STAGE 1A

UEENEEE104A –
SOLVE PROBLEMS IN DC
CIRCUITS

STUDENT WORKBOOK
PRACTICAL EXERCISES

DESCRIPTION:
This workbook is an introduction to the application
of circuit connection techniques and the use of basic NAME_________________________________
practical equipment, such as, the power supply, the
ammeter and voltmeter and basic switching in DC
circuits.
It contains many practical exercises which you will
be completing in the classroom. Make sure you
bring it to TAFE every week . CLASS_________________________________:
 DC PRACTICAL WORKBOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRACTICAL EXERCISE PAGE

Basic Electrical Concepts 1

Ohms Law 6

Introduction to Power 13

Introduction to Series Circuits 19

Series Circuits with Lamps 20

Series Circuits with Resistors 32

Introduction to Parallel Circuits 37

Parallel Circuits & Power 44

Parallel Circuits 46

Series Parallel Circuits One 50

Series Parallel Circuits Two 55

Series Parallel Circuits Three 59

BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
PURPOSE:

This section is an introduction to the application of circuit connection techniques and

the use of basic practical equipment, such as, the power supply, the ammeter and
voltmeter and basic switching.

TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION:

At the end of this practical assignment the student will be able to:
• Draw a circuit diagram from a pictorial representation.
• Connect an electrical circuit using a circuit diagram as a guide.
• Adjust applied circuit voltage, measure and record values of circuit current.
• Note observations regarding circuit behaviour.
• Observe correct circuit isolation procedures when working with electrical
equipment.

EQUIPMENT:

□ 1 x 0 - 10V analogue voltmeter

□ 1 x 0 - 1A analogue ammeter
□ 1 x single pole switch
□ 1 x 24 volt, 5 watt lamp and lamp holder
□ 4mm connecting leads

PROCEDURE:
1. Using the pictorial representation of the circuit shown below 1 as a guide, complete
the circuit diagram on the next page by neatly drawing the circuit connections
required.

A Basic Electrical Circuit

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BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
All drawings should be in pencil in case you make a mistake. Complete the circuit
diagram below (draw the wires) you can use this checklist to help if needed

Connect the;

o power supply positive terminal (+) to one side of switch

o other side of switch to ammeter positive terminal (+)
o ammeter negative terminal (-) to one side of lamp
o other side of lamp to power supply negative terminal (-)
o voltmeter positive terminal (+) to power supply positive terminal (+)
o voltmeter negative terminal (-) to power supply negative terminal (-).

DC 12V, 5W
Power V
Supply Lamp

Complete the Basic Electrical Circuit

2. Arrange the equipment on the bench in the same relative positions as that shown
above or on the previous page.
3. Connect the components to form the circuit, using your circuit diagram or the picture
on the previous page as a guide.

4. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

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BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
5. Make sure the switch is turned off, then turn on the power supply and adjust the
voltage dial to give a circuit supply of 2 volts as indicated by the analogue voltmeter.
6. Turn the switch on and read the display on the analogue ammeter. The Ammeter will
tell you the value of current flowing in the circuit. Record the amount of current flow
in the table below. Also take note of the condition of the lamp and record in the table.
Is it barely on, dim, dull, half on, bright, extremely bright etc.
7. Work your way through the table adjusting the supply voltage to match the values in
the table and record the circuit current by reading the analogue ammeter.

Table 1
Circuit Voltage Circuit Current Lamp Condition
Volts Amperes

2V
mA
4V
mA
6V
mA
8V
mA
10V
mA
12.5V
mA
15V
mA
8. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes the progress table.
Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

9. Turn off the power supply and disconnect the circuit. Return all equipment to its
proper place, safely and carefully.

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BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
OBSERVATIONS:

Now answer the following questions related to what you just did.
1. The lamp filament indicated that electric current was flowing when the circuit switch
was:-
(a) open
(b) closed ..............................................................................................( )

2. When the supply voltage was 4 volts, the lamp appeared to be:-
(a) dark
(b) dull
(c) bright .................................................................................................( )

3. When the supply voltage was 12 volts, the lamp appeared to be:-
(a) dark
(b) dull
(c) bright ................................................................................................( )
4. Based on your observations, when you increased the circuit voltage the circuit current
to:-
(a) increased
(b) decreased
(c) remained the same ............................................................................( )

5. The ammeter was used to measure the:-

(a) resistance
(b) voltage
(c) current ...............................................................................................( )

6. If the circuit voltage was adjusted to 6 volts:-

(a) the lamp would be brighter than when the voltage was set to 8 volts
(b) the current would be less than when the voltage was set to 4 volts
(c) the lamp would be duller than when the voltage was 4 volts
(d) the current would be less than when the voltage was 8 volts .........( )

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BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

7. If a lamp having a higher resistance had been used in this practical, the circuit current
would have:-
(a) remained the same
(b) decreased
(c) increased ..........................................................................................( )

8. The basic electric circuit is formed using an e.m.f. source, a complete path to allow
current to flow, circuit protection, and a load. An addition to the circuit is a device
which provides ON-OFF control. Identify the device used in the circuit of this
practical session to provide each of these parts :-

e.m.f. source - ________________________

current path - ________________________

load - ________________________

ON-OFF control - ________________________

9. The voltmeter is used to measure ________ and is connected in ________:-

(a) current, series
(b) voltage, series
(c) voltage, parallel
(d) current, parallel ................................................................................( )

10. The ammeter is always connected in __________ and is used to measure_________:-

(a) series, voltage
(b) parallel, current
(c) series, current
(d) parallel, voltage ……………………………………………… …( )
________________________________________________
Notes:

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 OHMS LAW

PURPOSE:

This practical is used to demonstrate the application of Ohm's Law to a practical,

single resistor circuit.
TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION:

At the end of this practical assignment the student will be able to:
• Connect electrical circuits using circuit diagrams as a guide.
• Adjust applied circuit voltage, measure and record values of circuit current.
• Draw the V-I characteristics for fixed resistors.
• Apply Ohm's Law to a practical circuit.
• Extract and interpret information from graphs.
• Observe correct circuit isolation procedures when working with electrical
equipment.
EQUIPMENT:

□ 1 x 0 - 10V analogue voltmeter

□ 1 x 0 - 1A analogue ammeter
□ 1 x single pole switch
□ 1 x 10Ω, 10 watt, wire wound resistor
□ 1 x 18Ω, 10 watt, wire wound resistor
□ 4mm connecting leads

PROCEDURE :
10. Arrange the equipment on the bench in the same relative positions as that shown in
figure 11 and then connect the circuit.
0 - 1A
A

DC 10Ω
Power V 0 - 10V 10 watt
Supply DC Resistor

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 OHMS LAW
2. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.
Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

3. With the circuit switch in the open (off) position, turn on the power supply and adjust
to give a circuit voltage of 2 volts as indicated by the analogue voltmeter.
4. Close the circuit switch (turn it on) and record, the value of current flowing in the
circuit as indicated by your ammeter in the table below.
5. Now work your way through the table, adjusting the supply voltage to match the
values in the table and record the circuit current by reading the analogue ammeter.

Table 1
Circuit Voltage Circuit Current
volts Amperes
2V
mA
4V
mA
6V
mA
8V
mA
10V
mA
6. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 2.
Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

7. Open the circuit switch, then turn the DC power supply off.
8. Connect the circuit of figure 2, by replacing the 10Ω resistor with an 18Ω resistor.
0 - 1A
A

18Ω
DC
Power V 0 - 10V 10 watt
Supply DC
Resistor

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 OHMS LAW

9. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes progress table .

Progress Table 3
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

10. With the circuit switch in the open position, turn on the power supply and adjust to
give a circuit voltage of 2 volts as indicated by the analogue voltmeter.
11. Close the circuit switch and record, the value of current flowing in the circuit as
indicated by your ammeter in the table below.
12. Now work your way through the table, adjusting the supply voltage to match the
values in the table and record the circuit current by reading the analogue ammeter.

Table 2
Circuit Voltage Circuit Current
volts Amperes
2V
mA
4V
mA
6V
mA
8V
mA
10V
mA
13. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes progress table 4.

Progress Table 4
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

14. Reduce the voltage to zero volts. Turn off the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
Return all equipment to its proper place, safely and carefully.

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 OHMS LAW
OBSERVATIONS
1. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the actual value of resistance of the 10Ω resistor for each
set of voltage and current readings in table 1. Use the equation. R = V/I

Applied voltage = 2V _____________________________________________

Applied Voltage = 4V ____________________________________________

Applied voltage = 6V _____________________________________________

Applied Voltage = 8V _____________________________________________

Applied Voltage = 10V _____________________________________________

2. Calculate the average value of resistance for the 10Ω resistor. This is done by adding
your five answers obtained in question 1 and then dividing by 5.
____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

RAVERAGE = ___________

3. On the axis provided below draw the V- I characteristic for the 10 Ω resistor.
Remember, take the line of best fit when drawing your graph. (Plot the dots then draw
a straight line between them)

1.0
Circuit Current - Amperes

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Applied Voltage - Volts

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 OHMS LAW
4. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the actual value of resistance of the 18Ω resistor for each
set of voltage and current readings in table 2. Use the equation R = V/I

Applied voltage = 2V ___________________________________________

Applied Voltage = 4V ___________________________________________

Applied voltage = 6V ___________________________________________

Applied Voltage = 8V ___________________________________________

Applied Voltage = 10V___________________________________________

5. Calculate the average value of resistance for the 18 Ω resistor. This is done by adding
the five answers obtained in question 4 and then dividing by 5.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

RAVERAGE = ___________

6. On the axis provided below draw the V - I characteristic for the 18 Ω resistor. Again,
take the line of best fit when drawing your graph.

1.0
Circuit Current - Amperes

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Applied Voltage - Volts

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 OHMS LAW

7. Do the resistors have linear or non-linear characteristics? Use the graph to help
determine your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________

8. What happened to the circuit current when you increased the voltage?

____________________________________________________________________

9. When you increased the resistance of the circuit what effect did it have on the current?

_____________________________________________________________________

10. If you were to draw the V - I characteristic for a 33 Ω resistor on the axis of figure 24,
would the characteristic be drawn above or below those for the 10 Ω and 18 Ω
resistors?

_____________________________________________________________________

11. Use the graph to determine the current that would flow through the 10 Ω resistor if a
voltage of 7V was applied.
Current = _______________
12. Use the graph to determine the current that would flow through the 18 Ω resistor if a
voltage of 5V was applied.
Current = _______________

13. What voltage would have to be applied to each resistor used in this practical
assignment to force a current of 0.5A to flow through them? Use the graph to
determine your answer.
Voltage across 10Ω resistor = _______________

Voltage across 18Ω resistor = _______________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 OHMS LAW
14. Using Ohm's Law, calculate the current that would flow through the 10Ω resistor if a
voltage of 14V were applied.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

15. Using Ohm's Law, calculate the voltage that would have to be applied to the 18Ω
resistor to cause a current of 0.75A to flow.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

16. Using Ohm's Law, calculate the current that would flow through a 68Ω resistor if a
voltage of 1V were applied
_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

17. Using Ohm's Law, calculate the voltage that would have to be applied to a 39Ω
resistor to cause a current of 0.95A to flow
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
18. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

________________________________________________
Notes:

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 INTRODUCTION TO POWER

PURPOSE:

This practical assignment will be used to verify the Power equation relating to the
resistance, voltage and current of a circuit.
TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION:

At the end of this practical assignment the student will be able to:
• Connect an electrical circuit containing a voltmeter, wattmeter and an
ammeter.
• Measure and record values of voltage, current and power.
• Use measured value of voltage and current to calculate the power dissipated
in a resistor.

EQUIPMENT:
□ 1 x 30 V analogue voltmeter
□ 1 x 0 – 1 A analogue ammeter
□ 1 x single pole switch
□ 2 x 10W resistors - 1 each 33Ω and 68Ω
□ 4mm connecting leads
□ Wattmeter 24 V 5 A

1. MEASUREMENT OF POWER BY VOLT & AMMETER READINGS

1. Connect the circuit as shown in below, with the ammeter positioned to measure the
total circuit current IT.

0 - 1A
IT

DC
0 - 30V R1 33Ω
Power V
Supply DC

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 INTRODUCTION TO POWER

11. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes progress table.

