LA CARLOTA CITY COLLEGE

Gurrea Street, La Carlota City

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Name: Donnabelle I. Nonod Course: MAED MATH

Educ 97 – Methods of Research - RESEARCH PROCESSES

PROCESSES EXAMPLE YOUR OUTPUT

STEP 1: CHOOSE TITLE: TEACHERS’ UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND Title: Factors Affecting the Academic
YOUR TOPIC – TITLE COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY: BASIS FOR A CAPABILITY Performance of the Students in
PAGE BUILDING PLAN Mathematics
STEP 2: IDENTIFY A 1. The trainings provided to teachers may not have Introduction
PROBLEM – Chapter sufficed for others, especially the older ones, This chapter discusses the background of
1, Introduction, 2. There is a problem connecting to the internet since ICT the problem, statement of the problem,
Background of the integration mostly require a stable internet connection. purpose of the study, objectives of study,
and research questions, delimitations and
Study, – Start with a 3. Some teachers lack the necessary gadgets like laptops,
limitations in this study was put down. The
legal basis, discuss tablets, or even android phones where they can apply
researcher had read various writings and
the areas, or practice ICT utilization. context on factors affecting the academic
experiences, data (LCCC Template for Chapters I to III) performance of students in mathematics
showing the - Title Page subject.
scenario, personal - Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
observation, reasons, Theoretical Framework Background of the Study
Conceptual Framework
training needs Statement of the Problem
Mathematics is the science of reasoning and
assessment result. Hypotheses of the Study computations. It is the science or study of
Significance of the Study numbers, quantities or shapes. Kitta (2004),
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Definition of Terms defined mathematics as the language that
- Chapter II – Review of Related Literature and Studies helps us to describe ideas and relationships
- Chapter III – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
drawn from the environment. Mathematics
 Subject and Respondents of the Study enables one to make the invisible to be
Population and Sample Size
Sampling Technique visible, thereby solving problems that would
Data Gathering Instrument be impossible otherwise.
Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedures
In Asia, mathematics is viewed as one of the
Data Analyses most critical subjects wherein students are
- BIBLIOGRAPHY encouraged to study the discipline (Leatham
- QUESTIONNAIRE
& Peterson, 2010; Ronis, 2008). It is in this
view that in most Asian countries, guiding
practices on children’s mathematics
achievements are quite more vigorous (Wei
& Dzeng, 2014). As indicated by Etcuban and
Pantinople (2018), that showing acquired an
attractive change in the conduct of learning.
In the Philippines, mathematics is a general
education subject in primary and higher
education where learners are expected to
gain understanding and appreciation of its
principles as an applied-using appropriate
technology in problem-solving, critical
thinking, communicating, reasoning, making
connections, representations, and decisions
in real life (K to 12 Basic Education
Curriculum).
According to Blömeke and Delaney (2014), It
is essential hence required as a subject
almost in every field. However, problems
related to mathematics achievement are still
evident not only in the Philippine setting but
also right in other countries.
Students’ performance in mathematics, as
indicated by the grades they achieved, is
affected by various factors. Among the
various factors, this study will primarily deal
with students’ affective characteristics,
 which focus on study habits and study
attitudes, which are then further referred to
as study orientations as reiterated by Biswas
(2015).

STEP 3: FORMULATE This study aimed to determine the extent of teachers’ a. What is the influence of cultural
RESEARCH utilization of information and communication technology in backgrounds to students’ performance
QUESTIONS Cluster 5, Schools Division of __ City for School Year 2020-2021 in mathematics?
Statement of the as basis for capability building plan. b. How does teacher- students’
Problem – profile, Specifically, this study sought to answer the following relationship affect student’s
areas, (questionnaire questions: performances in mathematics?
result) 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the c. What is the nature of school
following variables? environment where teaching is
2. What is the extent of teachers’ utilization of information, practiced?
and communication technology in the following area? d. How does school management system
a. Office Application influence teaching and learning process
b. Facility and Equipment in mathematics?
c. Online Platforms
3. What is the extent of teachers’ utilization of information and
communication technology when grouped according to
aforementioned variables?
4. Is there a significant difference in the extent of teachers’
utilization of information and communication technology when
grouped and compared according to variables?
5. What capability building plan can be made after the study?
STEP 3: FORMULATE There is no significant difference in the extent of teachers’ There is no significant difference
RESEARCH utilization of information and communication technology when between the students’ academic
QUESTIONS grouped and compared according to variables. performance and the factors affecting it
– Hypotheses such as students’ cultural background,
student-teacher relationship, nature of
school environment and school
 management system.
STEP 3: FORMULATE The teachers’ utilization of information and communication The student-teacher relationship
RESEARCH technology (ICT) varies to a certain level. contributes a lot in students’ academic
QUESTIONS performance.
- Assumptions of the
study

