Proceeding for International Conference on Recent

Advance in Engineering and Technology

(ICRAET-18)

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

4th February’18

National Institute for Engineering and Research

[Link]
Publisher: NIER Explore

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NIER-Explore
Editorial:

We cordially invite you to attend the International Conference on Recent Advance in Engineering
and Technology (ICRAET-18), which will be held in Grand Nagarjuna Hotel, Guntur on February 4th,
2018. The main objective of ICRAET-18 is to provide a platform for researchers, engineers,
academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research
results and development activities in Engineering and Technology. This conference provides
opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and experience face to face, to establish
business or research relations and to find global partners for future collaboration.

These proceedings collect the up-to-date, comprehensive and worldwide state-of-art knowledge on
software engineering, computational sciences and computational science application. All accepted
papers were subjected to strict peer-reviewing by 2-4 expert referees. The papers have been selected
for these proceedings because of their quality and the relevance to the conference. We hope these
proceedings will not only provide the readers a broad overview of the latest research results on
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science Engineering but also provide the readers a valuable
summary and reference in these fields.

The conference is supported by many universities and research institutes. Many professors played an
important role in the successful holding of the conference, so we would like to take this opportunity
to express our sincere gratitude and highest respects to them. They have worked very hard in
reviewing papers and making valuable suggestions for the authors to improve their work. We also
would like to express our gratitude to the external reviewers, for providing extra help in the review
process, and to the authors for contributing their research result to the conference.

Since December 2017, the Organizing Committees have received more than 60 manuscript papers,
and the papers cover all the aspects in Engineering and Technology. Finally, after review, about 11
papers were included to the proceedings of ICAES - 2017.

We would like to extend our appreciation to all participants in the conference for their great
contribution to the success of International Conference 2018. We would like to thank the keynote
and individual speakers and all participating authors for their hard work and time. We also sincerely
appreciate the work by the technical program committee and all reviewers, whose contributions
make this conference possible. We would like to extend our thanks to all the referees for their
constructive comments on all papers; especially, we would like to thank to organizing committee for
their hard work.

Editor-In-Chief
Dr. Nalini Chidambaram
Professor
Bharth University
Acknowledgement

NIER is hosting the International Conference on Recent Advance in Engineering and Technology this year in
month of February. Technical advantage is the backbone of development and nano electronics has become the
platform behind all the sustainable growth the International Conference on Recent Advance in Engineering and
Technology will provide a forum for students, professional engineers, academician, and scientist engaged in
research and development to convene and present their latest scholarly work and application in the industry.
The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in Engineering and
Technology and to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers,
students, and practitioners working in and around the world. The aim of the Conference is to provide a
platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet the share cutting-
edge development in the field.

I express my hearty gratitude to all my Colleagues, staffs, Professors, reviewers and members of organizing
committee for their hearty and dedicated support to make this conference successful. I am also thankful to all
our delegates for their pain staking effort to travel such a long distance to attain this conference.

Mr. Kumar
Secretary
National Institute for Engineering and Research (NIER)
 CONTENTS
[Link] TITLES AND AUTHORS PAGE NO

1. Existing & Novel Methods of Water Harvesting

 Preenon Bagchi and
 Ajit Kar 1-9

2. Strengthening Authentication System Using Mindmetrics

 Abhishek Karkamkar
 Pawnesh Kumar 10-14
 Rohit Sharma
 Saurav Modi

3. Enhancing Scalable Reverse Dictionary Using Text Rank

 Shailesh Raskar
 Saurabh Nagpal 15-17
 Shubham Das
 Sharif Sayyed

4. Security in Searching Shared and Encrypted Data in Multi Party Environment

 Amarja Jagtap-Patil
 Pranav Chavan
 Ashish Chaturvedi 18-20
 Nagraj Kiwade
 Jyoti Kshirsagar

5. Study on Addition of Lathe Scrap to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

 Dinesh W. Gawatre
 Poorva Haldkar
 Shraddha Nanaware 21-24
 Ashwini Salunke
 Meherunnisa Shaikh
 Anita Patil

6. User Authentication using Digital Signature and Biometric Factor

 Aakansha S Wani
 Komal Vanjari 25-29
 Deepika Shinde
 Prof . Rajasree R.S
7. Performance improvement of Apriori algorithm on Multicore System