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

Caution resistors get HOT. Take your readings quickly and

carefully. DO NOT TOUCH the resistors.

12. Set the voltage of the power supply to 10V. Close the switch.
13. Measure and record, in table below, the value of current flowing through the 33Ω
(R1)
14. Safely isolate the circuit and disconnect the 33 Ω resistor (R1). Replace it with the 68Ω
resistor R2,
15. Energize the circuit, check the voltage output of the power supply is still 10 Volts,
measure and record, in table below, the value of current flowing through the 68Ω (R2)
Table 1
Resistance Voltage VT Current IT
V mA

R1 - 33 Ω 10V mA

R2 - 68 Ω 10V mA

16. Increase the voltage of the power supply to twenty (20V).

17. Follow the same process as above and complete the table below..
Table 2
Resistance Voltage VT Current IT
V mA

R1 - 33 Ω 20V mA

R2 - 68 Ω 20V mA

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 INTRODUCTION TO POWER

18. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 5.2

Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

MEASUREMENT OF POWER BY WATTMETER.

1. Connect the circuit as shown below, with the Wattmeter positioned to measure the
total circuit power.

M L
(A+) (1A)

W
V1 V2
(V+) (25V)
DC
0 - 30V R1 33Ω
Power V
Supply DC

figure 13

2. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 3.

Progress Table 3
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

3. Set the voltage of the power supply to 10 volts

4. Measure and record, in table on the next page, the value of power consumed by the
33Ω (R1)
5. Safely isolate the circuit and disconnect the 33 Ω resistor (R1). Replace it with the
68Ω resistor R2,
6. Energize the circuit, check the voltage output of the power supply is still 10 Volts,
measure and record, in table below, the value of power consumed by 68Ω (R2)

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 INTRODUCTION TO POWER

Table 3
Resistance Voltage VT Power
V Watts (W)

R1 - 39 Ω 10V W

R2 - 18 Ω 10V W

7. Increase the voltage of the power supply to 20V.

8. Follow the same process as the previous page and complete the table below.

Table 4
Resistance Voltage VT Power
V Watts (W)

R1 - 33 Ω 20V W

R2 - 68 Ω 20V W

19. Reduce the voltage to zero volts. Turn off the power supply
20. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 3

Progress Table 4
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

21. Check the power supply is turned off and disconnect the circuit. Return all equipment
to its proper place, safely and carefully.

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 INTRODUCTION TO POWER

2. OBSERVATIONS:
1. From the values recorded in table 1. calculate the power consumed at 10 Volts by the
33 Ω and 68 Ω resistors using all three of these power equations

2 V2
P = V×I P = I ×R P=
R
33 Ω Resistor (R1)
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

68 Ω Resistor (R2)
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. Compare the results of the 3 power equations are they similar Yes / No

3. What was the effect on power consumption when you increased the current through
the circuit?
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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 INTRODUCTION TO POWER

4. From the values recorded in table 2. calculate the power consumed at 20 Volts by the
33 Ω and 68 Ω resistors using all three of these power equations
V2
P = V×I P = I2 × R P=
R

33 Ω Resistor (R1)
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

68 Ω Resistor (R2)
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

5. What was the effect on power consumption when you increased the applied voltage to
each circuit?
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

6. Compare the results of the P = V × I calculations for tables 1 and 2 to the results of
tables 3 and 4, are the results similar? Explain why they similar or different.
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS

PURPOSE:

This practical assignment will be used to verify the laws of series circuits relating to
resistance, voltage and current.

TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION:

At the end of this practical assignment the student will be able to:
• Connect a series circuit using a circuit diagram as a guide.
• Use a multimeter as an ohmmeter to measure resistance values.
• Observe the effects of an open circuit and a short circuit on the operation of a series
circuit.
• Verify the following laws related to a series circuit -

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
IT = I1 = I2 = I3
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
• Apply Ohm's law to verify the relationship between voltage, current and resistance
for a series circuit.

EQUIPMENT:

□ 1 x 0 – 30V analogue voltmeter

□ 1 x multimeter (digital)
□ 1 x 0 - 1A analogue ammeter
□ 1 x single pole switch
□ 3 x 10W resistors - 1 each 5.6Ω, 10Ω, 18Ω
□ 4mm connecting leads

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS
2. EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF A SERIES CIRCUIT
22. Using the digital multimeter as an ohmmeter, measure the actual resistance of the 5.6W, 10W
and 18W resistors. Record the values in table below.

Resistance Table
Specified Resistance Value Actual Resistance Value
Resistor ohms ohms
R1 5.6Ω

R2 10Ω

R3 18Ω

23. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the three resistors connected in series. Use the actual
resistance values from table 1. Record the value in below.

Remember: RT = R1 + R2 + R3

Resistance Total _____________________

24. Connect the three resistors in series as shown below, then measure the circuit equivalent
resistance using the digital multimeter as an ohmmeter. Record the value below.

5.6Ω
R1
Ω R2 10Ω
R3
18Ω

Resistance Total _____________________

25. Open circuit the resistor R2, as shown below. Then measure the circuit equivalent resistance.
Record the value.

5.6Ω
R1 open circuit
Ω R2 10Ω
R3
18Ω

Open Circuit Resistance Total___________________________

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS
26. Reconnect the resistor R2.

27. Using a 4mm connecting lead, short circuit the resistor R2 as shown below. Measure the
equivalent resistance of the circuit and record in table 2.
5.6Ω
R1
Ω R2 10Ω
R3

Short Circuit Resistance Total __________________________________

28. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes progress table 1.

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

3. CURRENT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT

1. The current through each resistor is measured on the positive side of each resistor. Connect the
circuit as shown below, with the ammeter positioned to measure the total circuit current IT.

0-1A
5.6Ω
IT
R1

DC
0 - 30V R2 10Ω
Power V
Supply DC

18Ω

R3

2. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 2.
Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS

3. Turn on the power supply, close the circuit switch and then adjust the power supply for an
applied voltage of 10V.
4. From the previous diagram, measure and record, in the table below, the value of the total circuit
current.
5. The current in resistor R1 is also measured at this same position record it table below.

Note: Do not change the power supply setting.

6. Move your ammeter around the circuit to measure the current through each resistor and record
in the table below.
Current Table
Total Circuit Current Current Through Current Through Current Through
IT R1 R2 R3
mA mA mA mA

IT = I1 = I2 = I3 =

5.6Ω 0 - 500 mA

R1
I2
DC
0 - 30V
Power V
Supply DC
R2 10Ω
18Ω

R3

7. Use these diagrams to help with moving the ammeter around.

5.6Ω

R1

DC
0 - 30V R2
Power V 10Ω
Supply DC

18Ω
I3
R3
0 - 1 A DC

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS
8. Open circuit the resistor R2 by removing it from the circuit, as shown in figure below.

5.6Ω

R1

DC
Power Open circuit 0 - 30V V
Supply DC

18 Ω
I3
R3
0-1A
9. Close the circuit switch and note the effect the open circuit has on circuit current.

Circuit current with an open circuit = _________

10. Measure the voltage across the open circuit using the voltmeter.
Voltage across the open circuit = _________
11. Compare the voltage across the supply voltage to the voltage across the open circuit.

The voltage across the open circuit ________________ the supply voltage

12. With the open circuit still in place, use the voltmeter measure the voltage drops across R1 and
R3.

Voltage drop across R1 =_________

Voltage drop across R3 =_________

13. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes progress table 3
14.

Progress Table 3
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS
4. VOLTAGE IN A SERIES CIRCUIT.

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 25.

0 – 1 A DC
5.6Ω
IT
R1
DC
0 - 30V R2 10Ω
Power V
Supply DC
18Ω
R3
Figure 25

2. Close the circuit switch, turn on the power supply and then adjust to give a total circuit
current of 280mA.
3. Using your voltmeter measure and record, the applied voltage VT in the table below.

4. Move your voltmeter around the circuit and record the voltage at each resistor

Voltage Table
Applied Voltage VT Voltage Drop V1 Voltage Drop V2 Voltage Drop V3
volts volts volts volts

Note: Do not change the power supply setting.

Use the diagrams on the next page to help you
connect the voltmeter to the different resistors

0 - 1A DC
5.6Ω
IT
R1
DC
V1
Power R2 10Ω
Supply

18Ω
R3
figure 26

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS

0 - 1A DC
5.6Ω
IT
R1
DC
Power R2 10Ω
Supply

18Ω
R3
0 - 1A DC 5 6Ω
R1
DC
Power R
Supply
2
18Ω
R3

5. Grab a 4mm lead and create a short circuit across R2 as shown below.

0 - 1A DC
5.6Ω
IT
R1
DC
Power R2 10Ω
Supply

18Ω
R3
figure 29

6. Using the ammeter measure your new total circuit current

Circuit current = ___________

7. Using the voltmeter, measure the voltage across the short circuit.

The voltage across the short circuit = _____________

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS
8. Using the voltmeter, measure the voltage drops across resistors R1 and R3.

Voltage drop across R1 =_________

Voltage drop across R3 =_________

9. What effect does the short circuit have on the voltage drops across the components still in
circuit?
Component voltage drops are __________________.

10. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and complete progress table 4.

Progress Table 4
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

11. Reduce the voltage to zero volts. Turn off the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
12. Return all equipment to its proper place, safely and carefully.

OBSERVATIONS
19. Based on the results of this practical assignment, what happens to the equivalent resistance of
circuit when you add resistors in series?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

20. Based on your results, what can be said about the current in a series circuit?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

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 INTRODUCTION TO SERIES CIRCUITS
21. Does the sum of the individual voltage drops in a series circuit equal the applied voltage? Use
information obtained during this practical assignment to support your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

22. Using your results in your current table, apply Ohm' law to calculate the voltage across each
resistor in the circuit. Compare your calculated value to the measured values in the voltage
table.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

23. What are the effects of an open circuit in a series circuit?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

24. What are the effects of a short circuit applied to a section of a series circuit?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
25. If your circuit was operating at the supply voltage you measured in the voltage table calculate
the new circuit current if R1 was to develop a short circuit?
________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

NOTES

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 SERIES CIRCUITS WITH LAMPS

PURPOSE:

This practical assignment will be used to verify your knowledge and understanding of series
circuits, ohms law and how to build a series circuit using lamps and resistors.

1) Draw a series circuit (use pencil) with 3 x Lamps include in your drawing all components of
a basic circuit, include the correct meters to measure the supply voltage and the total circuit
current.
2)

3) Collect all the equipment you shall require.

4) Be sure to test your meters are in good working condition
5) Build your circuit using the analogue meters and lamps
6) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table
Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

7) Energise your circuit to a supply Voltage of 22V

8) Using and moving the analogue meters around the circuit as required, measure and record
the values in the table below
I total
mA
Voltage across L1

Voltage across L2

Voltage across L3

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 SERIES CIRCUITS WITH LAMPS
9) Using your knowledge of ohms law calculate the total Resistance of the circuit. Record in
table below
10) Then follow the same process and calculate the resistance across each lamp Record in table
below
R total SHOW YOUR WORKING OUT HERE

R1

R2

R3

11) Return the lamps to where you got them from.

12) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

13) Draw a series circuit (use pencil) with 3 x Resistors.R1 = 5.6Ω R2 = 33Ω R3 = 68Ω include
in your drawing all components of a basic circuit, include the correct meters to measure the
supply voltage and the total circuit current.

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 SERIES CIRCUITS WITH LAMPS

14) Using your knowledge of ohms law Calculate the expected values across each component
and record in the table below the box for your working out.
SHOW ALL WORKING OUT HERE

Vt = 30v V1= V2= V3=

It = mA I1= mA I2= mA I3= mA

Rt = R1= R2= R3=

15) Collect the required resistors

16) Test your meters (again)
17) Build the circuit
18) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

19) Energise your circuit to a supply Voltage of 30V

20) Using and moving the analogue meters around the circuit as required, measure and record
the values in the table below
I total

V1

V2

V3

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 SERIES CIRCUITS WITH LAMPS

21) Show your teacher your how to move the ammeter around the circuit.
22) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

23) If your circuit operated for 18 minutes calculate the total charge in your circuit? (show all working)

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

24) Calculate the Circuit Current if R2 was to develop a short circuit? (show all working)

________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

25) What is the maximum current you would expect before the fuse would blow in the analogue

ammeter you used

__________________________________________________________________________

26) Describe what would happen to the circuit if R3 was to develop an open circuit?

