STANDARD FORM

Summary:
n
1. Standard form is a way of expressing a number in the form A × 10 where
1≤ A < 10 and n is an integer

2. (i) To express a number in standard form, we shift the decimal point until the
digit part A is between 1 and 10. This digit A has a decimal point placed after the
first digit.
n
(ii) The power part ( 10 ) shows how many places to move the decimal point
3. The rules of indices apply to calculations in standard form

EXAMPLES:

1. Express the following numbers in standard form:

(i) 25000 (ii) 3860 (iii) 5683 (iv) 748 (v) 3584 (vi) 4000

(vii) 0435 (viii) 0000263 (ix) 0007 (x) 000356 (xi) 248 × 10 3

(xii) 4500 × 10−7 (xiii) 58⋅4 × 10− 4 (xiv) 0⋅027 × 10− 3

(xv) 0⋅0062 × 10− 4 (xvi) 0⋅0364 × 10 5

2. By expressing each of the numbers in standard form, evaluate the following:

(i) 00004  0002 (ii) 0005  000004 (iii) 800000  00005

800 0⋅00006 0⋅0009 × 8000
(iv) 0⋅004 (v) 2000 (vi) 0⋅002 × 0⋅3
n
3. By expressing each of the numbers in the form a ¿ 10 where n is even,
evaluate the following:

1
 0⋅81
(i) 0⋅0027 (ii) 002  00015 (iii) 1500  40000

n
4. By expressing each of the numbers in the form a ¿ 10 where n is even, find the
square root of:

(i) 025  064 (ii) 016  009 (iii) 00036  025 (iv) 00081  00004

5. Without using a calculator, evaluate the following give your answer in standard
form:
2 5 −3 4
(i) (2× 10 )×(6× 10 ) (ii) (4× 10 )×(5× 10 )

(iii) (9× 10− 2 )×(4× 10− 3 ) (iv) (15× 10− 3 )×( 20× 107 )
−2
1⋅21 × 10 × 40
6. Without using a calculator, evaluate: 2⋅2 × 11

−3
2⋅25 × 10 × 3⋅9
7. Without using a calculator, evaluate: 1⋅3 × 1⋅5

EER:
0⋅0035
1. Without using a calculator, evaluate: 0⋅07 × 0⋅2

0⋅625 × 0⋅009
2. Without using a calculator, evaluate: 0⋅0045

−2
1⋅69 × 10 × 1⋅25
3. Without using a calculator, evaluate: 1⋅3 × 2⋅5

2
 5600
4. Without using a calculator, evaluate: 80000 give your answer in the form
a ¿ 10 n where 1≤ a < 10 and n is an integer

LOGARITHMS

Summary:
log x
1. The logarithm of x to the base a is written as a

2. The following rules apply to logarithm:

a
(i)
log c + b
log c = ¿ logabc ¿
a ( a/ b)
(ii) log c − = ¿ logc
b
log c ¿

m
a a
(iii)
log = ¿ mlog
c c¿

c
(iv) log c =¿ 1 ¿

1
(v) log c = ¿ 0 ¿
a
(vi) log c = b implies that a = c
b

a
(vii)
log c = b
log c implies that a = b

a
log 10
(viii) is sometimes written as log a

EXAMPLES:

