn unless necessary. are:
- isometric axonometry (see 5.1);
4.4 Hidden contours and edges
- dimetric axonometry (see 5.2);
Hidden contours and edges shou d preferably be
- oblique axonometry (see 5.3).
omitted.
Coordinate axes X, Y, Z are to be indicated by upper
4.5 Hatching case letters. If other items (e.g. dimensions) have to
be indicated in a table or drawing, lower-case letters
Hatching to indicate a cut or sectio 7 shall be drawn x, y, z shall be used for better differentiation (for
preferably at an angle of 45O with respect to axes and examples see IS0 6412-2).
contours of the cut or section (see figure I).
5.1 Isometric axonometry
Hatching to indicate planes parallel to the coordinate
planes shall be drawn parallel to the projected coordi- The isometric axonometry is the orthogonal axonom-
nate axis, as shown in figure 2. etry in which the projection plane forms three equal
angles with the three coordinate axes X, Y and Zl).
Three unit length segments ux, uy and u, on the three
coordinate axes X, Y and Z, are respectively projected
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW orthogonally on the projection plane in three equal
segments ux’, uy ’ and uz' on the projected X’, Y’ and
(standards.iteh.ai) Z’ axes whose lengths are:
ISO 5456-3:1996
UX’ = 9’ = 4’
= (2/3)1/z = 0,816
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The projection X’, Y’ and Z’ of the three coordinate
65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
Figure 1 axes X, Y and Z on the projection plane (drawing
surface) is shown in figure 3.
Figure 2
a=p=30"
4.6 Dimensioning Figure 3
Dimensioning of axonometric representations is In drawing practice, the projected unit length seg-
normally avoided. If, for special reasons, dimensioning ments on the X’, Y’ and Z’ axes are taken as
is considered necessary, the same rules given for Uf = V’ = w = 1, which corresponds to a graphic
orthogonal projections (IS0 129 and IS0 3098-I) shall representation of the object enlarged by a factor
be used (see figures 6 and 12). (3/2)1/* = 1,225 .
1) This gives a representation identical to that obtained by orthogonal projection of the principal view of a right hexahedron
with all its faces equally inclined to the projection plane.
2
@ IS0 IS0 5456-3: 1996(E)
The isometric axonometry of a right hexahed ran wi th
circles inscribed on its faces is represented in figure 4.
I
-- a1 ' ---
\
-rt
Q*
m
\
d
j*
. ,/
\ I .
2. A, d
. 7
\ a"
/
,
\
,
5
Length of the ellipse axes:
Figure 4
The isometric axonometry gives the same visual
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importance to all three faces of the right hexahedron,
and is therefore convenient to draw on an equilateral-
(standards.iteh.ai) Figure 6
triangle grid (see figure 5).
ISO 5456-3:1996
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An example of dimensioning for isometric axonometry
is given in figure 6. 65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996Dimetric axonometry is used when a view of the object
to be represented is of main importance. The projection
of the three coordinate axes is given in figure 7. The
ratio of the three scales is ux~:uy~:uz~= l/2:1 :I .
Figure 5 Figure 7
ISO’5456-3:1996(E) @ IS0
The dimetric axonometry of a right hexahedron with The four possible cavalier axonometries of a right
circles inscribed in its faces is given in figure 8. hexahedron are shown in figure 10.
Cavalier axonometry is very simple to draw and
makes it possible to dimension the drawing, but
d I heavily distorts the proportions along the third coordi-
41
nate axis.
a:b:c = 1:1:1/2
a=7"
/?=42"
Figure 10
Figure 8
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5.3 Oblique axonometry
(standards.iteh.ai)
5.3.2 Cabinet axonometry
In oblique axonometry, the projection plane is parallel
to one coordinate plane and to the main face of theISO 5456-3:1996 Cabinet axonometry is similar to cavalier axonometry,
object to be represented, whosehttps://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/5a909f88-ff5f-4c3e-b4d9-
projection remains in except that on the third projected axis the scale is
the same scale. Two of the projected coordinate65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
axes reduced by a factor of two. This provides a better
are orthogonal. The direction of the third projected proportion to the drawing.
coordinate -:axis and its scale are arbitrary. Several
types of oblique axonometry are used, because of
A cabinet axonometric representation of a right hexa-
their ease of drawing.
hedron with circles inscribed in its faces is shown in
figure 11.
5.3.1 Cavalier axonometry
In this type of oblique axonometry, the projection plane
is normally vertical and the projection of the third coor-
dinate axis is chosen by convention at 45" to the re-
maining projected orthogonal axes; the scales on the
three projected axes are identical: u,' = uy' = uzt = 1
(see figure >9).
I Uz’
a1 = bI = s
x’\ UY’
Length of the ellipse axes:
a2 = 1,06s
b2 = 0,33s
Y
Y’
Figure 9 Figure 11
@ IS0 IS0 5456-3: 1996(E)
An example of dimensioning is given in figure 12. 5.3.3 Planometric axonometry
In planometric axonometry, the projection plane is
parallel to the horizontal coordinate plane. Projections
using angles a = O”, 90° or 180° should be avoided so
that all necessary information can be presented (see
figure 13).
-
Figure 12
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ISO 5456-3:1996
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65c6a44d8df9/iso-5456-3-1996
1 2 3 4 5 6
15”
(300
q(soyo q2\/4//,50
9Lo.
75” 45*
Figure 13
60"