STEP 3: FORMULATE This study is anchored on the Proficiency Theory of Vilfredo Theoretical Framework:
RESEARCH Pareto (1848-1925). Pareto is an Italian Philosopher who was
QUESTIONS also an engineer, a popular economist and social scientist who Plato and Socrates’ Perspectives on
- Theoretical made large contributions to the building of economic teaching and learning methods
Framework philosophies like in the analysis of income distribution and Maganga (2013), as he made a study on
socio-economic analysis. His works in developing Proficiency Plato and Socrates work, he found that
theory created the foundations for the study of the knowledge of geometry has been in
microeconomics. possession even before the birth of a
CHOOSE APPROPRIATE THEORY ON ICT child.
Thus, according to Plato, it is known that
the ideas or general concept behind the
concrete entities were experienced
through senses, by means of questions
set that awaken knowledge or
understanding of such ideas behind
concrete phenomena. This implies that
students could become good in
mathematics as teachers give them
more questions to awaken their
knowledge and understanding on
mathematics concepts. It was declared
that ideas must have existed in our mind
even before our birth. Such knowledge is
termed a priori, that means knowledge
which is they’re prior to and
independent of any experience
(Maganga, 2013). Therefore, questions
came on how teachers keep in mind that
their learners had concepts or ideas that
they should help them develop such
ideas and cultivate what is in their
experience as they immerse in the
module or topic under study.

John Locke and Knowledge of Practice

John Lock said that empiricism is an
epistemological position which contends
that genuine knowledge is what comes
to us through our sensory experiences.
This means that the only sources of
genuine knowledge are senses of sight,
hearing, touching, smelling and tasting.
John Locke stated that the child’s mind is
like a white sheet of paper on which
experiences are recorded (Tarcov, 1989).
This implied that teaching methods in
mathematics needs to involve five sense
organs of students in the class. While
teaching, students must be given tasks
to attempt with the guide of a teacher;
they must see clearly what is been
written on the chalkboard and
practically solve mathematics problems.
Teachers should be able to teach
students in such a way that students can
practically do what they are taught,
hearing it well by minimizing number of
students in overcrowded classes and use
of actual environment to make students
understand mathematics (Maganga,
2013). Therefore, the researcher wanted
to know whether in actual teaching
students practically learn mathematics
and how teachers help students to solve,
interact with teaching materials as well
as the impact of school environments to
students learning.

Paul Freire and the Learning

Environment
Freire (1921-1997), an influential thinker
about education in the late 20th was the
first philosopher to concern himself with
oppressed people whose natural rights
to liberty and property were violated. In
his book (Freire, 1970) ―Pedagogy of
the Oppressed‖ he suggested that
educational activities should be
conducted under existing experiences of
the participants (Maganga, 2013).
Teachers should discuss with their
students and help them in re-labeling or
generating new ideas (Smith 2002).
This implies that mathematics teachers
are supposed to teach their students in
the actual living environments of their
students. Students can be taken to field
such as farms, pitch or football grounds
to learn many forms of diagrams as
examples. This will make students not to
forget what they have practically
learned.
According to Maganga (2013), Freire was
insisting on the use of dialogue method
whereby teachers should discuss with
their students about their learning
environments. The methods involve
students discussing together or
conversing, rather than using written
books and syllabuses in a curriculum of
study as what Paul Freire called banking
education. Banking system of education
the one that teachers deposit
knowledge to the students.
Bartlett (2008), as he learned from
Freire’s work, banking education is a
relationship of domination in which the
teacher has knowledge that he/she
deposits in the heads of the passive
objects of assistance, his/her students.
In contrast to banking education, Freire
proposed a problem posing education
that encourages students to become
active in thinking. Problem posing
education relies upon dialogue and
critical consciousness, democratic
teacher-student relationships, the
concretion of knowledge through
interaction, and a curriculum grounded
in students’ interests and experiences.
The theory by Freire raised some
questions to us whether in teaching
mathematics there is an element of
banking as students are dominated by
their teachers in classes or there is any
democratic way of teaching and learning
in mathematics classes. Do teachers and
students have a culture of discussing
mathematics concepts?

