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B. Chaitanya Reddy IPS (UPSC AIR 161 - 2021)

B. Ravikiran Reddy (UPSC EO/AO AIR 29 - 2020)
Historical
Background

CHAPTER 01
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 Foreword

This is not a study material for Polity. This is

merely a free supplementary resource that
helps you to remember things easily. We have
taken Indian Polity by Laxmikanth (widely read
by the aspirants) as the frame of reference
for creating a skeletal structure for Polity
Mnemonics. This also includes a few extra
mnemonics that are important for the exam
and related to the chapter. Therefore, some
mnemonics may not be present in the
respective chapter of the reference material.
We have also included certain trivial things
that could be usually asked in State PSC
exams

@[Link]

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 Dear Aspirant

We would like to improve this work

further. We need your suggestions for
enhancing the mnemonics. If you feel
any Mnemonic can be improved
further or want to make a mnemonic
suggestion or want to suggest
anything to maximize the utility of this
project to the aspirants, I request you
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I would love to hear from you.

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Lord Norths Regulating Act, 1773 - GPS Control

[Prelims & State PSC Mains]

G
G of Bengal GG of Bengal (1st WH - Warren Hastings)
G of Bombay & Madras = Subordinates
Executive Council of 4 to assist him
GG has a casting vote, but no veto

P Prohibited Servants from engaging in any Private

trade / accepting presents / bribes from natives

S Establishment of Supreme court @ Calcutta (1774) -

1 CJ + 3 Other Judges

Control
First step by British Govt to
Control & Regulate affairs of EIC
First time recognized Political &
Administrative Functions
Foundations for Central Strengthened Control of BG by requiring the Court of
Directors to report on its RCM affairs in India
Administration in India were laid
(Revenue, Civil & Military)

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 1781 Amending Act (or) Act of Settlement (to
rectify the defects of Regulating Act of 1773) -
SC Jurisdiction & Superpowers of GG-in-Council

[Prelims & State PSC Mains]

Supreme Court Over all the inhabitants of

Calcutta (as per personal
Jurisdiction
law of defendants)

Exempted - GG + Council +
Company servants for their
official acts

Excluded - Revenue matters

+ matters arising from
collection of Revenue

Super powers of Appeals from Provincial courts

to GG-in-Council (not SC)
GG-in-Council
Regulate Provincial Courts &
Councils

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Think of this storyline

Pitts was the first British PM who thought that the

company's territories were British Possessions
In his obsession with Supreme control over the
company’s affairs & its administration, he reduced
the powers of GG of Bengal and created a new body
called BOC (Board of Control) by distinguishing
Political & Commercial functions, thereby leading
to a Double Government

Pitts India Act, 1784

[V. Imp for Prelims & Mains]

Commercial Functions - CoD

Distinguished between
(Double Government) Political Functions - BoC (New Body)
+ Also supervises RCM matters
(Revenue Civil & Military)

Made GG of Bengal Subordinate to BG

Reduced Powers of GG
Can't declare war without permission
of Bengal
Supervising Jurisdiction wrt Bombay
& madras - Clearly defined

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 Act of 1786
[Imp for Prelims & Mains]

Well, I have 2 demands the

post of of GG of Bengal
1. Veto in GG-in-Council
2. Commander-in-Chief

As Cornwallis is a
member of
Aristocratic Family,
he assumes the post
with 2 conditions

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 Charter Act of 1793 - COST

[Prelims & State PSC Mains]

Extended OVERRIDING POWERS are given to Cornwallis to

all future GG's and Governors of Presidencies
Veto
Commander-in-Chief was not to be a member of GG-
in-Council unless so appointed
Gave more controlling powers over Bombay & Madras

SALARIES of TRADE
Clearly stated that Acquisition of
members of BOC & MONOPOLY -
Sovereignty by subjects of Crown is on
their staff - Paid 20 years
behalf of CROWN & not in its own right
out of Indian extension (till
(i.e., Recognized EIC's Political Functions)
Revenues 1813)

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 Background of 1813 Act - Changes in
England & Ideological influences acted as a
FUEL for Charter Act of 1813

[[Link] for Prelims & Mains]

LIBERALISM
FREE TRADERS UTILITARIANISM EVANGELISTS

Freedom,
Believed against Supported direct Christian
Equality,
Monopoly rule of British to Missionaries to
Democracy &
(Adam Smith- civilize Indians propagate
Human Rights
The wealth of (rather than to religion
(John Locke,
Nations) conquer) & humane ideas
Mostesquieu)

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Charter Act of 1813 - SECT

[Prelims & State PSC Mains]