__________________________________________________________________________

27) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

Return all your equipment to its proper place

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SERIES CIRCUITS WITH RESISTORS

PURPOSE:

This practical assignment will be used to verify the resistor colour code and build a series circuit
using a resistor panel.
TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION:

At the end of this practical assignment the student will be able to:

• Use the resistor colour code to determine the resistance of a selection of colour coded
resistors.

• Use a multimeter as an ohmmeter to measure resistance values.

• State if the measured values of resistance, for a selection of resistors, fall within specified
tolerances.

EQUIPMENT:
□ 1 x colour coded resistor panel
□ 1 x laminated equation sheet with circuit parameter details
□ 1 x multimeter (digital or analogue)
□ 1 x 0 - 50mA analogue ammeter
□ 1 x single pole switch
□ 1 x resistor colour code panel
□ 4mm connecting leads

THE RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

1. Using the resistor colour code determine the resistance value and percentage tolerance for each
of the 12 resistors, R1 – R6, shown in table on the next page. Record the values in the
appropriate columns of table on the next page.

For example, a resistor carries the colour bands - red, violet, brown, gold

Applying the colour code red = 2 violet = 7 brown = x 10 gold = ±5% ∴

Resistance value = 27 x 10 = 270Ω ±5%

2. Using the multimeter measure the value of resistance for each of the 6 resistors and record in
table over the page.

3. For each resistor, compare the measured resistance with the value specified by the colour code
and the resistance range as determined using the tolerance. State, for each resistor, if the
measured value falls within the specified tolerance by writing 'YES' or 'NO' in the appropriate
column of the table.

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 SERIES CIRCUITS WITH RESISTORS

Colour Code
Resistance Tolerance Resistance Measured Within
Resistor
1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band ohms ±% Range Resistance Tolerance
ohms ohms yes or no
example red violet brown gold 270Ω ±5% 256.5 - 283.5Ω 263Ω YES
R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

4. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.
Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

5. Draw a series circuit with 3 x resistors as nominated by your teacher, include in your drawing a
power supply, switch, ammeter to measure total current, Voltmeter to measure the supply
voltage, indicate all polarities on your drawing.

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SERIES CIRCUITS WITH RESISTORS
6. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.
Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

CALCULATE CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE VALUES

1. Using the supply voltage or current as nominated by your teacher on you laminated equation
sheet complete the following table by using calculations and your values from the previous
table.
SHOW YOUR WORKING OUT HERE

VT Current Total Resistance

Total
V1 Current through R1
R1

V2 Current through R2
R2

V3 Current through R3
R3

2. Build your circuit using the resistor panel as per your drawing on the previous page.
3. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table.

Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

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SERIES CIRCUITS WITH RESISTORS
4. Adjust the power supply as per your circuit parameters on your card and measure and record the
following values. This will require you to move your meters around the circuit.

VT Current Total
V1 Current through
R1

V2 Current through
R2

V3 Current through
R3

7. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes the progress table.
Progress Table 3
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

8. Turn off the power supply and disconnect the circuit and return all equipment to its proper
place.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Were all of the colour coded resistors within tolerance?
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Occasionally the actual measured value of a resistor will not be within the expected tolerance
limits. Does this mean the resistor is of no use?
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. When you buy resistors, what are the two ratings you need consider for your installation?
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Calculate your new circuit current if R2 was to develop a short circuit.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

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SERIES CIRCUITS WITH RESISTORS

5. If your circuit was operating for 8 minutes calculate the total charge in your circuit.
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

6. What happens to the resistance of an LDR when it is exposed to increased light levels?
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

7. What is a Thermistor, where are the used and what do they do?
_____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
8. Calculate the resistance of 600W toaster that draws 5A current.
____________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
9. Calculate the resistance of 230V, 2.4kW hot water system element.
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
10. Name an application for a VDR and an application for an LDR.
_____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Notes:

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INTRO TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS

PURPOSE:

This practical assignment will be used to verify the laws of parallel circuits relating to
resistance, voltage, current and power.
TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION:

At the end of this practical assignment the student will be able to:
• Connect a parallel circuit using a circuit diagram as a guide.
• Observe the effects of an open circuit and a short circuit on the operation of a parallel
circuit.
• Verify the following laws related to a parallel circuit -
1
R EQ =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3
IT = I1 + I2 + I3
VT = V1 = V2 = V3
PT = P1 + P2 + P3
• Apply Ohm's law to verify the relationship between voltage, current and resistance for
a parallel circuit.

EQUIPMENT:

1 x variable dc power supply.

1 x multimeter (digital or analogue).
1 x 0 – 30V analogue voltmeter.
1 x 0-1A analogue ammeter.
1 x single pole switch.
3 x 10W resistors - 1 each 68Ω, 33Ω, 39Ω.
4mm connecting leads

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INTRO TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS
3. EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
2. Using the digital multimeter as an ohmmeter, measure the actual resistance of the 68Ω, 33 Ω
and 39 Ω resistors. Record the values in table 1.

Table 1
Resistor Nominal Resistance Value Actual Resistance Value
ohms ohms

R1 68Ω

R2 33Ω

R3 39Ω

3. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the three resistors connected in parallel. Use the actual
resistance values. Record the value below.
1
Remember: R EQ =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3

Calculated equivalent resistance_____________________________

4. Connect the three resistors in parallel as shown below, then measure the circuit equivalent
resistance using the digital multimeter as an ohmmeter. Record the value.

Ω R1 R2 R3
68Ω 33Ω 39Ω

Measured equivalent resistance_____________________________

5. Open circuit the resistor R2, as shown below. Then measure the circuit equivalent resistance.
Record the value below.
open circuit

Ω R1 R2 R3
68Ω 33Ω 39Ω

Measured equivalent resistance with open circuit across R2_____________________________

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INTRO TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS

6. Reconnect the resistor R2.

7. Using a 4mm connection lead, short circuit the resistor R2 as shown in figure 3. Measure the
equivalent resistance of the circuit and record in table 2.

Ω R1 R2 R3
68Ω 33Ω 39Ω

Measured equivalent resistance with short circuit across R2_____________________________

8. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes progress table 1.

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

2. CURRENT IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. Connect the circuit as shown below, with the 0-1A ammeter positioned to measure the total
circuit current IT
0-1A

IT

D
0 - 30V
Power
V R1 R2 R3
Supply DC 68Ω 33Ω 39Ω

2. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 2.
Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

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INTRO TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS
3. Turn on the power supply, close the circuit switch and then adjust the power supply for an
applied voltage of 12V.
4. Measure and record, in table below the value of the total circuit current IT and the branch current
I1.
5. Move your ammeter around the circuit and measure the current in each branch

Supply Voltage = 12V

Total Circuit Current Current Through R1 Current Through R2 Current Through R3
mA mA mA mA
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 =

Note: Do not change the power supply setting.

6. Open circuit the resistor R2 by removing it from the circuit, as shown in figure 17.
0-1A
IT

D
0 - 30V
Power V R1 R2 R3
Supply DC 68Ω 33Ω 39Ω

7. Close the circuit switch and note the effect the open circuit has on the supply current.
Supply current with an open circuit = _________

8. Measure the voltage across the open circuit using the voltmeter.
Voltage across the open circuit = _________

9. Measure the current flowing in branch 3.

The current in branch 3 has ___________________________________.
10. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 3.

Progress Table 3
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

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INTRO TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS

3. VOLTAGES OF THE PARALLEL CIRCUIT

9. Connect the circuit as shown below.
10. Move your voltmeter around the circuit and record the voltages in the table below
0-1A
IT

D
Power
Supply
R1 R2 R3
68Ω 33Ω 39Ω

Voltage Table

Applied Voltage VT Voltage Drop V1 Voltage Drop V2 Voltage Drop V3

volts volts volts volts

12V

Note: Do not change the power supply setting.

Progress Table 4.
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

11. Turn off the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
12. Please return all equipment to its proper place, safely and carefully.

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INTRO TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS

4. OBSERVATIONS:
1. Based on the results of this practical assignment, what is the effect on the equivalent resistance
of when adding resistors to the circuit in parallel?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. Based on your results, what can be said about the currents in a parallel circuit?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3. Do the individual branch voltages in a parallel circuit equal the applied voltage? Use
information obtained during this practical assignment to support your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

4. Using your results in the current table, apply Ohm' law to calculate the equivalent resistance of
the circuit. Compare your calculated value to the measured value in table 2.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

5. Using your results in your current table, calculate the total power consumed in the circuit.
Use the equation P = I2R

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

6. Using your results in your current table, calculate the power supplied to each resistor.
Use the equation P = I2R

___P1=__________________________________________________________________________

___P2=__________________________________________________________________________

___P3=__________________________________________________________________________

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INTRO TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS

7. Compare the total power dissipated, as determined in question 5, with the sum of the individual
branch powers as determined in question 6. What can you say about the relationship?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

8. What are the effects of an open circuit in a parallel circuit?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

9. What are the effects of a short circuit applied to a section of a parallel circuit?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Notes:

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS & POWER

PURPOSE:
This practical assignment will be used to verify your knowledge and understanding of
parallel circuits, ohms law and how to build a parallel circuit using resistors. It will also test
your knowledge about measuring the total power using a wattmeter.

1) Draw a Parallel circuit with 3 x branches. In each branch include 1 lamp. Include in your
drawing a power supply, switch, ammeter to measure total current, Voltmeter to measure
supply voltage, a wattmeter to measure total circuit power. And a 2nd ammeter to measure
current in branch 1, indicate all polarities on your drawing. Label all meters correctly and
use correct symbols.

2) Measure the resistance of your lamps and record the value in the table below.
3) Using your knowledge of ohms law and calculations complete the following table of values
you would expect to see.
Current 720 mA Voltage Resistance Power
total total total total
Current Voltage Resistance Power at
in branch mA across of L1 L1
1 L1
Current Voltage Resistance Power at
in branch mA across of L2 L2
2 L1
Current Voltage Resistance Power at
in branch mA across of L3 L3
3 L1

4) Build your circuit as per your drawing but only with 1 ammeter to measure total current
5) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table
Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS & POWER
6) Energise the circuit to the supply current of 720mA, moving your meters around the circuit as
required measure and record the values in the table below

Voltage Total Voltage across Current

L1 through branch mA
1
Current Total 720mA Voltage across Current
L2 through branch mA
2
Power Total Voltage across Current
L3 through branch mA
2
1) Explain how or why your calculated results are similar or different to your measured results?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATIONS

1) If your circuit operated for 6 hours a day, for 7 days a week, for 12 weeks and the supply authority
were charging you 23 cents per unit of electricity calculate total cost to operate your lamps.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2) If your lamps had a cold temperature of 23degrees Celsius and a hot operating temperature of
1995degrees Celsius and the temperature co efficient of your lamp is .0045, calculate the Hot
Resistance of this circuit
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3) If your Load 2 developed a “short circuit” , calculate or describe how current flow through Load 3
would be effected?.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4) If your Load 1 developed an “open circuit” calculate the current flow through Load 2?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS

PURPOSE:
This practical assignment will be used to verify the your knowledge and understanding of
parallel circuits, ohms law and how to build a parallel circuit using resistors

1) Collect a switch, voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, connection leads and an unknown

resistor panel.
2) Test your equipment
3) Connect 3 resistors from the resistor panel (specified by your teacher) and measure the total
resistance.

RT __________________

4) Build the following circuit

5) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table

Progress Table
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS

6) Adjust the supply to 800mA, energize the circuit and record the following values
VTotal V

I Total
800 mA
I through
R1
mA
I through
R2
mA
I through
R3
mA

7) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

8) Dismantle the circuit and start the next exercise

9) Connect 3 resistors from the resistor panel (specified by your teacher) and measure the total
resistance.