1. Without using a calculator simplify:

10 100 1000
(i)
log 10 (ii)
log 10 (iii)
l og 10

3
 10000 16 1
(vi)
log 10 (v) log2 (vi) 2
log 64
2

125 1 81
(vii) log 5 (viii) 3
log 729
3
(vii)
log 3

2. Without using a calculator simplify:

40 50 20
log + log − log
(i) 10 10 10

50 80 2
2log + log − log
(ii) 10 10 10

1
log56 − log 49
(iii) 2 2 2

(iv) log75 + 2log2 − log3

1 1
4log 5 + log 64 − log125
(v) 10 2 10 3 10

1 3
log 5 − log 16 − log 25
(vi) 10 2 10 2 10

18 32 6
log + log − 2log
(vii) 2 2 2

1 16 a2 ( a / 5)
log + log − 2log
(viii) 2 10 10 10

2 1
log125 + log49 − log( 7 /4 )
(ix) 3 2

−3
a a a
log + 2log − log
(x) a a a

4
 8
log
2
log
4 + log
16
(xi) 2 2

27
log
1 +
3
4 log
9 + log
81
(xii) 3 3

log125 log8
−¿ ¿
(xiii) log25 log32

3. Express the following as a single logarithm:

1 1
2log 3 + log 216 + log16 − log 12
(i) 10 3 10 2 10 10

1
2log 8 + log 125 − 1
(ii) 10 3 10

−1 2
12 3 6
3log + log − log + 1
(iii) 3 3 3

1
log120 + log 25 − 2
(iv) 10 2 10

4. Solve the simultaneous equations

( 2x + y )
log = 2
3

( 5x + 3y )
log 2 = 2

5. Solve for x in the equations:

(i) 2log x + log6 = 1+ log15

5
 ( 3x + 1 ) ( x − 1) 4
log10 − log 10 = log 10
(ii)

( x + 1) ( x − 2) 10
log + log = log
(iii) 10 10 10

( x + 3) ( x −¿ 3) = 2
log 4 − log 4 ¿
(vi)

6. Use logarithm tables to write down the logarithm of the following numbers:

(i) 1826 (ii) 25 (iii) 625 (iv) 3728

(v) 00812 (vi) 02147 (vii) 00025 (viii) 00007

3 0⋅3
log = 0⋅4771 log = 1⋅4771
7. Use the fact that 10 and 10 to find:
2 3
log 3 log 3 log √ 3
(i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 10

3 2 4
( 0⋅3 ) ( 0⋅3 )
log √ 3 log log
(iv) 10 (v) 10 (vi) 10

3 ( 0⋅3 ) 2 / 3
log√ 0⋅3 log √ 0⋅3 log
(vii) 10 (viii) 10 (ix) 10

8. Use logarithm tables to write down the logarithm of the following numbers:
2 3 3
(i) ( 24⋅68 ) (ii) ( 195⋅6 ) (iii) √ 72⋅2 (iv) √ 50⋅37
2 /3 2 3
(v) ( 7⋅38 ) (vi) ( 0⋅567 ) (vii) ( 0⋅0248 ) (viii) √ 0⋅0547

3 5 2 /3
(ix) √ 0⋅5385 (x) √ 0⋅472 (xi) √ 0⋅0843 (xii) ( 0⋅48 )

6
9. Use the fact that log x = 0⋅4771, log y = 0⋅8451 and log z = 1⋅3010 to

find:

(i) log xy (ii) log xz (iii) log yz (iv) log x/ y

(v) log y / x (vi) log x/ z (vii) log z/ x (viii) log y / z

2 3
(ix) log z/ y (x) log xy/ z (xi) log x/ yz (xii) log x y

2 1 1 −
4 3 3 2 3
(xiii) log yz (xiv) log xz (xv) log √ yz (xvi) log x z

log 2 = 0⋅3010 log 3 = 0⋅4771

10. Use the fact that 10 and 10 to find:
6 60 72 5
log log log log
(i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 10 (iv) 10

150 6⋅4 0⋅72 1⋅5

log log log log
(v) 10 (vi) 10 (vii) 10 (viii) 10

11. Use logarithm tables or a calculator to find the value of x for which:
x
log = 0⋅7781
(i) 10

x
log = 1⋅3010
(ii) 10

x
log = 1⋅6020
(iii) 10

7
 x
log = 1⋅4771
(iv) 10

x
log = 2⋅1761
(v) 10

12. Use the fact that log7 = 0⋅8451 and log2 = 0⋅3010 to find:

64
(i) log( 64/ 49 ), hence obtain the value of 49 correct to 3 decimal places.
49
(ii) log( 49/64 ), hence obtain the value of 64 correct to 3 decimal places.

13. Given that logx = 2⋅304 and logy = 2⋅872 find the value of:

(i) log x 1/ 2 / y , hence find the value of x 1/ 2 / y correct to 3 decimal places.