Authorized Local
Govt's to impose
TAXES. LG's can also
punish for not paying
1813 taxes

asserted Western allowed CHRISTIAN TRADE MONOPOLY

SOVEREIGNTY EDUCATION - MISSIONARIES to ABOLISHED -
of British Crown Grant of 1 Lakh come & settle in except Tea & Trade
India with China (diluted
monopoly
extended for
another 20 years)

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 Hasty Ben Can Mount on Rajaji

(GG = Governor General) [Prelims]

1st GG of Bengal 1st GG of India 1st Viceroy of India

Warren Hastings William Bentinck Lord Canning

I’m the last GG of India,

and the the office was
permanently abolished
in 1950

1st GG of Union of 1st & only Indian-born GG

India or Dominion of of India or Dominion of
India - Mountbatten India - Rajaji

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 Charter Act of 1833 - Final GOLMAL step
towards Centralization in British India

[Prelims & PSC Mains]

GOLMAL with Saint Helena Act of 1833

[1833 Act is also called as Saint Helena Act]

GGB GGI Open Law member President of Purely Legislative

(William Bentinck) Competition added to GG's BoC Minister Administrative Powers of
(attempted to Council by of Indian Affairs Body (ended as a Governors of
introduce) invitation commercial body) Bombay &
(1st Law Madras were
Created Govt. of deprived
Commission
India for the 1st
under Macaulay)
time having Provided companies
authority over Introduced territories in India
entire territorial actually in 1854 were held by it 'in
area possessed (Macaulay trust of His
by British in Committee on Majesty, His Heirs
India Indian Civil & Successors'
Service)

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 Charter Act of 1853 - SOLE

[Prelims & State PSC Mains]

1853

S O L E
1st time - Separated Extended the Company's
Introduced Open 1st time - Local
Executive & Rule & allowed it to retain
Competitive System Representation
Legislative functions the possession of Indian
- accordingly in Indian
i.e., established GG’s territories in trust of
Macaulay (Central)
Legislative Council British Crown. But didn’t
Committee was Legislative
(=Indian Legislative specify any particular
appointed in 1854 Council
council) period

4 of the 6 new legislative members of the Governor

General’s council - were appointed by Local (provincial)
governments of [Link] Agra - Bombay, Calcutta,
Madras, and Agra

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 Government of India, 1858 - VAS

(VAS is an acronym for Value-added

Service) [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

1858

V A S
GGI → Viceroy of India (Lord Abolished BOC &
Created a new office -
Canning) = Direct representative COD - Ended
Secretary of State for
of the British Crown Double
India (member of
Government
British Cabinet) -
Provided that India was to be (BOD = Board of
Responsible to British
governed & in the name of HER Directors & COD =
Court of Directors)
Parliament
MAJESTY

Be careful !! Act also established a

Secretary of State-in 15-member council of
Council is a body India to assist me
corporate, capable of suing (advisory body) and I’m
and being sued in India the Chairman of it.
and in England

Lord Canning (Viceroy) Lord Stanley (Secretary)

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 Charter Act of 1853 - 1st time - Local Representation In
Indian (Central) Legislative Council
4 of the 6 new legislative members of the Governor General’s
council - were appointed by Local (provincial) governments of
[Link].M Agra - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Agra

Charter Act of 1833 Indian Councils Act of 1861

Reached its climax Initiated the process of
(Legislative Powers of Governors of Decentralisation
Bombay & Madras were
(Legislative powers of Governors of
deprived)
Bombay and Madras were restored)

Po
lic
on

y
ti

of
a
lis

le
ra

g
is
nt

l
at
Ce

iv
of

e
de
y
lic

vo
Po

lu
ti
on

Regulating Act of 1773 GoI Act of 1935

Centralising tendency was Grant of almost complete internal
started autonomy to the provinces in 1937.

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1861 Act - 3 New Legislative councils
were established - PNB

[Prelims]

P N B
Punjab NWFP Bengal

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1861 Act - Lord Canning Nominated 3
Indians as Non-Official members to his
Legislative Council - Din Pat Ben

[Prelims]

Din Sir Dinkar Rao

Pat Patiala Maharaja

Ben Benaras Maharaja

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1861 Act - Legislature & Viceroy (1/2)

[Prelims & Mains]

PNB (Punjab, NWFP & Bengal) -

3 New Legislative Councils
were established in 1862, 1886 &
1897

Nominated 3 Non-Official
members to Legislative Council -
Legislature
Din Pat Ben (Dinkar Rao, Patiala
Maharaja, Benaras Maharaja)
PNR

Restored Legislative Powers

of Bombay & Madras (initiated
the process of Decentralisation)

This policy of legislative devolution resulted

in the grant of almost complete internal
autonomy to the provinces in 1937.