 Nitin Maul
 Ganesh Jagtap 30-34
 Pooja Kale
 Priti Waydande
 Prof. Meghna Lokhande
 CONTENTS
[Link] TITLES AND AUTHORS PAGE NO
8. Web Crawler: A Crawler for Efficiently Retrieving Relevant Data 35-38
 Prabhu Alamkare
 ShrikantGiri
 Shubham Bardiya
 PradeepGite

9. New Approach for Parallel Graph Computation Using Partition Aware Engine
 Prashant Patne
 Vivek Takawale 39-42
 Akash Tilak
 Chandan Tiwari

10. Pharmaco-Informatics: Harnessing The Power Of Bioinformatics In Cancer Research

& Management: A Review
 Preenon Bagchi 43-55
 Tara Devi Chetry
 Anuradha M
11. Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer
Concrete
 Ahmed Mohmed Ahmed Blash
56-63
 Dr. T.V. S. Vara Lakshmi
 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-
Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete
[1]
Ahmed Mohmed Ahmed Blash, [2] Dr. T.V. S. Vara Lakshmi
[1]
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering & Technology, Acharya
Nagarjuna University India,[2]Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University College of
Engineering & Technology, Acharya Nagarjuna University India.

Abstract: - The atmosphere has been heavily affected by the emission of greenhouse gases, the most important of which is carbon
dioxide. It releases about 1 ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when producing 1 ton of Portland cement. Through the
applications of studies on Portland concrete using alternative materials for cement, it was found that there are neglected materials
rich in silicates such as Ground Granulated Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash(FA) have usesd in the production of geopolymeric
concrete without cement based on the effect of alkaline reaction. This paper presents the results of the study, which includes
different tests and treatments and to monitor the development of the force of geopolymerial concrete with the current rates varied
between GGBS and FA. For this study, the alkaline liquids are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Sodium Silicate Solution(Soi2/Na2O=2)
and Superplasticizer(SP) were added. The molarity of NaOH was 8M for prepared different mixtures. For the test specimen of size
150x150x150 mm cubes were casting and cured for different types (ambient-temperature, water and HCL solution) for 7,14 and 28
days. Microscopic analysis and X-ray examination were done for 28 days treated cubes.

Index Terms: Geopolymer, GGBS, FA, HCL, SEM analysis, X-ray.

I. INTRODUCTION different types of waste materials as well as the impact of

this concrete under different treatment conditions.
Most of the thermal power plants produce heavy amounts of
Fly Ash (FA). This material is disposed of in the waste and
anhraco ponds and this is considered unacceptable in the II. RAW MATERIALS AND ITS PROPERTIES
laws of environmental protection. As Fly Ash (FA) is
available in quantities throughout the globe, it used as an The materials used in this study were Ground Granulated
alternative to Portland cement to produce concrete paste. Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS), Fly Ash (FA), Alkaline Liquids
During 1978, David entered the geomolecular concrete as an (AL), sand, aggregates and superplasticizer. The description
alternative to cement concrete and describes the formation of of each of the material is described in the following sections:
a metal binder that resembles zeolite with amorphous A. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)
microscopy. Geopolymers are amorphous materials The GGBS meets the IS 12089- (1987) was used
synthesized using the alkaline activation of the wide variety specifications. With Al2O3/ SiO2 Ratio is 0.30. Figure 1
contain of aluminosilicate minerals. The geopolymer takes shows the clear raw material of GGBS by using SEM
advantage of the various condensation of the alumina silica analysis with dimension X3000 and also shows particles
precursors to reach the required mechanical force, as shapes of the GGBS, where it contains of the anglers shapes
opposed to Portland cement because it requires silicate with various sizes for mixing processes and the production of
hydrate gel (C-S-H). Some examinations have done by geopolymeral mixing.
Rangan (2006), Skavara and Allahverdi Ali (2001) on the
geopolymer composites and corrosion mechanism, the
geopolymer concrete within low and high concentrations of
acids, the examinations shown that the geopolymer possesses
very good durability. The absence of standardized methods
for assessing the performance of geopolymer concrete in
different environments has led to the attempt to try finding
and search using different procedures and conditions by
researchers, making it difficult to correlate with the results.
The objective of this study is to identify and evaluate
geopolymerous concrete containing varying percentages of
Figure 1: SEM analysis of GGBS by zoom of X3000.