John Dewey
John Dewey (1859-1952) proposed a
pragmatic philosophy of education that
education was a process of
reconstructing and reinstituting
experience to promote individual’s
efficiency and good citizenship. It goes
all the way from the birth of the
individual to his death.
The curriculum content should not be
burdened with subjects that are
unrelated to the pupils’ lives and every
day experiences. If mathematics
contents are related to learner
experiences students’ performance
might be good. This needs to be in line
with teachers’ teaching methods for
which their methods of delivery must be
 in line with such experiences.

STEP 3: FORMULATE In this study, the extent of teachers’ utilization of information, Conceptual Framework:
RESEARCH and communication technology in the classroom was aimed to
QUESTIONS be established. The areas considered are office application, The conceptual framework hereunder
- Conceptual facility and equipment and online platforms. presented variables that influence
Framework - teaching and learning in mathematics
objectives, variables, subject. Sitko (2013), defined conceptual
areas, plans framework as the system of concepts,
assumptions, expectations, beliefs, and
theories that support and inform about
the study.

Students’ performance in mathematics

is influenced by the teaching and
learning methods and students’ cultural
backgrounds. Teaching methods are
such as teacher centered method,
students’ centered method and type of
homework assignments offered to
students. Learning methods are such as
group discussions when solving
problems and individual work as
provided by the teacher or as in
textbooks. The relationship between
teachers and students, the way students
are punished and homework
assignments might influence student’s
performance in mathematics (Sitko,
2013). However, learning environment
affected students’ concentration in
 schools.
STEP 3: FORMULATE This study utilized descriptive Research Design to describe the Limitations of the Study
RESEARCH extent of teachers’ utilization of information, communication The foreseen possible limitations in this
QUESTIONS and technology. study were characteristics of the
- Scope of the Study, The respondents for this study were coming from 42 respondents for both teachers and
Design, Respondents, teachers distributed in 3 schools within Cluster 5 of the Schools students. The researcher will not able to
data gathering Division of ___City. involve every member of the population
instrument, letter but the sample of study will randomly
request, tools use select from both teachers and students.
The head of schools, academic masters
and the mathematics teachers will
purposively select while students were
randomly selected. These will be the
representative sample for which findings
will be found from and generalize.

Delimitation of the Study

The study will be conducted in a private
school in La Castellana. Mathematics
teachers will be in a position to be
involve in the sample of study as they
will provide reliable information on
teaching and learning process and
students’ performance in mathematics
as they are the concern in teaching
mathematics.