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 1861 Act - Legislature & Viceroy (2/2)

[Prelims & Mains]

P - Portfolio system of
Canning was given
recognition

O - Ordinance issuing
Viceroy powers of viceroy (Life of
Ordinance = 6 months)
POT
T - For convenient
Transaction of Business -
viceroy can make Rules and
orders

Portfolio system - introduced by Lord Canning in 1859

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 1892 Act - Procedure for Nomination of some
non-official members (Indirect limited election)
to Central Legislative Council (CLC) by the
VICEROY based on the recommendation of BP

[Prelims]

B P
BCC PLC

Bengal Provincial
Chamber of Legislative
Commerce Councils

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1892 Act - Procedure for Nomination of some
non-official members to Provincial Legislative
Councils (PLCs) by GOVERNORS on the
recommendation of Local Bodies - DTZU

[Prelims]

D T Z U
District Trade Zamindars Universities
Boards & Associations
Municipalities & Chambers

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 1892 Act - Legislature + Financial (Budget) (1/2)

[Prelims & Mains]

Increased number of
additional non-official
members in central &
provincial LCs (Maintained
Official Majority)

Increased functions of
Legislature
Legislative Council

Procedure for Nomination of

Non-Official Members in CLC
CLC = Central Legislative Council
& PLC (Indirect Limited
PLC = Provincial Legislative Council election)

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1892 Act - Legislature + Financial (Budget) (2/2)

[Prelims & Mains]

DQ = Allowed

Discuss Budget
Ask Questions
Budget
(Comes under
Increased
VAS = Prohibited
Legislative
Functions) Can't be Voted
Can't be Amended
Can't ask Supplementary
Questions
+ answers can't be discussed

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1909 Act - Retained official majority in the CLC
& Non-official majority was introduced in PLC

(CLC = Central Legislative Council; PLC - Provincial

Legislative Council) (Indian Councils Act of 1909 aka
Minto-Morley Reforms) [Prelims]

19 09
Central LC Provincial LC
(Retained (Non-official
official majority
majority) introduced)

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 In 1909 - Minto is the Viceroy
Morley is the Secretary of State for India

[Prelims]

Minto - Morley

Viceroy Secretary

Lord Minto (1905-10) Lord John Moreley (1905 to 1911)

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 1909 Act - Legislature + Executive + Financial
Separate - Electorate & Representation (1/3)

[Prelims & Mains]

Increased the size of legislative

councils, both Central and
provincial.
CLC members were raised from
16 to 60
PLC members were not uniform.

Retained official majority in CLC

Legislature Allowed PLCs to have non official
majority
(Name Changed Overall Non-elected majority
Central LC to
was retained (R: some of the
Imperial LC)
non-officials were nominated

enlarged deliberative functions of

legislative councils at both levels - SR
CLC = Central Legislative Council
members were allowed to ask
PLC = Provincial Legislative Council
Supplementary Questions
move Resolutions on budget

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1909 Act - Legislature + Executive + Financial
Separate - Electorate & Representation (2/3)

[Prelims & Mains]

For the first time - Association of

Executive
Indians with the Executive councils of
the Viceroy and Governors.
Satyendra Prasad Sinha became
the 1st Indian to join the Viceroy’s
executive council as Law Member

Financial VRS = Allowed

(Budget)
Voting on Separate items in the
budget (Budget as a whole
couldn't be voted upon)
Pass Resolutions on budget
ask Supplementary Questions

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1909 Act - Legislature + Executive + Financial
Separate - Electorate & Representation (2/3)

[Prelims & Mains]

Separate Electorate for Muslims

Separate

Separate Representation for PCZU

Presidency Corporations
Chambers of Commerce
Zamindars
Universities

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1919 Act - 2|2|2|2|2 + SOAP CASE (1/3)

[Prelims & Mains]

19 19
Demarcation / Division / Bi / Dyarchy

Subjects - Central & Provincial

Budget - Central & Provincial

Provincial Dyarchy - Transferred & Reserved

Bi-Cameral Legislature - Upper & Lower (Direct

Elections) @ Center

3/6 members of the Viceroy's Executive Council =

Indians (Other than Commander in Chief)

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1919 Act - 2|2|2|2|2 + SOAP CASE (2/3)

[Prelims & Mains]