RT __________________

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS

10) Build the following circuit

11) Have your circuit checked by teacher

12) Adjust the supply to 550mA, energize the circuit and record the following values
VTotal V

I Total
550mA
I through
R1
mA
I through
R2
mA
I through
R3
mA
13) Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes the progress table

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3

14) Dismantle the circuit and answer the following questions over the page.

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Short Answer Questions

a) If branch 2 was to go open circuit what effect would it have on the total current?

_______________________________________________________________________

b) If the supply voltage was to increase what effect would it have on the total current?

_______________________________________________________________________

c) When the length of a cable increases its Resistance

______________________________________

d) When the CSA of a cable increases its Resistance

________________________________________

e) What would happen if R1 in either installation was develop a short circuit?

____________________________________________________________________

f) You are designing an installation for a customer. What factors would you have to pay
careful considerations to when selecting cables to overcome any possible voltage drop
problems due to the resistance of the cable?

________________________________________________________________________________

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 1

PURPOSE:
This practical assignment will be used to verify the laws of series and parallel circuits relating to
resistance, voltage, current and power and their application to the series-parallel circuit.
TO ACHIEVE THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION:

At the end of this practical assignment the student will be able to:
• Connect a series-parallel circuit using a circuit diagram as a guide.
• Determine the equivalent resistance of a series-parallel circuit.
• Measure voltages and currents of a series-parallel circuit.
• Apply Ohm's law to verify the relationship between voltage, current and resistance for
a series-parallel circuit.

EQUIPMENT:

1 x variable dc power supply

1 x multimeter (digital or analogue)
1 x 0-500mA analogue ammeter
1 x single pole switch
6 x 10W resistors - 1 each 5.6Ω, 10Ω, 12Ω, 18Ω, 33Ω, 39Ω
4mm connecting leads

4. EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF A SERRIES PARALLEL CIRCUIT

9. Connect the six resistors as shown below, then measure the circuit equivalent resistance using
the digital multimeter as an ohmmeter.

R2 18Ω

R1 R3 33Ω

5.6Ω
R4 39Ω

Ω R5
12Ω

R6 10Ω

Circuit equivalent resistance = ___________

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 1

10. Modify the circuit, to that shown below

R2 18Ω

0-500mA DC R1 R3 33Ω
IT
5.6Ω
R4 39Ω
DC Digital mm V R5
T
Power 0 - 20V DC 12Ω
Supply
R6 10Ω

11. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your results and completes progress table 1.
Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

12. The above circuit is to have a total circuit current of 600mA

13. Calculate the required applied voltage using your measured resistance and 600mA
VT = _____________
14. Using Ohm's law calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit to confirm your measured
value
VT
R EQ = REQ = ____________
IT

5. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN A SERIES - PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. Check the power supply is adjusted to supply a total circuit current of 600mA.
2. Using the digital multimeter and ammeter measure and record the values in the table below.

Table 1
VT V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6

IT I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6

mA mA mA mA mA mA mA

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 1

3. Do not proceed until the teacher checks your circuit and completes progress table 2.
Progress Table 2
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

1. Turn off the power supply and disconnect the circuit.

2. Please return all equipment to its proper place, safely and carefully.

6. OBSERVATIONS:
10. Compare the circuit equivalent resistance as measured with the ohmmeter to the value
determined by the applications of Ohm's law. What do the results indicate about the application
of Ohm's law to the entire circuit?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

11. Add the measured voltages V1, V2, V5 and V6. Does the addition of these four voltages equal the
supply voltage? Explain why they do not?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________

12. Add the measured currents I2, I3, and I4. Does the addition of these three currents equal the
supply current? Explain why they do not?
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 1

13. Using Calculate the total power supplied to the circuit. PT = VT x IT.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

14. Using measured values of voltage and current calculate the power dissipated by each resistor. P
= V x I. For example P1 = V1 x I1.
P1=_______________________________________ P4=__________________________________

P2=________________________________________P5=________________________________

P3=________________________________________ P6=_________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

15. Calculate the total power dissipated by the circuit, by adding the powers dissipated by each
individual resistor. PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + P6.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Compare the total power dissipated, as determined in question 4, with the sum of the individual

branch powers as determined in question [Link] do you notice?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

16. What would be the effect on circuit current of an open circuit in resistor R5?

________________________________________________________________________

17. Calculate the new circuit current if an open circuit was to develop at resistor R3?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 1

18. Calculate the new circuit current if a short circuit was develop across resistor R2?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

19. Calculate the new circuit current if a short circuit was develop across resistor R1?

________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

NOTES

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 2

PURPOSE:
This practical assignment will be used to verify the laws of series and parallel circuits relating to
resistance, voltage, current and power and their application to the series-parallel circuit.

1) DRAW THE FOLLOWING CIRCUIT

Circuit Specifications
• The parallel cluster has three parallel branches in this circuit. R2 and R3 are connected in
series with each other (branch 1) and in parallel with R4 (branch2) and R5 (branch 3).
• R1 is connected in series before the parallel cluster.
• R6 is connected in series after the parallel cluster.
• The ammeter is connected to measure the supply current.
• The voltmeter is connected to measure the supply voltage.
• Applied Voltage: 25V
• R1 = 12Ω R2 = 33Ω
• R3 = 39Ω R4 = 68Ω
• R5 = 5.6Ω R6 = 10Ω
• Capacitor Charge: 7mC

1) Refer to the information above and in the space below, draw a circuit diagram including a
power supply, circuit protection, a switch and six (6) resistors connected in series/parallel
configuration. Include in your drawing:

A voltmeter is to measure the supply voltage.

A 1000mA ammeter to measure the total current.
A wattmeter to measure the total power.

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 2

2) CALCULATE VOLTAGE CURRENT, RESISTANCE & POWER:

a) Using a multimeter, test and record the resistance values for each resistor and record in the table
below.
b) Use the given values and your knowledge of Ohms law and series/parallel circuits fill in the
missing values in table below. show all working out in the space below.

Total Voltage V1= I1 = R1 = P1 =

=25V
V2= I2 = R2 = P2 =

Total Current V3= I3 = R3 = P3 =

=
V4= I4 = R4 = P4 =

Total Resistance V5= I5 = R5 = P5 =

=
V6= I6 = R6 = P6 =

SHOW YOUR WORKING OUT HERE

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 2

2) BUILD THE CIRCUIT:

Do not proceed until you have been assessed

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

4) MEASURE VOLTAGE, CURRENT & POWER:

a) Use the testing equipment supplied to measure the voltage and current in the circuit and calculate
the power. Record your findings in the table below.

VT 25 V I Total P Total
mA
V1 I through P1
R1 mA
V2 I through P2
R2 mA
V3 I through P3
R3 mA
V4 I through P4
R4 mA
V5 I through P2
R2 mA
V6 I through P6
R6 mA
Do not proceed until you have been assessed
Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

5) CALCULATIONS / PROBLEMS

1) A capacitor with the charge listed in your information sheet is installed in series with your
circuit. Calculate the Capacitance of this capacitor.

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 2
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2) Using your calculated value of capacitance above, calculate the time constant for the circuit.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3) Determine the value of current in the circuit 5 time constants after the circuit is energised.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4) Calculate the work done/energy stored by the capacitor when the voltage across the
capacitor equals the supply voltage.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5) Calculate the new total circuit current if R3 was short circuited.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

6) Determine the current through R1 if R6 develops an open circuit.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

7) Determine the current through R2 if R4 develops an open circuit

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Have your work checked by your teacher

Progress Table 1
Attempt 1 Attempt Attempt 3

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 3

PURPOSE:
This practical assignment will be used to verify your knowledge and understanding of
series/parallel circuits, ohms law and how to build a series/parallel circuit using resistors

15) Collect a switch, voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, connection leads and an unknown
resistor panel.
16) Test your equipment
17) Connect 5 resistors from the resistor panel and measure the total resistance.

RT __________________
18) Build the following circuit

19) Have your circuit checked by teacher

20) Adjust the supply to 700mA, energize the circuit, measure and record the following values
in the table on the next page
21) Calculate the power values (use a calculator) and record in the table over the page

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 3

V Total I Total P Total

V
700mA
V1 I through P1
R1 mA
V2 I through P2
R2 mA
V3 I through P3
R3 mA
V4 I through P4
R4 mA
V5 I through P5
R5 mA

22) Have your results checked

23) Modify the circuit to the following

24) Have your work checked

25) Adjust the supply to 500mA, energize the circuit, measure and record the following values
in the table
26) Measure and record the new values. Calculate the power values
VT I Total P Total
500mA
V1 I through P2
R4 mA
V5 I through P3
R2 mA

27) Have your work checked

28) Dismantle your equipment and start the next exercise

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 3

29) Build the following Circuit.

30) Adjust the supply to 300mA, energize the circuit measure the following values and
Calculate the power values

VT I Total P Total
V 300mA
V1 I through P1
R1 mA
V2 I through P2
R2 mA
V4 I through P4
R4 mA
V6 I through P6
R6 mA

31) Have your circuit checked by teacher

32) Modify the circuit to the following

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS 3
33) Have your work checked
34) Re-Energize the circuit and Measure and record the following values in the table
VT I Total P Total
mA
V3 I through P3
R3 mA
V6 I through P6
R6 mA

35) Have your results checked

36) Dismantle the circuit and answer the following questions.
Short Answer Questions
g) In Q17 what was the effect the on the total current when you added the extra resistor?

_______________________________________________________________________

h) In Q9 if R2 was to open circuit what effect would it have on the total current?

_______________________________________________________________________

i) In Q17 if R4 was develop a short circuit what effect would it have on total power?

__________________________________________________________________________

j) In Q4 if R2 was to open circuit what would happen to the current passing through R3

_______________________________________________________________________

k) In Q9 describe what would happen in R5 was develop a short circuit

__________________________________________________________________________

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 STAGE 1A
UEENEEE104A –
SOLVE PROBLEMS IN DC
CIRCUITS

STUDENT WORKBOOK
TUTORIAL EXERCISES

DESCRIPTION:
This workbook contains student exercises to
supplement the learning you will be doing in class NAME_________________________________
It contains many theory exercises for you to
complete as extra work to help with your learning.

CLASS_________________________________:
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TUTORIAL PAGE

Basic Electrical Concepts 1

Ohms Law 6

Electrical Power 10

Effects of Current 15

Resistors 20

Series Circuits 25

Parallel Circuits 29

Series Parallel Circuits 34

Factors Affecting
39
Resistance

Effects of Meters 45

Capacitors & Capacitance 49

Capacitors in Series &

55
Parallel
TUTORIAL – BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Please note the following requirements in relation to tutorial work -
 All tutorial work is to be completed on ruled A4 pad paper, with multiple pages stapled
together. Write on one side only of the answer sheets.
 All work is to be completed in ink.
 In the case of multiple-choice type questions, the question number and answer letter are to
be written on the answer sheet.
 All relevant equations and working are to be shown in the case of calculation type questions.
 All diagrams are to be drawn using appropriate drawing instruments. Drawings are not to be
freehand.

SECTION A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

A domestic electrician works in the:

Electrical Industry.
Electronics Industry.
Supply Industry.
Communications Industry

Electricity is transmitted at:

high voltage
low voltage
high current
high frequency

An example of the use of renewable energy is:

coal
nuclear
solar
diesel

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TUTORIAL – BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

An example of the use of non-renewable energy is:

wind
nuclear
geo-thermal
hydro

Geysers are examples of ______________ energy:

tidal
wind
solar
geothermal

Renewable energy sources:

Are constantly re-produced

Can easily transmitted over long distances
Do not pollute the environment.
Protect the ozone layer

Most renewable energy sources can be traced back to:

The ozone layer

Hydro energy
Nuclear fission
Solar Energy

When coal is burnt to produce electricity a gas is produced that causes global warming. The gas is
known as;

Carbon dioxide.
Ozone.
Oxygen.
Methane.