STEP 3: FORMULATE Schools Division Superintendent Significance of the Study

RESEARCH With the result of the study, the SDS may be enlightened on This study is important to other
QUESTIONS the status on the over-all abilities of the teachers in utilizing researchers as a reference on studies
- Significance of the ICT. Furthermore, this study may serve as basis for future to concerning students’ performance in
Study, persons in the improve teachers’ proficiency through future trainings. mathematics. It is the sincere hope of
division level sds the researcher that by going through
down to learners this work, it will make mathematics
teachers to help their students perform
well in mathematics subject. Teachers
will consider students’ cultural
backgrounds before actual classroom
teaching to know if the students have
the basic concepts in particular unit of
study in mathematics. Then teachers can
be in a position to improve students’
performance in mathematics. The study
will also help future researchers to come
with findings on how school
environments and teachers’
backgrounds are connected to students’
cultural backgrounds that affects
performance in mathematics.
STEP 3: FORMULATE To provide readers a clear and better understanding of the Definition of Terms
RESEARCH study, the following key terms used in this study are hereby To set ground for assessment on Factors
QUESTIONS defined conceptually and operationally. affecting the Academic Performance of
- Definition of Terms Age the Students in Mathematics, the
Conceptually, the term is defined as the number of years a researcher presented the working
person has lived; biological age is defined as a description of an definitions for some of the terms used in
individual's development based on biomarkers (George, 2018). this study.
As used in this study, the term refers to the number of years of A. Cultural Background - The
existence of the respondents of the study. This is categorized cultural background refers to
as younger and older in this study. tribal, religious, racial, gender,
Operationally, linguistic or other socioeconomic
factors and values that shape an
individual’s upbringing. A cultural
 background can be shaped at the
family, societal or at primary
school level. In this study it refers
to what do students do to help
themselves excel in their
academic carriers.
B. Performance - Accomplishing or
achievement of specific goals,
objectives set in any academic
undertaking in basic
mathematics.
C. Teacher Characteristics - This
refers to the attributes and
practices which contribute
immensely to teacher success or
failure. These are such as
displaying fairness, having a
positive outlook, being prepared,
using a personal touch,
possessing a sense of humor,
possessing creativity, admitting
mistakes, being forgiving,
respecting students, maintaining
high expectations, showing
compassion, and developing a
sense of belonging for students—
center around the theme of
caring.
D. School Environment - School
environment encompasses
physical environment such as
 buildings like classrooms and
teachers’ houses, classroom size,
how dark or light it is,
temperature, the arrangement of
chairs, the noise which affects
teachers and students’
attraction.
E. Curriculum - A sequence of
potential experiences, set up in
the schools to discipline children
and youth in ways of thinking
and acting whether it is carried
out in groups or individually,
inside or outside the school.
F. Teaching Method - This
comprises the principles and
techniques used for instruction.
Commonly used teaching
methods may include class
participation, demonstration,
recitation, memorization, or
combinations of these, teacher
centered and student-centered
methods.
G. Qualified Teacher - This is the
teacher who holds the following
certificate such as: Diploma in
Education, [Link]., [Link]. (Ed), [Link].
and PGDE, Masters in Education
and PhD from a recognized
university or college.
STEP 4. CONDUCT Local
THE LITERATURE Microsoft Office Applications
REVIEW –Chapter 2, The use of Microsoft office applications improves teacher and
REVIEW OF RELATED student productivity. They make lesson presentation easier as
LITERATURE, creating and storing them are way easier. These applications
Conceptual easily attract learner’s attention, especially now that the 21st
Literature, Local and century learners are tech-savvy.
Foreign, Research
Literature
5. DESIGN THE Research Design
RESEARCH This study used the descriptive research design which
METHODOLOGY – aimed to describe teachers’ utilization of information and
Chapter 3 – Research communication technology in Cluster 5, Schools Division of
Methodology, Himamaylan City for School Year 2020-2021 as basis for
Research Design capability building plan.
According to Dudovsky (2017), descriptive research design
attempts to determine, describe, or identify characteristics
within the field of investigation.
5. DESIGN THE This study was conducted in Cluster 5, Schools Division of
RESEARCH ____City. It is composed of 3 elementary schools namely,
METHODOLOGY – ___Elementary School, __ Elementary School, and ____
Chapter 3 – Locale of Integrated School. Two among the three schools were in the
the Study far-flung area and categorized as small schools in the Schools
Division of ____ City.
5. DESIGN THE Respondents of the Study
RESEARCH The respondents of the study were the 42 public elementary
METHODOLOGY – teachers of all 3 component schools in Cluster 5, Schools
Chapter 3 – Division of _____ City. Since the numbers of the respondents
Respondents of the are quite manageable, total enumeration was employed.
Study
5. DESIGN THE Validity
RESEARCH Validity is the extent to which the interpretations of the
METHODOLOGY – results of a test are warranted, which depends on the
Chapter 3 – Validity particular use the test is intended to serve (Adejo, 2015).
5. DESIGN THE Validity
RESEARCH Validity is the extent to which the interpretations of the
METHODOLOGY – results of a test are warranted, which depends on the
Chapter 3 – particular use the test is intended to serve (Adejo, 2015).
Reliability
5. DESIGN THE There was a letter of request addressed to the Schools Division
RESEARCH Superintendent for the conduct of the study within the Schools
METHODOLOGY – Division ______ City was submitted for approval. Upon
Chapter 3 – Data approval, a letter request will be distributed to the school
Gathering Procedure heads of the Cluster 5. After securing the approval for the
second request, questionnaires were administered to target
respondents.
5. DESIGN THE In the analysis of the data, various procedures were employed
RESEARCH depending on the objectives of the study.
METHODOLOGY – Objective No. 1 the descriptive analytical scheme was used to
Chapter 3 – Data determine the profile of the respondents in terms of the
Analysis following variables such as: age, civil status, highest
educational attainment, and length of service.
respondents.
5. DESIGN THE Statistical Tools
RESEARCH In the analysis of the data, various statistical tools were
METHODOLOGY – employed depending on the objectives of the study.
Chapter 3 – Objective No. 1 Frequency Count and Percentage Distribution
Statistical Tools was used to determine the profile of the respondents in terms
of the following variables such as: age, civil status, highest
educational attainment, and length of service.
STEP 7: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
ANALYSIS – Chapter This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and
4, PRESENTATION, interpretation of data gathered to carry out the objectives of
ANALYSIS AND this study. All these were made possible by following certain
INTERPRETATION OF appropriate procedures to give the exact data and solution to
DATA each specific problem.
STEP 8: REACHING Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
CONCLUSIONS & This chapter presents the summary of all the results
RECOMMENDATION obtained in this study. The conclusions presented in this
S – Summary of chapter were coined from the said results and the
Findings, Conclusions recommendations as well.
and
Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY,
QUESTIONNAIRE,
CURRICULUM VITAE