S Appointment of a Statutory
Commission to review 1919 act

O New Office of High Commissioner

for India in London

A Adult Franchise - Based on PET

(Right to vote given to women also)
Property
Education
Tax

P Provided for establishment of a

Public Service Commission

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1919 Act - 2|2|2|2|2 + SOAP CASE (3/3)

[Prelims & Mains]

Separate Electorate extended to CASE

C Christians

A Anglo-Indians

S Sikhs

E Europeans

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Separate Electorate - Evolution

(WLS is an acronym for Wild Life

Sanctuary) [Prelims]

Introduced in 1909 - Muslims

Extended in 1919 to CASE

Christians
Anglo-Indians
Sikhs
Europeans

Further extended in 1935 to WLS

Women
Labour (Workers)
Scheduled Castes (depressed classes)

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 Appointment of Simon
Commission - 1927

[[Link] for Prelims]

All-white Commission has 7

members (4 Conservatives + 2
Labourites + 1 Liberal)

Nov 8

1927
Seven & Simon
are Rhyming words Sir John Simon

Simon chaired Indian Constitutional Development Committee / Indian Statutory

Commission / Simon Commission - for Constitutional Reforms of India

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 Joint Chairmanship of Simon
Commission - SimonCA

[Mnemonics Technique - Associate a new word (mostly

in short form) with a familiar word. Try to make it a
pronounceable word either attaching it as a Prefix or
Suffix] [[Link] for Prelims]

SimonCA Clement
Atlee

He becomes PM of UK
(1945 to 51) (Labour Party)
Sir John Simon Clement Atlee

@mnemonicsdaddy @[Link] @iravikiranreddy

 UK PM who appointed Simon commission

[Imp for Prelims]

Simon

Stanley
Bald-win
Britain PM Stanley Bald-win sends
Simon to win the confidence of Stalnley Bald-Win
Indians by drafting constitution

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 Factors that led to appointing Simon
commission 2 years ahead - Defeat & Failure

(Govt of India, 1919 had a provision that a commission

would be appointed 10 years from the date to study
Constitutional Reforms..... but it was appointed in 1927
itself) [Imp for Mains]

Defeat Conservative government feared

defeat by Labour Party and
therefore didn’t want to leave
the question of future of Britain’s
most priced colony to Labour
Party

Failure By mid-1920's, failure of the 1919

Act to create a stable imperial
power had led to several
Parliamentary Reports &
Enquiries - LeMuL Commissions
(Lee, Muddiman, Linlithgow)

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 Simon comes in Feb 1928 and submits
report in May 1930

[[Link] for Prelims]

Feb 3 1928 (Landed in Bombay

- Country wide Hartal)

siMon
May 1930 (Submits Report)
(took more than 2 years)
On the other hand, Motilal Nehru accepted
Birken-head’s challenge in Feb 1928 &
submitted the Nehru Report by Aug 1928

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 Simon Boycott - Supported by Hindus (HMS) +
Muslims (ML) + Congress

[[Link] for Prelims]

Hindu Maha
Congress Muslim League
under section under Sabha - Lala

MA Ansari Jinnah in its Laipat Rai who led

Presidentship Calcutta session Anti-Simon
in 1927 in 1927 Protest in Lahore

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 Simon Boycott - Not supported by JUMA

[[Link] for Prelims]

J U M A
Justice Party | Unionist Party | Muslim League
section under Mohammad Shafi | Ambedkar

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 1935 Act - called for the
establishment of RPF Institutions

(RPF is an acronym for Railway

Protection Force) [Prelims]

R P F
RBI PSCs Federal Court

Federal PSC
Provincial PSC
Joint PSCCs

PSC = Public Service Commission

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1935 Act - BAD FACE (1/2)

[Prelims & Mains]

B Introduced Bicameralism in 6/11 Provinces -

[Link].M BUA

B. Cal.M - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras

BUA - Bihar, United Provinces, Assam

A All India Federation = Provinces + Princely

States with Division of Powers between
Center & Units - FPC Lists

Federal List
Provincial List
Concurrent List

(Residuary Powers to Viceroy)

D Dyarchy at Centre
Dyarchy in Provinces is Abolished

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1935 Act - BAD FACE (2/2)

[Prelims & Mains]

F Franchise is extended - 10% of total

population got voting right

A Abolished Council of India established

by GoI Act, 1858. Instead, Secretary of
State for India was provided with
Team of Advisors

C Communal Electorate extended to WLS

Women
Labour (Workers)
Scheduled Castes (depressed
classes)

E Establishment of RPF (RBI + PSCs +

Federal Court)

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Indian Independence Act, 1947

[Prelims & Mains]

For either writing an answer in mains or having a

conceptual clarity of IIA, 1947

Just Remember (elaborated in next slides)

Independence with Partition
Constituent Assembly acts as both Legislature &
Constitution Maker
And the below 4 characters
Mountbatten (Last Viceroy)
Nehru
Princely State Raja
William Hare (Last Secretary of State for India)

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Indian Independence Act, 1945

[Prelims & Mains]

Independence with Partition

It ended the British rule in It provided for partition &

India and declared India as an creation of 2 independent
independent and sovereign dominions of India and Pakistan
state from August 15, 1947. with Right to secede from the
British Commonwealth.