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TUTORIAL – BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

The meter used to measure electric current in a circuit is a:

ohmmeter
voltmeter
ammeter
megger

The opposition to electric current is termed:

resistivity
voltmeter
residual
resistance

The unit of electric current is the:

ampere
watt
volt
ohm

If the electric pressure applied to a circuit is increased with the resistance remaining constant
electric current will:-

remain the same

decrease
increase
decrease to zero

This question refers to figure 21. The ammeter method of connection is known as;

short circuit connection

series connection A

parallel connection
V
open circuit connection

Figure 21

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TUTORIAL – BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

This question refers to figure 21. The voltmeter method of connection is known as -

parallel connection
short circuit connection
series connection
open circuit connection.

This question refers to figure 21. Opening the switch in the circuit would have the effect of -

reducing the circuit resistance.

reducing the circuit voltage.
increasing the circuit power.
stopping the circuit current flow.

A battery provides a source of electrical -

resistance.
pressure.
displacement.
control energy.

The meter used to measure electrical pressure in a circuit is a;

ohmmeter
ammeter
wattmeter.
voltmeter.

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TUTORIAL – BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SECTION B

Neatly draw the standard symbols that represent -

(a) switch
(b) battery
(c) lamp
(d) ammeter
(e) voltmeter
(f) fuse.

Draw the circuit diagram of a lamp supplied by a battery and controlled by a switch. Include a fuse
to protect the circuit, an ammeter to measure the circuit current and a voltmeter to measure the
battery voltage.

Determine the value and quantity measured on each of the following meters

________________________________________________________________________________

NOTES

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 TUTORIAL – OHMS LAW

TUTORIAL TOPIC 3 - OHM’S LAW

SECTION A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. Ohm's Law is only true when:

(a) the circuit consists of metallic conductors

(b) current and voltage are unequal
(c) the voltage exceeds the current
(d) circuit conditions are unchanged

2. If the resistance of a circuit is doubled, the current will be:

(a) the same.

(b) doubled.
(c) halved.
(d) decreased

3. Using the principle of Ohm's Law the resistance of a circuit may be calculated using the
equation:

I
(a) R=
V
(b) R = V.I
V
(c) R=
I
(d) R=V+I

4. If the resistance of a circuit is constant and the voltage applied to the circuit increased, the
circuit current will:

(a) fall to zero

(b) decrease
(c) increase
(d) remain unchanged

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 TUTORIAL – OHMS LAW
5. If the voltage applied to a circuit is constant and the resistance of the circuit is increased, the
circuit current will:

(a) remain unchanged

(b) fall to zero
(c) decrease
(d) increase
Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

6. The current flowing in a circuit is __________ proportional to the applied voltage and
___________ proportional to the circuit resistance.

7. According to Ohm's Law, increasing the applied voltage causes the circuit current to
___________.

8. Ohm's Law only applies to resistors with linear characteristics provided the ___________
remains constant.

9. When applying Ohm's Law, the voltage applied to a circuit is equal to the product of the
___________ and the ____________.

SECTION C:
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct to
two (2) decimal places.

10. A circuit has an applied voltage of 20V and a resistance of 5Ω. Determine the circuit
current. (4Α)

11. A circuit has an applied voltage of 15V and draws a current of 3A. Determine the circuit
resistance. (5Ω)

12. A circuit that has a resistance of 15Ω draws a current of 1.6A. Determine the applied voltage.
(24V)

13. A circuit has an applied voltage of 240V and has a resistance of 5000Ω. Determine the circuit
current. (0.048Α)

14. A circuit has the following values: Ι = 0.15Α R = 150Ω Determine the
applied voltage. (22.5V)

15. A circuit is connected to a DC power supply that is set to 12V. If the resistance of the circuit is
24 Ω determine the current flowing in the circuit. (0.5A)

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 TUTORIAL – OHMS LAW
16. Determine the DC voltage that must be applied to a circuit of 56 Ω resistance to cause a current
of 0.5A to flow. (28V)

17. When a 12V battery is connected to a circuit a current of 0.025A flows. Determine the circuit
resistance. (480Ω)

18. A circuit has a current flow of 1.5A when connected to a 12V battery. Determine the current
that will flow if the same circuit is connected to a 15V battery. (1.875A)

19. A test is carried out on a circuit and the results tabulated as shown in table 3.

Table 3
Applied Voltage 0 3 6 9 12
volts
Circuit Current
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
amperes

(a) Draw a graph of the test results using axis as shown in figure 25. Make each
axis 100mm long.
Current - amperes

Applied Voltage - volts

figure 25

(b) Indicate on your graph the value of current when the applied voltage is -
(i) 4V
(ii) 7.5V
(iii)10.5V
(c) Is the graph linear or non-linear.
(d) From your graph determine the voltage applied when the circuit current was -
(i) 0.2A
(ii) 0.4A
(iii)0.8A
(e) Draw a circuit that will enable you to carry out the above test to achieve this set of
test results. Fully label your circuit, including the value of resistance used.

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 TUTORIAL – OHMS LAW
20. Determine the value and quantity measured on each of the following meters -

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

_______________________________________________________________________________
Notes:

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 TUTORIAL – ELECTRICAL POWER

ELECTRICAL POWER
Section A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. The unit of both mechanical and electrical power is the:

(a) volt
(b) joule
(c) watt
(d) ampere

2. Power in an electrical circuit is measured using an instrument called the:

(a) wattmeter
(b) volt/ammeter
(c) kilowatt hour meter
(d) ammeter.

3. Two electrical instruments whose readings may be combined to determine circuit power are the:

(a) voltmeter and wattmeter

(b) ammeter and wattmeter
(c) ammeter and voltmeter
(d) wattmeter and kilowatt hour meter

4. Power is defined as the:

(a) rate at which work is done

(b) amount of energy required to do work.
(c) ability to do work
(d) heat dissipated when work is done

5. Electrical equipment is rated in terms of:

(a) voltage and resistance

(b) voltage and power

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 TUTORIAL – ELECTRICAL POWER
(c) voltage and current
(d) power and current.

6. Mechanical power and electric power are:

(a) in no way related to each other

(b) related by a factor of 9.81
(c) the same.
(d) measured using different units.

7. The current in a circuit that is consuming power can be calculated using the equation.

V
(a) I =
P
V
(b) I =
R
(c) I = P × V
P
(d) I =
V

8. If the voltage applied to a resistive circuit was doubled, the power dissipated would:

(a) double.
(b) decrease to a quarter of the original value.
(c) halve.
(d) increase to four times the original value.

9. If the voltage applied to a resistive circuit is halved, the power dissipated will:

(a) double.
(b) decrease to a quarter of the original value.
(c) halve.
(d) increase to four times the original value.

10. The greater the power taken by a circuit from the supply, the:

(a) greater the heat dissipated.

(b) lower the heat dissipated.
(c) lower the work done.
(d) cooler the circuit conductors

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 TUTORIAL – ELECTRICAL POWER
Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

11. Two electrical instruments whose readings can be combined to determine the power dissipation
of a circuit are the __________ and __________.

12. A wattmeter consists of a ___________ coil connected in parallel with the supply and a
_________ coil connected in series with the load.

13. An electric motor converts __________ power to ___________ power.

14. The power dissipated by a resistor is given off in the form of ____________

15. Power is the ___________ at which work is done.

16. When connecting a wattmeter to measure the power taken by a circuit, the current coil is
connected in ___________ with the load and the voltage coil in __________ with the load.

17. The terminals of the current coil of a wattmeter are usually labelled ___________ and
___________, whereas the terminals of the voltage coil are usually labelled ___________ and
____________.

18. An electric radiator is rated at 1kW, this means the ___________ power to the radiator is 1000
watts.

19. An electric motor is rated at 5kW, this means the __________ power from the motor is 5000
watts.

SECTION C
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct to
two (2) decimal places. All equations and working are to be shown.

20. Convert the following quantities to the multiple or sub-multiple required:

21. 0.005 watts to milliwatts (5mW)

22. 130 milliwatts to watts (0.13W)

23. 250 000 watts to kilowatts (250kW)

24. 0.28 megawatts to watts (280 000W)

25. 158 000 watts to kilowatts. (158kW)

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 TUTORIAL – ELECTRICAL POWER
26. A circuit has an applied voltage of 240V and a circuit current of 10A. Determine the circuit
power dissipation. (2400W or 2.4 x 103W or 2.4kW)

27. A circuit has an applied voltage of 100V and a circuit current of 5A. Determine the power taken
by the circuit. (500W)

28. A circuit has an applied voltage of 6V and has a resistance of 25kΩ. [Link] the circuit
power dissipation. (0.00144W or 1.44mW or 1.44 x 10-3W)

29. A circuit has the following values R = 12kΩ Ι = 2mA. Determine the power supplied.
(0.048W or 48mW or 48 x 10-3W)

30. Determine the power taken by a circuit that is supplied with a voltage of 110V and draws a
current of 2.5A. (275W)

31. Determine the DC voltage that must be applied to a circuit of 625Ω resistance to cause a current
of 160mA to flow. (100V)

32. When a 12V battery is connected to a circuit a current of 750mA flows. Determine the power
supplied. (9W)

33. A circuit has a current flow of 5µA when connected to a 4.5V battery. Determine the power
dissipated. (0.0000225W or 22.5µW or 22.5 x 10-6W)

34. A circuit has a resistance of 1.5Ω and a current flow of 14A. Determine the power taken by the
circuit. (294W)

35. Determine the power dissipated by a 27Ω resistor when connected to a 240V supply.
(2133W or 2.133kW or 2.133 x 103W)

36. Draw the circuit diagram of a 12Ω resistor connected to a 240V supply. Include in your diagram
a/an –

(a) fuse
(b) switch to control current flow
(c) ammeter to measure circuit current
(d) voltmeter to measure the applied voltage
(e) wattmeter to measure circuit power consumption.
(f) Determine the readings on all three meters.

(V = 240V, I = 20A, P = 4800W or 4.8kW)

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 TUTORIAL – ELECTRICAL POWER

DRAW YOUR CIRCUIT HERE

________________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

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EFFECTS OF CURRENT
SECTION A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. Current flowing through a copper conductor will cause a:

(a) magnetic field around the conductor
(b) chemical reaction within the conductor
(c) decrease in conductor size
(d) decrease in conductor temperature

2. Besides heat, the other effect that is always present when current flows is:
(a) Physiological
(b) Chemical
(c) Magnetic
(d) Electrolytic

3. Chemical reactions are caused when current flows through a/an:

(a) solid conductor
(b) electrolyte
(c) inductor

(d) capacitor

4. An electric motor rotates due to the:

(a) chemical effect of current

(b) magnetic effect of current.

(c) heating effect of current.

(d) physiological effect of current

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5. Stray electric currents flowing in the ground often cause:

(a) nitrogen to be drawn from the soil

(b) the ground to warm up

(c) compasses to be incorrect

(d) pipes to corrode.

6. The magnetic effect of current is most noticeable when:

(a) a single conductor is used

(b) conductors are formed in a "hair-pin" shape

(c) conductors are formed into a coil

(d) you hold a magnet near the conductor

7. Which of the four effects of current is the predominant effect used in electroplating and metal
refining:

(a) Magnetic

(b) Heating

(c) Chemical

(d) Physiological

8. A person receiving an electric shock is an example of the:

(a) chemical effect of current

(b) magnetic effect of current

(c) heating effect of current

(d) physiological effect of current

9. In determining which of the effects of current will be most pronounced in a circuit, the nature of
the circuit must be taken into account as well as the:

(a) resistance of the circuit

(b) ratio of voltage to current

(c) magnitude of the current

(d) time for which the circuit is energised

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10. The operation of a fuse depends on the:

(a) chemical effect of current

(b) magnetic effect of current

(c) heating effect of current

(d) physiological effect of current

1. SECTION B

Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

The ________ effect of current is used in the electroplating process.

The ___________ effect of electric current in a coil may be used to operate electrical relays.

Underground pipes and cables are often damaged due to the ____________ effect of stray electric
currents in the ground.

An electric current produces four effects, two of which are always present. They are ____________
and ____________.

