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SQL Database Creation and Management Guide

Uploaded by

sima singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Security,
  • Group By,
  • Primary Key,
  • Select Queries,
  • Table Management,
  • File Operations,
  • Execution Plans,
  • Data Manipulation,
  • Union,
  • Indexing
124 views6 pages

SQL Database Creation and Management Guide

Uploaded by

sima singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Security,
  • Group By,
  • Primary Key,
  • Select Queries,
  • Table Management,
  • File Operations,
  • Execution Plans,
  • Data Manipulation,
  • Union,
  • Indexing

create database db_Test

use db_Test

create table person


(
id int primary key,
name varchar(50),
orderId int,
phoneno int
)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(1,'John',101,123)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(2,'Jonny',102,145)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(3,'John',103,543)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(4,'John',104,435)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(5,'John',105,567)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(6,'potter',106,709)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(7,'Aaloo',107,509)
insert into person(id,name,orderId,phoneno)values(8,'kalu',108,980)

update person set name ='Hammer' where id =3


update person set name ='Kitty' where id =4
update person set name ='Humpy' where id =5

update OrderId set orderId=101 where orderId =1

create table Ordre


(
orderId int primary key,
Quantity int,
Items varchar(50)
)
insert into Ordre(orderId, Quantity, Items)values(101, 2, 'Jeans')
insert into Ordre(orderId, Quantity, Items)values(102, 3, 'Tshirt')
insert into Ordre(orderId, Quantity, Items)values(103, 4, 'Shampoo')
insert into Ordre(orderId, Quantity, Items)values(104, 1, 'Clock')
insert into Ordre(orderId, Quantity, Items)values(105, 1, 'Shop')
insert into Ordre(orderId, Quantity, Items)values(106, 2, 'colddrink')

select * from person


select * from Ordre

//select * from person right join Ordre on [Link] = [Link]

//update OrderId set orderId=101 where orderId =1

//update Ordre set Quantity = Quantity + 1

// update person set orderId=9, phoneno=900


// delete from person where id=9

//select * from person order by name

//select * from person order by orderid desc


where clasue is used with select , update and delete
//update person set phoneno =667 where id = 3

//select * from person where orderid = 1

Aggregate function or group function = this function is used with integer

sum
avg
min
max
count = count particular column value cannot count null value

select sum(orderid) from person


select avg(orderid) from person
select min(orderid) from person
select max(orderid) from person
select count(orderid) from person

Numeric Function
ABS means absolute function
select ABS(-10)
select CEILING(78.5)
select FLOOR(78.9)

select SIGN(12), SIGN(-12), SIGN(0) return 1 when value is positive -1 when value
is negative and zero in case of 0

select SQUARE(9), SQRT(25), PI(), cos(30), sin(90)


select EXP(2)

///string function

select LEN("database") count database length


select name, LEN(name) from person
select upper('this is sql')
select name, Lower(name) from person
select RTRIM('this is ball ')
select LTRIM(' this is ball')
select SUBSTRING('microsoft', 6,9)

select REPLACE('microsoft', 'micro', 'major')


select REPLICATE('hi', 5)

//Boolean function

//group by

select depno from person group by depno


select sum(salary) from person Group By DeptNo
select deptno, sum(salary) as 'total salary ' from person Group By DeptNo
select deptno, min(salary) as 'total salary ' from person Group By DeptNo
select deptno, max(salary) as 'total salary ' from person Group By DeptNo
select deptno, avg(salary) as 'total salary ' from person Group By DeptNo
select deptno, round(avg(salary), 2) as 'Avg salary ' from person Group By DeptNo
// Having clause
Having clause define the condition that is then applied to groups of rows.
always used with select statement inside group by clause.
having is come after group by.
where clause is come before group by otherwise give error.
both of these two quary give same out put.

select deptno, sum(Salary) as 'Total salary' from person group by deptno Having =20
select deptno, sum(Salary) as 'Total salary' from person where deptno = 20 group by
deptno

//Top() clause
the Top clause specifies the first n rows of the query result that are to be
retrived.
this clause should always be used with the order by clause
return multiple rows.

select empsalary from person order by empsalary


select empsalary from person order by empsalary desc
select Top(3) empsalary from person order by empsalary desc
select Top(3) empsalary from person order by empsalary

//Alter(DDL)

alter table emp add salary decimal


alter table emp addphone varchar(10) null

//alter with costraints

alter table emp add projected_complted int not null default5 decimal not null
alter table emp add salary decimal not null
alter table emp add projectID integer null constraints pID_unique_key UNIQUE

//add more than one column


alter table emp add salary decimal default 15000, projectID integer null constraint
pID_unique_key UNIQUE

//Dropping acolumn or columns


- remove a column or multiple columns

alter table emp drop column salary


alter table emp drop column salary age

//Union and Intersection

CREATE TABLE TableA


(
ID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Gender VARCHAR(10),
Department VARCHAR(50)
)
GO

INSERT INTO TableA VALUES(1, 'Pranaya', 'Male','IT')


INSERT INTO TableA VALUES(2, 'Priyanka', 'Female','IT')
INSERT INTO TableA VALUES(3, 'Preety', 'Female','HR')
INSERT INTO TableA VALUES(3, 'Preety', 'Female','HR')
GO
select * from TableA

CREATE TABLE TableB


(
ID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Gender VARCHAR(10),
Department VARCHAR(50)
)
GO

INSERT INTO TableB VALUES(2, 'Priyanka', 'Female','IT')


INSERT INTO TableB VALUES(3, 'Preety', 'Female','HR')
INSERT INTO TableB VALUES(4, 'Anurag', 'Male','IT')
GO

SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableA


UNION ALL
SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableB

SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableA


UNION
SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableB

SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableA


Intersect
SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableB

//EXCEPT Operator:
The EXCEPT operator will return unique rows from the left query that aren’t present
in the right query’s results.

SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableA


EXCEPT
SELECT ID, Name, Gender, Department FROM TableB

select * from TableA


select * from TableB

//self join

use db_test
---self join

create table Emp


(
EmpId int primary key identity,
EmpName varchar (20),
ManagerId int
)

insert into Emp(EmpName,ManagerId)values('John','3')


insert into Emp(EmpName,ManagerId)values('Tom','1')
insert into Emp(EmpName,ManagerId)values('Harry','2')
insert into Emp(EmpName,ManagerId)values('Dew','3')
insert into Emp(EmpName,ManagerId)values('Panther','1')

select * from emp

select [Link] as Emp, [Link] as Manager


from Emp E join Emp M on E. ManagerId =[Link]

---function
create Function [dbo].[Sum]
(
@num1 int,
@num2 int
)
Returns int
As
begin
Declare @Result int
select @Result = @num1 +@num2
return @Result
End

create proc[dbo].[callFunction]
@FirstNum int,
@SecondNum int
As
Begin
select dbo.[sum](@FirstNum,@SecondNum)
End

[callFunction] 2,3

string filepath = "D:\[Link]";


if ([Link](filepath))
{
[Link](filepath);
[Link]("Existing Text File Deleted.");
}
[Link](filepath, "Writing this text to a file.");
[Link]("Created a new text file and wrote the text in it.");
[Link]([Link](filepath));

Common questions

Powered by AI

The 'select sum(orderid) from person' query demonstrates the use of the SUM aggregate function, which calculates the total sum of the values in the 'orderid' column. This function is useful for summarizing data by aggregating values, which is often used in reports and analytics to provide insights, such as total sales, purchases, or other metrics represented by the column .

A self-join is performed by joining a table with itself, potentially renaming the instances to differentiate them. For example, using SELECT statements like 'SELECT E.EmpName as Emp, M.EmpName as Manager FROM Emp E JOIN Emp M ON E.ManagerId = M.EmpId' allows obtaining the employees (E.EmpName) and their corresponding managers (M.EmpName) from the same table, linking via E.ManagerId to M.EmpId .

The UNION operation combines the rows of both tables A and B and removes any duplicates. Since the entries (1, 'Pranaya', 'Male', 'IT') and (2, 'Priyanka', 'Female', 'IT') are distinct, both will appear in the UNION result. Thus, the result will include the records (1, 'Pranaya', 'Male', 'IT') and (2, 'Priyanka', 'Female', 'IT') from both tables .

The WHERE clause is used to filter records based on specified conditions before any groupings are made, applicable to individual rows. In contrast, the HAVING clause is used to filter groups to meet the conditions specified after the aggregation in GROUP BY. For example, 'SELECT deptno, sum(Salary) as 'Total salary' FROM person WHERE deptno = 20 GROUP BY deptno' uses WHERE to filter before grouping, while HAVING would apply the condition after .

Use the "TOP" clause in conjunction with "ORDER BY". For example, "SELECT TOP(3) empsalary FROM person ORDER BY empsalary DESC" will return the top 3 highest salaries. The "ORDER BY empsalary DESC" sorts the results in descending order, and the "TOP(3)" clause limits the results to the top 3 entries .

When altering a table to add columns with constraints, SQL modifies its structure by appending the new column definitions, along with any specified restrictions, to ensure data integrity. For instance, "ALTER TABLE emp ADD projectID INTEGER NULL CONSTRAINT pID_unique_key UNIQUE" would add the 'projectID' as an integer column that is nullable but must be unique within the table, enforcing these conditions on future data entries .

The INTERSECT operation returns only the rows that exist identically in both TableA and TableB. If TableA and TableB have different data, only the exact matches across all fields (ID, Name, Gender, Department) will appear in the results. Thus, the outcome depends on the specific data contents within both tables. Any mismatches or variations between tables will result in lower common data being returned .

The REPLACE SQL function is used to substitute all occurrences of a specified substring within a string with another substring. In the given example 'select REPLACE('microsoft', 'micro', 'major')', it replaces 'micro' with 'major', transforming the original string 'microsoft' into 'majorsoft' .

Using C#, the File class provides methods for handling files. Check if the file exists with "File.Exists(filepath)"; if it does, delete it using "File.Delete(filepath)". To create a new file and write text to it, use "File.WriteAllText(filepath, 'Writing this text to a file.')". This sequence deletes the existing file, creates a new file at the same location, and writes the specified text .

The ABS function in SQL returns the absolute value of a numeric expression, removing any negative sign. In the query 'select ABS(-10)', it would return '10', converting the negative number to its positive equivalent .

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