Constituent Assembly - Consti & Legis

Empowered CAs of both Empowered CA of both

dominions to frame and adopt dominions to legislate till new

any constitution for their constitutions were drafted &

respective nations and to enforced. No Act of the British

repeal any act of the British Parliament passed after August

Parliament, including the 15, 1947 is applicable unless it is

Independence act itself. approved by legislature of

dominions

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 Indian Independence Act, 1947

[Prelims & Mains] His Majesty’s Government in Britain was to

have no responsibility concerning the
Government of India or Pakistan

(Abolished the office of Viceroy and

provided, for each dominion, a Governor
General). So, I’m the last Viceroy of India
and 1st Governor General of the Dominion
of India

But you (Governor General) was

to be appointed by the British
King on the advice of the
dominion cabinet.

Lord Mountbatten Jawahar Lal Nehru

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 It dropped the
title of Emperor
Indian Independence Act, 1947 of India from
the royal titles
[Prelims & Mains] of the King of
England.

I (Governor General) will

have full power to
assent to any bill in the
name of His Majesty

Deprived & Designated

Deprived British Monarch of his right

to veto bills or ask for Reservation of
certain bills for his approval. But, this
right was reserved for the Governor
General.

Designated Governor-General of India

& provincial governors as
constitutional (nominal) heads of the
Lord Mountbatten - last Viceroy states. They were made to act on the
of India and 1st Governor- advice of the respective council of
General of the Dominion of India ministers in all matters.

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Indian Independence Act, 1947

[Prelims & Mains]

We have freedom to
either join the
Dominion of India or
Dominion of Pakistan or
to remain independent.

Lapse of British
paramountcy

Over Indian
princely states
and treaty
relations with
tribal areas

from
August 15, 1947

@mnemonicsdaddy @[Link] @iravikiranreddy

 Indian Independence Act, 1947

[Prelims & Mains]

Now, I can’t appoint

civil services and
reserve posts

Abolished the office of the Secretary

of State for India and transferred
his functions to the Secretary of
State for Commonwealth Affairs.

It discontinued the appointment

to civil services and reservation
of posts by the secretary of state
for India. The members of the
civil services appointed before
August 15, 1947 would continue
to enjoy all benefits that they
William Francis Hare - Last Secretary
were entitled to till that time.
of State for India

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Comparison of 1919 vs 1935 Acts

[Prelims & Mains]

1919 1935

Provincial Autonomy +
Provincial Diarchy Adoption of Dyarchy
@ Center)

Franchise - Extended - 10% of

Franchise - PET + Women
Total Population

Separate Electorate - CASE Separate Electorate - WLS

Bicameralism extended to
Bicameralism Introduced @
Provinces
Center
- 6 out of 11 provinces

FPC Lists + Residuary with

Viceroy
Central & Provincial Subjects
(Federal, Provincial, &
Concurrent)

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 Residuary Powers (Art.
248) are with

(Common things when read together are better mapped in the

brain) (Residuary Power of Legislation includes the power to levy
Residuary Taxes) [Prelims]

Government of India Viceroy/Governor

Act, 1935 General of India

India & Canada Centre

United States of States

America

Dec 13 Objectives States

Resolution (1946)

RAW States
(Rajamannar Committee, Anandpur Sahib
Resolution, West Bengal Memorandum -
all are initiatives from States - So States
inorder to maximize their powers wanted
Residuary Powers with them)

Sarkaria Residuary Powers of Taxation -

Centre

Other Residuary Powers -

Concurrent list

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Art. 248 - Residuary Powers of
legislation by Parliament

[Imp for Prelims]

24 esiduary Powers

In a day of 24 Hours

8 hrs for Work

8 hrs for Sleep
8 hrs for
Residuary
Activities

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 This PDF will be further
enhanced & the updated PDF
will be available on Kindle &
[Link]
(will be soon available)

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 Available on
Amazon and Kindle
 Available on
Amazon and Kindle
(Part 1 - Chap 1 to 11)
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