A ____(16)____ cell is one that may be recharged. This process is an example of the ___________
effect of current.

Death due to electric shock can occur if sufficient ___________ flows for a long enough period of
____________ .

The current in a solid conductor produces heat due to increased movement of the ____________.

SECTION C
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct to
two (2) decimal places where applicable.

1. The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct
to two (2) decimal places where applicable.

2. A circuit takes a steady current of 5A for 2400 seconds. Determine the quantity of electricity
supplied to the circuit. (12000C)

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3. A lighting circuit takes a current of 3.2A for 10 minutes. Determine the quantity of electricity
supplied to the circuit. (1920C)

4. An electroplating bath uses 14400 coulombs of electricity in 10 minutes. Determine the current
in amperes. (24A)

5. A battery takes 14400 coulombs to fully charge at a constant current of 2A. Determine the time
taken in hours to charge the battery. (2 hours)

6. Change the following equations so that -

(a) t is the subject of Q = I.t

(b) I is the subject of Q = I.t
V
(c) V is the subject of I =
R
(d) I2 is the subject of IT = I1 + I2

7. Draw the circuit diagram of a 12Ω resistor supplied from a battery and controlled by a switch.
In your diagram include:

(a) a fuse to protect the circuit,

(b) an ammeter to measure the circuit current,
(c) a voltmeter to measure the battery voltage.
(d) an arrow to show the conventional direction of current flow.

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28. Determine the value and quantity measured on each of the following meters -

________________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

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TUTOTIAL 7 RESISTORS
SECTION A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. Resistors are rated by their value of resistance and the:

(a) maximum voltage applicable

(b) cross-sectional area of wire from which they are made
(c) maximum current flow
(d) power able to be safely dissipated

2. A light dependant resistor has a/an:

(a) non-linear characteristic

(b) linear characteristic
(c) constant characteristic
(d) inverse characteristic

3. A resistor whose resistance remains constant with changes in external conditions is said to have
a/an:

(a) non-linear characteristic.

(b) linear characteristic
(c) constant characteristic.
(d) inverse characteristic

4. The resistance of a voltage dependant resistor at normal working voltages is:

(a) very high.

(b) very low.
(c) determined by the circuit power dissipation.
(d) determined by the current flow in the circuit

5. The preferred value of a 25000 Ω resistor with a 5 % tolerance is:

(a) 22000 Ω.
(b) 24000Ω.
(c) 25000 Ω.
(d) 27000 Ω.

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6. A 47 kΩ, 5% resistor would be indicated by the colour band order:

(a) violet, yellow, green, gold.

(b) yellow, violet, orange, gold.
(c) green, blue, red, silver.
(d) grey, red, green.

7. The number of units in one milli unit is one multiplied by:

(a) 106
(b) 103
(c) 10-3
(d) 10-6

8. The basic unit of resistance is the:

(a) mho
(b) siemen
(c) ohm
(d) ampere

9. The number of units in one micro unit is one multiplied by:

(a) 106
(b) 103
(c) 10-3
(d) 10-6

10. The standard unit for the measurement of time is the:

(a) minute.
(b) hour.
(c) second.
(d) milli second.

11. The number of units in one mega unit is one multiplied by:

(a) 106
(b) 103
(c) 10-3
(d)
10-6

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12. The standard unit for the measurement of conductance is the:

(a) siemen.
(b) ohm.
(c) ampere.
(d) milli ohm.

13. The unit for the quantity of electricity is the:

(a) coulomb.
(b) volt.
(c) siemen.
(d) ampere.

14. A voltage of 1kV is equal to:

(a) 0.001V.
(b) 1 x 10-3V
(c) 1000V
(d) 0.1V

Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

15. The physical difference between a 100 Ω, 10W resistor and a 100 Ω, 1W resistor is its
____________.

16. The resistance of an LDR varies from a high value to a low value as the light falling on the
resistor ___________.

17. Three common methods of construction of resistors are ___________, __________ and
____________.

18. A resistor has a resistance of 470W, with a tolerance of 10%. The colour code for this resistor
would be ____________, ___________, ____________ and __________.

19. A resistor has a resistance of 5R6W, with a tolerance of 1%. The colour code for this resistor
would be ____________, ___________, _____________ and __________.

20. A resistor with a gold fourth band would have a tolerance of ___________

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SECTION C:
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct to
two (2) decimal places. All equations and working are to be shown.

21. Using the resistor colour code, determine the resistance and tolerance of the resistor shown in
figure 23. (2200 Ω, ±5%).

red
red
red
gold
figure 23.

22. Using the resistor colour code, determine the resistance and tolerance of the resistor shown in
figure 24. (680 Ω ±10%)

blue
grey
brown
silver
figure 24

23. A resistor has a power rating of 5W and a resistance of 470Ω. Determine the maximum voltage
that could be applied to the resistor without exceeding its power rating. (48.47V)

24. Draw the Australian standard symbols for the voltage dependant resistor and the light dependant
resistor.

25. Draw the characteristic curve for a light dependant resistor.

26. Draw the characteristic curve for a voltage dependant resistor.

27. List one application for each of the following devices:

(a) light dependant resistor

(b) voltage dependant resistor
(c) thermistor.

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28. A circuit has a current flow of 15A when connected to a 24 V battery. Determine the current
that will flow if the same circuit is connected to a 50 V battery. (31.25A)

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________

29. Determine the resistance values indicated on each of the meters shown.

_____________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

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SERIES CIRCUITS -

SECTION A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. In a series circuit the applied voltage is equal to the:

(a) sum of the resistance times the current

(b) sum of the resistance divided by the current
(c) difference of the voltage drops across each resistor
(d) sum of the resistances times the current squared

2. The current in a series circuit is:

(a) equal to the sum of the currents in each component.

(b) is proportional to the resistance of the circuit.
(c) the same in all parts of the circuit.
(d) decreases as it gets closer to the negative terminal of the supply.

3. Connecting resistors in series produces the same effect as increasing the:

(a) supply voltage

(b) cross-sectional area of resistance wire
(c) length of resistance wire
(d) supply current

4. When five lamps are connected in series and the third lamp burns out:

(a) lamps one and two go out, but four and five stay on
(b) all lamps except the third lamp remain on
(c) all lamps go out
(d) the fuse blows.

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5. The current in a series circuit, consisting of three resistors of equal resistance, is 12A. If two
resistors are short circuited the current will then be:

(a) 36A
(b) 4A
(c) 12A
(d) 0A

6. The voltage drop across each resistor in a series circuit is:

(a) equal to the product of current squared and resistance

(b) proportional to the conductance of each resistor
(c) inversely proportional to the supply voltage
(d) proportional to the resistance of each resistor

7. The total power in a series circuit may be determined by:

(a) multiplying total resistance of the circuit by current

(b) dividing supply voltage by total resistance
(c) subtracting total voltage drop from the supply voltage
(d) adding together the power taken by each component

8. Two resistors A and B are connected in series to a 200V supply. If resistor B has three times the
resistance of A, the voltage drop across resistor B is:

(a) 200V
(b) 50V
(c) 150V
(d) 167V

9. A series circuit is defined as a circuit with:

(a) more than one current path

(b) only one current path
(c) more than one component
(d) more than one supply voltage

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10. The equivalent resistance of a series circuit is determined by:

(a) the sum of the individual resistances

(b) the product of the individual resistances
(c) only by the use of Ohm's law
(d) the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances
SECTION B

Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

11. The current in all parts of a ________ circuit has the same value.

12. If three cells each having an internal resistance of 0.4Ω are connected in series, the total internal
resistance of the battery is ________ ohms.

13. In a series circuit the sum of the voltage drops equals the ________.

14. Two lamps are connected in series across a 240V supply. The voltage across one lamp is 100V.
The voltage across the second lamp would be ________.

15. The total power taken by a series circuit is equal to the ________ of the powers taken by the
individual components.

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16.

Questions 16 to 21 relate to figure 30

A B
R1
A1
10Ω
DC
Power VT R2 18Ω
Supply
R3
A3 A2
24Ω
D C
figure 30

17. The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the ________ of the individual resistances.

18. The reading on ammeter A1 will ________ the reading on ammeter A3.

19. If the value of the resistor R2 was decreased, the equivalent circuit resistance would
_________.

20. With the switch in the open position, the voltage across the switch would equal ________.

21. Using the negative terminal of the power supply as a reference, complete the following
statements

(a) the voltage at point A would be ________ than the voltage at point C
(b) the voltage at point D would be ________ than the voltage at point B
(c) the voltage at point C would be _________ than the voltage at point D
(d) the voltage at point B would be ________ than the voltage at point C.

22. The power dissipated by resistor R2 would be _________ than the power dissipated by resistor
R1 .

_____________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Section A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. In a parallel circuit the supply current is equal to the:

(a) total power multiplied by the supply voltage

(b) sum of the branch currents
(c) supply voltage divided by the resistance of any one branch
(d) ratio of the branch currents

2. Connecting resistors in parallel produces the same general effect as:

(a) increasing the temperature of a metallic conductor

(b) increasing the cross-sectional area of a conductor
(c) increasing the length of a conductor
(d) decreasing the conductance of a conductor.

3. When three 10Ω resistors are connected in parallel to each other, the voltage drops across each
is:

(a) one third of the supply voltage

(b) supply voltage divided by 10
(c) equal to the supply voltage
(d) supply voltage divided by 30.

4. The lowest value of resistance in any parallel combination of resistors is always:

(a) equal to the equivalent resistance of the combination.

(b) less than the equivalent resistance of the combination.
(c) dependent on voltage and current for its resistance.
(d) greater than the equivalent resistance of the combination.

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5. Twenty-five resistors each with a resistance of 100 Ω are connected in parallel with each other.
The equivalent resistance of the combination is:

(a) 100 Ω
(b) 2500 Ω
(c) 4 Ω
(d) 25 Ω

6. A parallel circuit is defined as a circuit with:

(a) more than one resistor

(b) more than one current path
(c) only one current path
(d) more than one supply voltage

7. If an extra parallel connected resistor is added to a circuit, the equivalent resistance of the circuit
will:

(a) increase
(b) remain unchanged
(c) decrease
(d) cause the applied voltage to increase.

8. The voltage in a parallel circuit:

(a) is the same in all parts of the circuit

(b) decreases through the circuit from resistor to resistor
(c) greater than the supply voltage
(d) increases with increase resistance.

9. If one resistor in a parallel circuit of three resistors becomes short circuited, the circuit current
will:

(a) remain constant

(b) decrease to zero
(c) decrease by the value of current in the shorted branch
(d) increase to a large value

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10. The power dissipation of a parallel circuit is equal to the:

(a) sum of the power dissipation of each branch

(b) product of the power dissipation of each branch
(c) difference of the power dissipation of each branch
(d) power dissipation of each branch divided by the number of branches

Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

11. Two electrical instruments whose readings can be combined to determine the power dissipation
of a circuit are the …………….. and ……………... meters..

12. When resistances are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance of the group is always,
…………….. than that of the smallest individual value of resistance in the group.

13. The current taken by a parallel circuit is equal to the …………….. of the currents in the
separate branches.

14. The voltage across parallel branches of a parallel circuit is …………….. the supply voltage.

15. To lower the equivalent resistance of a circuit, further resistance may be connected in
…………….. with the original circuit.

16. The total power taken by a parallel circuit is equal to the …………….. of the powers taken by
the individual branches.

17. Two lamps are connected in parallel. The filament of the first lamp open circuits, the second
lamp would ……………...

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Questions 18 to 17 relate to figure 22.

A B C

A A A
DC
Power
Supply VT R 10 R 18 R3 24

figure 22.

18. The reading on ammeter A1 will be ……………... than the reading on ammeter A3.

19. If the value of the resistor R2 was decreased, the equivalent circuit resistance would
……………...

20. With the switch in the open position, the voltage across the switch would equal ……………...

21. Using the negative terminal of the power supply as a reference, complete the following
statements

(a) the voltage at point A would ……………... the voltage at point C

(b) the voltage at point D would be ……………... than the voltage at point B
(c) the voltage at point C would be ……………... than the voltage at point D
(d) the voltage at point B would ……………... the voltage at point C.