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 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete

B. Fly Ash (FA) Table 2: Physical and chemical properties of Sodium

According to ASTM FA Class F was used as main Silicate liquid
ingredients material to make the geopolymers. It's the XRF Production Name A53
analysis data is displayed in Table 1. A composition analysis Na2O / SiO2 Ratio 50%
specified that the CaO content was < 10% and SiO2/ Al2O3 Na2O 14.7%
ratio is 2.2 With color is similar to the cement powder. SiO2 29.4%
Density@680F (20OC) Be 50.5
Figure 2 shows the clear raw material of FA class F by using
Density@680F (20OC) Ib/gal 12.8
SEM analysis with dimension X3000 and also shows
Density@680F (20OC) g/cm3 1.53
particles shapes of the FA, where the fine solid particles PH 12.8
(microspheres) that with spherical shape are included by the Viscosity Centipoises 400
great cenosphere particles created through the combustion CHARACTERISTICS Clear to Opalescent Liquid
process for mixing processes and the production of
geopolymal mixing.
D. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
The purity of sodium hydroxide is 97-98% with pellet or
Table 1: XRF analysis data of FA and GGBS composition. cracker form, as commercially available. To make the
required concentration of a solution must be dissolved the
Chemical Composition FA GGBS solids in water. The NaOH solids mass in a solution varies
Percentage (%)
relying on the solution concentration. In this study, NaOH
SiO2 52.10 35.20
solution with a concentration of 8 Molar consists of 8x40 =
Al2O3 23.54 10.70
Fe2O3 8.33 0.33
320 grams of NaOH solids per liter of the solution, where 40
TiO2 0.79 0.79 is the molecular weight of NaOH. A combination of sodium
CaO 2.39 42.24 silicate solution and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
MgO 0.91 5.98 were used as the alkaline liquid. It is preferable to prepare
Na2O 0.43 0.15 alkaline liquid a day before the mixing process of the
K2O 0.80 0.31 concrete paste required to work.
P2O5 1.29 0.11 E. Coarse Aggregates
SO3 0.42 2.76 IS 2386-1997 recruitments for coarse aggregate demands to
Mn2O3 0.028 0.39 use sizes between 5 mm to 19 mm and for this investigation
Specific gravity 2.39 2.39
three types of 7, 12 and 20 mm were selected for the
Color Grey white
compatible of produce of geopolymer concrete. Table 3 has
shown the coarse aggregates properties which used in this
study.
Table 3: Properties of coarse aggregates.
Characteristics 7mm 12mm 20mm
Shape Angular Angular Angular
Specific Gravity 2.79 2.82 2.87
Bulk Density Kg/m3 1515 1518 1534
Colure Black Black Black

F. Fine Aggregate
Figure 2: SEM analysis of FA by zoom of X3000. Natural river sand is used in this investigation and which
passes 4.75 mm sieve by the IS code 383-1970.
C. Sodium Silicate Solution (Na2SiO3)
The solution of sodium silicate in different grades is
commercially available. The solution of sodium silicate A53
with Na2O to SiO2 ratio is approximately 50% by mass,
Na2O = 14.7%, SiO2= 29.4% and water = 55.9% by mass, as
recommended.

Figure 3: Different sizes of aggregate used.

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 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete

III. MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE 3 60 40 207

4 40 60 219
5 20 80 231
Essentially, the difference between Portland cement
6 0 100 240
concrete and geopolymer concrete is the binder. Aluminium
oxides and the silicon oxides within FA low calcium reacts
together with an alkaline liquid to shape the geopolymer B. Scanning electron Microscopy analysis (SEMA) of
paste which binds the fine aggregates and loose coarse and GGBS with Fly ash(FA) based Geopolymer Concrete
other materials unreacted for production of the geopolymer Figure 4 clarifies the SEMA-specified microstructure
concrete. On same way of the Portland cement concrete the attribute of the prepared 100%GGBS based geopolymers
total of fine aggregates and the coarse are about 75% to 80% synthesized with ratio 2.72 of GGBS/alkaline activator after
by mass of geopolymer concrete. The properties and 28days HCL curing.
proportions of the constituent materials of the geopolymer
paste influences on its workability and the compressive
strength of the geopolymer concrete.
For the geopolymerous concrete has been used GGBS and
FA as the main blended materials to produced of geopolymer
concrete paste. FA has been used in the formation of the
geopolymer mix as an increasing percentage with GGBS.
The GGBS to FA were used with a double-sizing system
starting from 0% ,20% .. .. 100%. There is no Extra water
used.
Table 4: Mix properties In a Cube (kg).
Coarse aggregates Sodiume
Fine
GGBS FA (Soi2/Na2O=2) hydroxide SP
20mm 14mm 7mm sand
solution
0.935 1.249 2.184 1.87 1.377 0 0.348 0.138 0.02
Figure 4: Microstructure of geopolymer contain
0.935 1.249 2.184 1.87 1.102 0.275 0.348 0.138 0.02 100%GGBS with HCL curing.
0.935 1.249 2.184 1.87 0.826 0.551 0.348 0.138 0.02
0.935 1.249 2.184 1.87 0.551 0.826 0.348 0.138 0.02
0.935 1.249 2.184 1.87 0.275 1.102 0.348 0.138 0.02 According to the Figure 4 in three different magnification
0.935 1.249 2.184 1.87 0 1.377 0.348 0.138 0.02 (1000, 3000 and 5500X), the microscopic structure of
geopolymers based on GGBS is 100% heterogeneous
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mixture containing porous or partially gibbous grain
reaction. GGBS particles experienced geological
A. Workability of the fresh Geopolymer concrete polymerization due to the effect of alkali activator with the
Workability for the concrete means easy handling of fresh reaction products generated. The particles that shows the
concrete during use, compacting, placing, finishing and on- typical model of GGBS appear in the form of actual bonds
within the matrix. It was reported that non-reacting particles
site handling. For measuring of the concrete workability is
do not act as probes, but help to increase matrix strength with
used Slump test. The standard Slump experience accordance
increasing age through the bonding power that complex
with the ASTM: C 143 -12 was determined of the fresh
interactions can provide between particle surfaces [5].
geopolymer concrete workability immediately after mixing.
From the Table 5, it observed that the geopolymer concrete
mixtures with the addition of FA powder the workability
showed increasing trends with decrease of the GGBS content
and increase of the FA ratio. Mixture with 100%FA
exhibited the a higher value of the slump test among of all
the geopolymer concrete mixtures as shown in Figure5 since
it had the lowest percentage of GGBS (0%).
Table 5: Slump test of GGBS and FA based Geopolymer
concrete.
Materials % Slump mm
NO
GGBS FA
1 100 0 180 Figure 5: Microstructure of geopolymer contain
2 80 20 193 80%GGBS+20%FA with HCL curing.

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 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete

particles within, so allowing more reaction to occur. The

cracks which have a negative impact on the strength of
cohesion and the connection between the components of the
concrete and from it leads to give concrete strength weak.
And on the other hand some of the voids through of the
some spaces in the sample, which may be the result of
evaporation of the solutions that was in [11] and that voids is
not desirable improved microstructure the mechanical
strength of concrete.
Also, there are the small amount of FA as seen on sample
surface most of the holes are filled by other smaller size
powder particles either FA or GGBS which leading to make
a dense matrix. Both materials had a solid matrix with very
uniform structure and almost absence of pores. So, the
superficial continuity could develop mechanical consistency.
Figure 6: Microstructure of geopolymer contain It was also observed that some of the small particles of FA
60%GGBS+40%FA with HCL curing. unreact as well as the presence of trajectories from the ash
fields in the paste, with discontinuation of the continuity of
the matrix and work to minimize the mechanical force of the
material.

Figure 7: Microstructure of geopolymer contain

40%GGBS+60%FA with HCL curing. Figure 9: Microstructure of geopolymer contain 100%FA
with HCL curing.
From the observation of the results Figures 5,6,7 and 8 there
are molecules that clearly show the white color and globular Figure 9 shows the SEM of the 100%FA paste in
shape of the FA as well as interacting particles immersed in geopolymerization and pozzolanic reaction clearly. That the
the sample and unreacted GGBS particles. And small amount particles of the FA have three phases; phase one composed
of cracks and gaps visible during the analysis results of the of the FA particles with a melted surface which denote the
samples indicates the bonding forces between the constituent downpour in pozzolanic reaction. In this case, FA is
molecules. This notice has an agreement with previous energized by Ca(OH)2 which places hydrates with the FA
observations [8,9] the geopolymer created as the alkali particles. The phase two is the hydration-products consist the
activation result of MK with presence of Ca(OH)2 got the pozzolana effect on increased of the C-S-H content
same characteristics of that formed in the deprivation of consumption and the reaction of the FA accelerated. This is
Ca(OH)2. The drying shrinkage inherent of the a physical because of reactions between Ca(OH)2, FA and the other
property gel is the gel shrinkage happens because removal of hydration-products. These phases as passive material which
water through polycondensation makes capillary tension makes efficient provides and the packing effect with more
during the gel matrices [10]. The voids at the sample may precipitation nucleus to hydration-compounds that join the
come from the dissolved holes by the alkaline activator in the FA and the geopolymer particles, whereas the unreacted
hollow pozzolanic particles and revealing additional minimal particles as a paste filler. The alkaline solution reacts with