22. The power dissipated by resistor R2 would be ……………... than the power dissipated by
resistor R1.

23. If resistor R1 became open circuit, the equivalent resistance of the circuit would be
……………...

24. If resistor R3 became short circuit, the circuit current would ……………... and the power
dissipation would ……………...

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SECTION C
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct to
two (2) decimal places. All equations and working are to be shown.

25. Determine the equivalent resistance for the circuit shown in figure 2. (51.16Ω)

26. Determine the current flowing in R1, R2, R3 and R1 R2 R3

from the power supply in the circuit of figure 2 if the 120Ω 150Ω 220Ω
supply voltage is 12V. (0.1A, 0.08A, 0.055A,
0.235A) figure 23.

27. Determine the supply voltage for the circuit of figure 23 if the total current flowing in the circuit
was 0.586A (30V)

28. For the circuit of figure 24 determine the -

(a) equivalent resistance. (5 Ω) V = 230 V R1 R2 R3

12Ω 20Ω 15Ω
(b) current in each branch (19.2A, 11.5A,
15.33A) figure 24.
(c) supply current (46A)
(d) power dissipated by each branch (4408W, 2645W, 3526W)
(e) total power dissipation (10580W)

29. A circuit is made up of two resistors in parallel and has an equivalent resistance of 15.23 Ω. If
R1 has a resistance of 25 Ω, determine the resistance of R2. (39 Ω)

30. For the circuit of figure 25 determine -

(a) equivalent resistance. (4.29 Ω)

(b) applied voltage. (60V) I1= 5A R1 R2 R3
12Ω 20Ω 10Ω
(c) current in R2 and R3 (3A, 6A)
(d) supply current. (14A) figure 25.

(e) power dissipated in each branch. (300W, 180W, 360W)

(f) total power dissipated. (840W)
__________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

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SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Section A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. The voltages in the parallel section of a series-parallel circuit:

(a) are affected by the circuit equivalent resistance

(b) are difficult to determine
(c) are the same across the parallel components
(d) decrease through the circuit from component to component

2. If one resistor in the parallel section of a series-parallel circuit goes open circuit, the circuit
power dissipation will:

(a) remain constant.

(b) decrease.
(c) increase.
(d) decrease to zero.

3. The power dissipation of any circuit:

(a) equal to the sum of the power dissipation of each resistor.

(b) equal to the product of the power dissipation of each resistor.
(c) equal to the supply voltage squared times the circuit equivalent resistance.
(d) depends on the circuit arrangement.

4. In the circuit of figure 12, the supply current is equal to the: R1

+
(a) value of branch currents.
R2 R3
(b) product of the branch currents.
(c) sum of the currents in each resistor. -

(d) sum of the branch currents. figure 12.

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5. If the resistor R1 in the circuit of figure 12 were to open circuit, the circuit current would:

(a) remain unchanged.

(b) decrease.
(c) increase.
(d) become zero.

6. If the resistor R3 in the circuit of figure 12 were to short circuit, the circuit current would:

(a) decrease.
(b) become zero.
(c) increase.
(d) remain unchanged.

7. If the resistor R2 in the circuit of figure 12 were to open circuit, the circuit power dissipation
would:

(a) become zero.

(b) remain unchanged.
(c) decrease.
(d) increase.

8. If the resistor R1 in the circuit of figure 12 were to short circuit, the circuit power dissipation
would:

(a) become zero.

(b) remain unchanged.
(c) decrease.
(d) increase.

9. If an extra resistor was added in parallel with resistors R2 and R3 in the circuit of figure 12, the
equivalent circuit resistance would:

(a) increase.
(b) decrease to zero.
(c) decrease to a lower value.
(d) increase to a much higher value.

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10. If the resistance of the resistor R1 in the circuit of figure 12 was to be increased, the equivalent
resistance of the circuit would:

(a) increase.
(b) decrease to zero.
(c) decrease to a lower value.
(d) increase to an infinite value

Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.
Questions 11 to 27 relate to figure 13.

A B C
R1
+ I1
10Ω
DC I2 I3
Power
Supply VT
R2 R3
18Ω 24Ω
-

D
figure 13.

11. Using the negative terminal of the power supply as a reference, compare as either 'greater
than', 'less than' or 'equal to' the voltages at the following points.

(a) the voltage at point A would be ______________ the voltage at point C

(b) the voltage at point D would be ______________ the voltage at point B
(c) the voltage at point D would be ______________ the voltage at point A
(d) the voltage at point B would be ______________the voltage at point C.

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12. Compare as either 'greater than', 'less than' or 'equal to' the currents at the following points.

(a) the current through ammeter I1 would be ___________ the current through
ammeter I2.
(b) the current through ammeter I3 would be ___________ the current through ammeter
I2.
(c) the current through ammeter I3 would be __________ the current through ammeter
I1.
(d) the current through ammeter I1 would be ________ the current at point D.
(e) the current at point D would be ________ the current through ammeter I3.
(f) the current in ammeter A2 would be __________ the current at point D.
(g) The power dissipated by resistor R3 would be _________ than the power dissipated
by R2.

13. If the value of the resistor R2 was increased, the equivalent circuit resistance would
___________.

14. With the switch in the open position, the voltage across the switch would equal ________.

15. The power dissipated by resistor R2 would be ________ than the power dissipated by resistor
R1 .

16. If resistor R1 became open circuit, the equivalent resistance of the circuit would be ________.

17. If resistor R3 became short circuit, the circuit current would ________ and the power dissipation
would ________.

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SECTION C
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct to
two (2) decimal places. All equations and working are to be shown.

18. Determine the equivalent resistance for the circuit shown in figure 13. (20.29Ω)

19. For the circuit of figure 14, determine the -

R1
(a) equivalent circuit resistance (209.19Ω) +
120Ω
(b) circuit current (0.478A)
R2 R3
(c) voltage drop across resistor R1 (57.36V) 100V 150Ω 220Ω
(d) voltage drop across R2 and R3 (42.63V)
-
(e) currents in resistors R2 and R3 (0.284A, 0.193A) figure 14
(f) total power dissipated (47.8W)
R2
20. For the circuit of figure 15, determine the – +
20Ω
R1 R3
(a) equivalent resistance (8.94Ω) 230V
12Ω 15Ω
(b) current in each branch (19.17A, 6.57A)
(c) supply current (25.72A) -
figure 15.
(d) power dissipated by each component (4408W, 863.3W, 647.47W)
(e) total power dissipation (5915.6W)

21. A circuit is made up of two resistors in parallel and has an equivalent resistance of 15.23Ω. If R1
has a resistance of 25Ω determine the resistance of R2. (39Ω)

________________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

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RESISTANCE

FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

SECTION A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. If all other factors remain constant, the conductor having the least resistance would be:

(a) 1mm2
(b) 2.5mm2
(c) 4mm2
(d) 6mm2

2. If all other factors remain constant while the length of a conductor is halved, the resistance of
the conductor is:

(a) doubled.
(b) squared
(c) halved
(d) quartered

3. The resistivity of a material:

(a) varies directly with length

(b) varies inversely with cross-sectional area
(c) varies directly with cross-sectional area.
(d) does not vary.

4. The unit of resistivity is the:

(a) ohm.
(b) volt-ampere.
(c) ampere-metre.
(d) ohm-metre.

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5. If all other factors remain constant while the cross-sectional area of the conductor is halved, the
resistance of the conductor will be:

(a) doubled.
(b) squared.
(c) halved.
(d) quartered.

6. The element of an electric radiator is most likely to be wound with:

(a) copper.
(b) aluminium.
(c) nichrome.
(d) manganin.

7. Doubling the length of a 1.5mm2 copper conductor will cause the resistance of the conductor to:

(a) halve.
(b) double.
(c) remain unchanged.
(d) quadruple.

8. The resistance of a conductor is said to be:

(a) proportional to its length.

(b) inversely proportional to its length.
(c) proportional to its cross-sectional area.
(d) inversely proportional to its resistivity.

9. If all other factors remain constant while the length of a conductor is halved, the resistance of
the conductor is:

(a) doubled.
(b) squared
(c) halved
(d) quartered

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10. If all other factors remain constant while the cross-sectional area of the conductor is halved, the
resistance of the conductor will be:

(a) doubled.
(b) squared.
(c) halved.
(d) quartered.

11. A material with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance would be:

(a) steel
(b) copper
(c) carbon
(d) manganin

12. As the temperature of an insulating material increases, its resistance:

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains unchanged
(d) reaches a maximum

13. If the resistance of a conductor increases with an increase in temperature, the conductor is said
to have:

(a) a positive temperature coefficient of resistance

(b) a negative temperature coefficient of resistance
(c) a zero temperature coefficient of resistance
(d) no temperature coefficient of resistance

14. When the temperature of a metal conductor is increased, its resistance:

(a) remains constant

(b) increases
(c) decreases
(d) increases initially, then decreases.

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15. Which of the following materials have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance:

(a) electrolytes and gases.

(b) metals and electrolytes.
(c) gases and metals.
(d) metals, gases and electrolytes.

Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

16. The three physical factors that affect the resistance of a conductor are the
……………………..….. from which the conductor is made, its …………………..and its
………………………..

17. In circuits of long cable runs, larger conductors are used to ………………………..cable voltage
drop.

18. The resistance of a circuit is measured in ……………………….., whereas the resistivity of a

conductor is measured in ………………………..

19. Carbon has a ………………………..temperature coefficient of resistance.

20. The amount of change in each ohm of the initial resistance of a material per degree of
temperature change is termed the ………………………..of resistance.

21. A temperature rise in a copper conductor also causes ………………………..in its resistance.

22. If tungsten is heated, its resistance ………………………..

23. The resistance of all pure metals ………………………..with an increase in temperature.

24. The temperature coefficient of a material is measured in __________________.

25. The abbreviation NTC stands for ___________ ___________ ____________.

26. The abbreviation PTC stands for ___________ ___________ ____________.

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SECTION C:
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. Answers are to be correct to
two (2) decimal places. All equations and working are to be shown.

blue
red
brown
red

figure 11.

27. Using the resistor colour code, determine the resistance and tolerance of the resistor shown in
figure 11. (620 Ω, ±2%).

28. Determine the resistance of a 200 metre length of 0.65mm2 aluminium conductor. The
resistivity of aluminium is 2.6 x 10-8Ωm. (8Ω)

29. Determine the cross-sectional area of a 100m length of conductor having a resistance of 80mΩ.
The resistivity of the conductor is 1.72 x 10-8Ωm. (21.5mm2)

30. Determine the resistance of a 30m run of 16mm2 copper conductor. The resistivity of copper is
1.72 x 10-8Ωm. (0.0323Ω)

31. Determine the resistance of a 30m run of 2.5mm2 copper conductor. The resistivity of copper is
1.72 x 10-8Ωm. (0.206Ω)

32. What length of 2.5mm2 copper conductor is required to make a resistance of 1.2Ω. Take the
resistivity of copper to be 1.72 x 10-8Ωm. (174.4m)

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33.

34. The circuit of a 240V, 4.8kW hot water service is shown in figure 12. The water heater is
located 23m from the switchboard. The circuit was wired using 4mm2 copper, twin and earth.
Determine the:

(a) resistance of the active conductor, given the resistivity of copper is 1.72 x 10-
8
Ωm (0.0989Ω)
(b) voltage drop across the active conductor, given the circuit current is 20A.
(1.978V)
active = 4mm
A
20
240V 12

N
neutral = 4mm

figure 12

___________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

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EFFECTS OF METERS
Section A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

1. An increase in the size of a cable supplying a fixed load will cause the voltage drop on that
cable to:

(a) decrease
(b) increase
(c) stay the same
(d) continually change.

2. The best material for an ammeter shunt would be:

(a) copper
(b) aluminium
(c) manganin
(d) carbon

3. The voltmeter sensitivity or the resistance of a voltmeter is given in terms of:

(a) volts per ohm

(b) ohms per volt
(c) volts per ampere
(d) ampere per volt.