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 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete

the hollow spheres particle and FA to form a chemical bond 3 60 40 64 68 72 24-22

gel (-Si-O-Al- and -Si-O-Si-). Geopolymerization is caused 4 40 60 42 48 63 24-22
by reactive FA which essentially contains of the Al and Si. 5 20 80 26 28 36 24-22
Also, the partially reacted and unreacted FA particles formed 6 0 100 14 18 29 24-34
porosity through the spared matrix in quite small sized thus
found the cavities from the blank left after the FA particles
melted.

C. Effect of the ambient temperature curing On

Compressive Strength

Table 6: The geopolymer concrete compressive strength

according to the percentage of GGBS to FA in each
mixture under ambient temperature treatment.

Compressive Average
Materials %
NO strength (MPa) Temperature
0
GGBS FA 7d 14d 28d C Figure 11: Ratio of compressive strength of all mixes
1 100 0 68 78 80 22 -22 (FA+GGBS)/100%GGBS mix under Water Curing.
2 80 20 58 62 63 22-32
3 60 40 47 51 57 22-22
E. Effect Of the HCL Curing On Compressive Strength
4 40 60 40 48 48 22-22
5 20 80 26 30 30 22-31
6 0 100 12 17 25 22-32 Table 8: Strength of GGBS and FA based geopolymer after
attacked by HCL.

Materials % Compressive strength (MPa)

NO GGBS FA 7d 14d 28d
1 100 0 40 75 9;
2 80 20 39 48 79
3 60 40 35 68 77
4 40 60 30 38 48
5 20 80 23 28 2:
6 0 100 8 15 20

Figure 10: Ratio of compressive strength of all mixes

(FA+GGBS)/100%GGBS mix.

D. Effect Of the Water Curing On Compressive Strength

Table 7: The geopolymer concrete compressive strength

according to the percentage of GGBS to FA in each
mixture under Water Curing.
Compressive Average
Materials % Figure 12: Ratio of compressive strength of all mixes
NO strength (MPa) Temperature
0
GGBS FA 7d 14d 28d C (FA+GGBS)/100%GGBS mix under 5%HCL Curing.
1 100 0 97 7; :2 20-31
2 80 20 66 74 75 20-31

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 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete

F. X-ray diffraction (XRD) powder of the Geopolymer

Concrete

Figure 16: XRD Graph of the 40%GGBS+60%FA based of

geopolymer concrete.

Figure 13: XRD Graph of the 100%GGBS based of

geopolymer concrete.

Figure 13 represents the XRD patterns of the hardened

pastes the geopolymer (8M) made of 100%GGBS. The
inorganic polymeric binder (GGBS) which mostly has
composition from an aluminosilicate chemical, in spite of
impurities such as iron oxides and calcium are the generally
occurring chemical constituents of geopolymeric systems. Figure 17: XRD Graph of the 20%GGBS+80%FA based of
And have been treated to the 5%HCL solution for 28 days geopolymer concrete.
displays highly peaks centered at 25° to 40° [°2Th.], whose
the main peak were located at 36.5497 [°2Th.]. By Refer to The figures 14, 15, 16 and 17 represents the XRD patterns
the results of the microscopic examination of the same amorphous phase indicated by the humps registered between
sample 100%GGBS, it turned out that acquire a coherent 2θ = 20 and 60o which centered for 80%GGBS and 20%FA
matrix and also from the strength results, it has shown that, at 26.6665 and 60.0005 [°2Th.]. For the 60%GGBS+40%FA
they obtained results of early strength and differed slightly centered at 20.8972 [°2Th.], 26.4188 [°2Th.] and 42.4782
after treatment under the acid effect for 28 days. That is due [°2Th.]. In the Figure 16, XRD analysis of
to the Albite may be accompanied with a strength 40%GGBS+60%FA peak maximum located at 20.9058
enhancement zone of the geopolymer matrix. And also [°2Th.], with slight indication of minor peaks widespread
because of Thenordite compound have been formed, that can between 20–76 [°2Th.]. However, the diffraction lines
be resist of the water absorption and de-hydrates of the indicates an effect presence of the quartz which appear more
materials, this is in line with the results of [33] obtained by intensely because of contained the matrix some of the sand
salt. particles. This corresponds to the result obtained by Neetu
Singh in 2013. For effect of using 20%GGBS+80%FA, the
peaks located at 26.6445 [°2Th.] and 31.2939 [°2Th.].
When comparing the XRD pattern of all these blended with
the XRD pattern of 100%GGBS, obtained high of main
peaks changed about 100, 160, 160 and 60 towards the left
direction respectively.