4. The basic moving coil meter movement can be used to measure larger currents if used in
conjunction with a:

(a) shunt resistor

(b) multiplier resistor
(c) series resistor
(d) loading resistor.

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5. The basic moving coil meter movement can be used to measure higher voltages if used in
conjunction with a:

(a) shunt resistor

(b) multiplier resistor
(c) parallel resistor
(d) loading resistor.

6. A voltmeter has an accuracy of 1% at a full range scale of 300 V. If the meter is reading 300 V
the actual voltage value could be between:

(a) 299-301V
(b) 200 - 400 V
(c) 291 V
(d) 297 V

7. An Ammeter has an accuracy of ∓ 2% at a full range scale of 100 A. If the meter is reading 100
A the actual current value could be between:

(a) 99 – 101 A
(b) 102 A
(c) 98 – 102 A
(d) 96 – 98 A

8. Referring to figure 16. The purpose of S1, R1, R2 and R3 is to:

(a) extend the range of the ammeter

(b) short out the ammeter
(c) be used as a multiplying resistance
(d) load the circuit.
figure 16.

9. The resistance material used to extend the range of an ammeter should be made of a material
which has the characteristics of a:

(a) Voltage Dependent Resistor

(b) Negative Temperature Coefficient resistor
(c) Zero Temperature Coefficient resistor.
(d) Positive Temperature Coefficient resistor.

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10. If a voltmeter has low sensitivity, this means the voltmeter is:

(a) very accurate

(b) not accurate
(c) not sensitive to voltage changes
(d) sensitive to temperature changes.

11. The question refers to figure 17 The current flowing in resistor Rsh is

(a) 1 mA
(b) 6 mA
(c) 8 mA
(d) 14 mA.

figure 17

12. Referring to figure 17. The voltage drop across resistor Rsh is equal to:

(a) Ic x Rsh
(b) Ish x Rc
(c) Vc
(d) I x Rsh

13. An AVO-7 multimeter has a sensitivity of 500 ohms/volt. Determine the resistance of the meter
when used on the:

(a) 25 V range
(b) 1000 V range.

14. Referring to figure 18. Determine the:

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15.
figure 18
(a) voltage across R2
(b) voltage across R2 if the voltmeter has a resistance of 20 MΩ

16. Question 16 refers to figure 19, determine:

17.

figure 19

18.

(a) the value of the current through Rsh.

(b) the voltage drop across R2
(c) the power rating of R1
_______________________________________________________________________________
NOTES

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TUTORIAL – CAPACITORS & CAPACITANCE

CAPACITORS & CAPACITANCE

Section A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

19. Capacitors are classified by the material used in their:

(a) plates.
(b) dielectric.
(c) electrodes.
(d) casing.

20. The unit of capacitance is the:

(a) coulomb
(b) henry
(c) farad
(d) ohm

21. A device used for storing electric charge is the:

(a) resistor
(b) inductor
(c) capacitor
(d) reactor.

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22. Decreasing the dielectric thickness of a capacitor:

(a) increases the capacitance

(b) increase the voltage it will withstand
(c) decreases its capacitance
(d) has no effect on its capacitance.

23. Which of the following cannot be used as a dielectric:

(a) air
(b) paper
(c) carbon
(d) polyester

24. Decreasing the plate area of a capacitor:

(a) increases its capacitance

(b) does not effect its capacitance
(c) decreases its capacitance
(d) increases its dielectric strength

25. Increasing the capacitance in an R-C circuit will cause the time constant to:

(a) remain the same

(b) increase
(c) decrease
(d) reach a maximum value on charging

26. In an R-C circuit, after a period of one time constant from initial switch on, the voltage across
the capacitor will be:

(a) 100% of the supply voltage

(b) 63.2% of the supply voltage
(c) 50% of the supply voltage
(d) 36.8% of the supply voltage

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27. Increasing the resistance in an R-C circuit would cause the time constant to:

(a) reach a maximum value on charging

(b) remain the same
(c) increase
(d) decrease

28. The practical unit of capacitance is the:

(a) micro-coulomb
(b) milli-farad
(c) micro-farad
(d) farad.

Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

29. Capacitors are classified by their _____________material.

30. The unit of capacitance is the _____________ .

31. A capacitor is said to be fully charged when the charging current becomes ________.

32. One microfarad is equal to _____________ farads.

33. The three factors that effect the capacitance of a capacitor are the type of ___________, the
_____________ of the plates and the _____________ the plates.

34. The time constant of an R-C circuit is a measure of the time taken to _____________ or
_____________ a capacitor.

35. _____________ type capacitors have large values of capacitance for a small physical size.

36. In an R-C circuit, the time taken to fully charge the capacitor is approximately ______ time
constants.

37. In a circuit containing resistance and capacitance in series the time taken for the capacitor
voltage to reach 63.2% of its maximum value is known as the ___________ of the circuit.

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38. The arc created by contacts opening an energised circuit may be suppressed by connecting a
_____________ across the contacts.

39. The charge stored by a capacitor depends on the capacitance of the capacitor and the
_____________ to which the capacitor is charged.

SECTION C
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. All equations and working are
to be shown.

40. Determine the charge on a 47µF capacitor when connected to a 12V supply. (564µC)

41. A 100µF capacitor is to store a charge of 0.005 coulombs. Determined the voltage that has to be
applied to the capacitor. (50V)

42. Determine the capacitance of a capacitor that is required to store a charge of 250µC when
connected to a 20V supply. (12.5µF)

43. If a capacitor stores a charge of 15mC when connected to a 10V supply, what charge will be
stored when connected to a 32V supply? (48mC)

44. An R-C circuit consists of a resistance of 120kΩ and a capacitance of 36µF. Determine the -

(a) time constant of the circuit (4.32 seconds)

(b) time taken for the capacitor to fully charge. (21.6 seconds)

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45. An R-C circuit has an applied voltage of 24V. What is the voltage across the capacitor after one
time constant. (15.17V)

46. If the time taken to fully charge a 470µF capacitor is 28.2 seconds, determine the -

(a) time duration for one time constant (5.64 seconds)

(b) value of the series resistor. (12kΩ)

47. The time constant for an R-C circuit is 33 seconds. If the series resistor has a value of 1MΩ,
what is the value of the capacitor? (33µF)

48. A 500µF capacitor is connected in series with a 4kΩ resistor, and the circuit is connected to a
20V dc supply. For this circuit determine the -

(a) time constant (2 seconds)

(b) circuit current at the instant the capacitor starts to charge (when Vc = 0V)
(5mA)

(c) circuit current when the capacitor is fully charged (0A)

(d) capacitor voltage after 3.2 seconds using the universal time constant curve
(15.6V)

(e) time required for the capacitor voltage to reach 10V - use curve (1.32
seconds).

(f) resistor voltage after 3 time constants - use curve (0.8V)

(g) circuit current after 2.5 seconds - use curve (1.5mA)

(h) time taken for the circuit current to drop to 2mA - use curve (1.8 seconds)

____________________________________________________________________________
Notes:

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CAPACITORS IN SERIES & PARALLEL

Section A
In the following statements one of the suggested answers is best. Place the identifying letter on your
answer sheet.

49. If three equal capacitors are connected in series and charged, the charge on each capacitor will
be:

(a) one third of the total charge.

(b) equal to the total charge.
(c) three times the total charge.
(d) independent of the total charge.

50. Two, 2µF capacitors connected in parallel will have a total capacitance of:

(a) 4µF
(b) 2µF
(c) 1µF
(d) 0.5µF

51. Two, 4µF capacitors connected in series will have a total capacitance of:

(a) 8µF
(b) 4µF
(c) 2µF
(d) 0.25µF.

52. A capacitor is a device used for:

(a) storing an electric charge.

(b) generating an electric charge.
(c) converting a.c. to d.c.
(d) creating reactance in a d.c. circuit

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53. Increasing the capacitance in an R-C circuit will cause the time constant to:

(a) reach a maximum value on charging.

(b) remain the same.
(c) increase.
(d) decrease.

54. In an R-C circuit, after a period of one time constant from initial switch on, the voltage across
the capacitor will be:

(a) 36.8% of the supply voltage.

(b) 100% of the supply voltage.
(c) 63.2% of the supply voltage.
(d) 50% of the supply voltage.

55. Increasing the resistance in an R-C circuit would cause the time constant to:

(a) decrease.
(b) reach a maximum value on charging.
(c) remain the same.
(d) increase.

56. The practical unit of capacitance is the:

(a) farad.
(b) micro-coulomb.
(c) milli-farad.
(d) micro-farad

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Section B:
Blank spaces in the following statements represent omissions. Write the appropriate information.

57. To increase the capacitance of a capacitor, you would ___________ the plate area, or
___________ the distance between the plates.

58. When capacitors are connected in parallel, the equivalent capacitance of the circuit will
___________.

59. Capacitance is measured using a unit called the ____(4)____, but a more practical unit is the
___________.

60. When capacitors are connected in series, the equivalent capacitance of the circuit will
___________ .

61. To increase the capacitance of a circuit, capacitors are connected in ___________, and to reduce
the circuit capacitance they are connected in ___________ .

62. Long cable runs with cables such as two core insulated and sheathed have capacitance. This is
because the cable consists of ___________ separated by an ___________.

63. In an R-C circuit, the time taken to fully charge the capacitor is approximately ____(11)____
time constants.

64. In a circuit containing resistance and capacitance in series the time taken for the capacitor
voltage to reach 63.2% of its maximum value is known as the ___________ of the circuit.

65. The arc created by contacts opening an energised circuit may be suppressed by connecting a
___________ across the contacts.

66. The charge stored by a capacitor depends on the capacitance of the capacitor and the
___________ to which the capacitor is charged.

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SECTION C
The following problems are to be solved with the aid of a calculator. All equations and working are
to be shown.

67. Determine the charge on a 47µF capacitor when connected to a 12V supply. (564µC)

68. A capacitor has a capacitance of 20µF and when connected to the supply stores a charge of
0.004C. Calculate the –

(a) applied voltage (200V)

(b) average charging current, if the charging time was 20mA. (0.2S)

69. What would be the equivalent capacitance of four capacitors with capacitances of 2, 4, 6 and
12µF that are connected in –

(a) series (1µF)

(b) parallel (24µF)

70. Two capacitors having a capacitance of 8 an 12µF respectively are connected in parallel across
a 250V supply. Determine the –

(a) equivalent capacitance of the group (20µF)

(b) charge stored on each capacitor (0.002C, 0.003C)
(c) voltage across each capacitor. (250V)

71. Three capacitors having capacitances of 20, 40 and 100µF, are connected in parallel across a
400V supply. Determine the –

(a) equivalent capacitance (160µF)

(b) total charge stored (0.064C)
(c) charge stored on each capacitor. (0.008C, 0.016C, 0.04C)

72. How many 5µF capacitors would be required to give a capacitance of 65µF when connected in
parallel? Also determine the total charge taken when the group is supplied from a 130V supply.
(13, 0.00845C)

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73. Three capacitors A. B and C, having capacitances of 6, 9 and 18µF, are connected in series
across a 200V d.c. supply. Calculate the –

(a) equivalent capacitance (3µF)

(b) total charge stored (0.0006C)
(c) charge stored on each capacitor (0.0006C)
(d) voltage drop across each capacitor. (100V, 66.7V, 33.3V)

74. Three capacitors having capacitances of 4, 6 and 12µF are connected in series across a 120V
supply. Calculate the –

(a) equivalent capacitance (2µF)

(b) total charge stored (0.00024C)
(c) charge stored on each capacitor (0.00024C)

75. Three capacitors are connected in series have an equivalent capacitance of 10µF. If two of them
have capacitances of 30 and 60µF, determine the capacitance of the third capacitor. (20µF)

76. Determine the number of 4µF capacitors which must be connected in series to produce an
equivalent capacitance of 0.25µF. (16)

77. Four capacitors, each having a capacitance of 10µF, are available. Draw neat diagrams showing
how they would be grouped to give –

(a) maximum capacitance.

(b) minimum capacitance.
(c) Also calculate the maximum and minimum values of capacitance. (40µF, 2.5µF)

_______________________________________________________________________________

NOTES

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