Figure 14: XRD Graph of the 80%GGBS+20%FA based of

geopolymer concrete.

Figure 18: XRD Graph of the 100%FA based of

geopolymer concrete.
Figure 15: XRD Graph of the 60%GGBS+40%FA based of
geopolymer concrete.

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 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete

The results of the X-ray analysis(Figure 18) shows that the Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering and
sample with 100%FA had a non-sharp diffraction pattern not Technology (IJET),pp.2555-2559
similar to that in the samples with 60% and 80%FA content.
This pattern had a clear hump at 26.6008 [°2Th.] this is due [4] P. Faucon, A. Delagrave, J.C. Petit, P. Richet, J.
to the containment of the FA, the major vitreous phase with Marchand, H. Zanni, Aluminum incorporation in calcium
the existence of minor crystalline phase such as molite, silicate hydrates (C–S–H) depending on their Ca/ Si ratio, J.
quartz, hematite and magnetite and some TiO2 and CaO Phys. Chem., B 103 (1999) 7796 – 7802.
[16]. By comparing the highest hump with the sample
100%GGBS, the pattern of the 100%FA has 10 degrees to
[5] Xu H, Van Deventer JSJ. The geopolymerisation of
the left.
aluminosilicates minerals. Int J Miner Process 2000;59:247–
66.
V. CONCLUSION
[6] Mithun B.M, Mattur C. Narasimhan “Self-Cured
1. The workability of fresh geopolymerial concrete Alkali Activated Slag Concrete Mixes An Experimental
had a significant effect in the case of all materials except for Study”, International Journal of Civil, Environmental,
GGBS and FA. However, the slump values were increasing Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering
with increasing FA ratio. Vol:8, No:4, 2014,pp.477-482.
2. Geopolymerial concrete had got a coherent and
strong matrix with an increased proportion of GGBS in the [7] Bakharev, T.; Sanjayan, J.G.; Cheng, Y.B. (2001).
mixture and the number of spaces and fine cracks in the “Resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete to carbonation”,
matrix increased with the increasing amount of FA in the Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 1277-1283.
mixture.
3. Geopolymerial concrete gained strength in early
[8] Alonso, Santiago, and Angel Palomo.
ages 7 and 14 days of treatment and the amount of strength is
"Calorimetric study of alkaline activation of calcium
increased by not much at age 28 days of treatment.
hydroxide–metakaolin solid mixtures." Cement and Concrete
4. The comparison between ambient, water and Research 31.1 (2001): 25-30
5%HCL curing of geopolymer concrete based on GGBS and
FA had similar compressive strength values.
[9] . Alonso, S., and A. Palomo. "Alkaline activation
5. Geopolymer-based concrete based on GGBS and
of metakaolin and calcium hydroxide mixtures: influence of
FA has good resistance to acid attack.
temperature, activator concentration and solids ratio."
6. The X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) pattern of Materials Letters 47.1 (2001): 55-62.
geopolymer concrete mixes with using GGBS+ FA , the
peaks located between 20–40 [°2Th.].
[10] Hoa J.P., Mccormick P.G., Byrne L.T. Journal of
7. Geopolymer concrete is characterized by resistance
Material Science. 37 (2002) 2311.
to the aggressive environment, especially acidic and
durability characteristics and mechanical compared to
conventional concrete. [11] Zhao Q, Nair B, Rahimian T, Balaguru P. Novel
geopolymer based composites with enhanced ductility. J
Mater Sci 2007;42(9):3131–7.
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[2] Indian Standard Code (IS: 2386-1997), “Method of

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[3] K. Parthiban , K. Saravanarajamohan, S. Shobana,
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NIER International Conference Guntur 62 ISBN:9788192958047

 Effect of Fly Ash on Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete

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NIER International Conference Guntur 63 ISBN:9788192958047