1
4 − 13
(ii) x y correct to one significant figure.

2 3
log = 0⋅3010 log = 0⋅4771,
14. Given that 10 and 10 without using tables or a

calculator, find the value of x for which:

x
log = 0⋅7781
(i) 10

8
 x
log = 0⋅1761
(ii) 10

x
log = 1⋅4771
(iii) 10

x
log = 1⋅3010
(vi) 10

x
log = 1⋅6020
(v) 10

15. Use logarithm tables to evaluate the following:

22⋅6 328 × 0⋅3465
(i) 25⋅6 × 731 (ii) 47⋅8 (iii) 46⋅82

22⋅6 0⋅0721 × 925 2

(iv) 47⋅8 × 0⋅329 (v) 0⋅00322 × 405 (vi) 5⋅6 × ( 14⋅73)

√3⋅37
√
3⋅83 × 5⋅968 × 0⋅429 32⋅6
2
(vii) ( 1⋅597 ) (viii) 76⋅51 (ix) 17⋅86

√ 3
(ix) ( 0⋅3256)
2
(x) √
3 0⋅3216 × 62⋅58
41⋅57 (xi)
(24⋅8 × 205 2 / 3
0⋅04763 )
16. Solve for x in the following equations:

x
(i) 5 = 9

x
(ii) 3 = 5

x
(iii) 7 = 15

x
(iv) 3 = 12

x
(v) 1⋅2 = 1⋅728

9
17. Make n the subject in this formula
A = P 1+
r n
100 (, )
hence find n when

r = 20, P = 2000 and A = 3456.

18 . A sum of Sh. 400,000 is invested in a bank that gives 15% compound interest

per annum. Find how long it will take to accumulate an amount of sh529,000.

EER:

1. Without using a calculator, simplify:

24 5 6
log + 2log − log
(i) 10 10 10

(ii) log12 + log5 − log6

1 3
log 5 − log 16 − log 25
(iii) 10 2 10 2 10

1
log 20 + log125
(iv) 10 3 10

10
 18 32 6
log + log − 2log
(v) 2 2 2

6 2
log 16 a
1 5 3 a
+ 2log − log
(vi) 2 10 10 2 10

1
3log 5 + 6log 2 − log 64
(vii) 10 10 2 10

log343 log8
−¿ ¿
(viii) log49 log32

2 1
log125 + log49 − log( 7 /4 )
(ix) 3 2

5 a 1 a9 a
log + log − 3log
(x) 2 a 2 a a

2. Express the following as a single logarithm:

3
2log 6 + log 9 − 4log 3
(i) 10 2 10 10

1
log 48 + log 25 − 1
(ii) 10 2 10

1
log120 + log 25 − 2
(ii) 10 2 10

3. (i) Find the prime factors of 150. Hence

150 5 3
log , log = 0⋅6690, log = 0⋅4771
(ii) find 10 given that 10 10 and

log 2 = 0⋅3010
10

4. Solve for x in the equation:

11
 (i) 2log x + log2 = log18

( 2x + 4 ) ( 1 −¿ x ) = 1
log10 − log10 ¿
(ii)
x 2x
4log 4 − log 4 = 1
(iii)
x 2x
log 8 + log 8 = 1
(iv)

( x − 1) 5 1
2log 16 − 2log 16 =
(v) 2

( x + 9) ( x −¿ 9 ) = 2
log12 − log 12 ¿
(vi)
x
y = log 10
5. Use the substitution to solve for x in the equation:

x
( logx10 )2 − 4log
10
+ 4 = 0

2 x2
log = 0⋅3010 log10 .
6. Use the fact that 10 and x = 4 to find the value of

x
7. Given that 5 = 7, find the value of x correct to two decimal places
n −1
8. Make n the subject in this formula T = ar , hence find n when

r = 5, a = 048 and T = 60.

9 . A sum of Sh. 400,000 is invested in a bank that gives 15% compound interest

12
 per annum. Find how long it will take to accumulate an amount of sh529,000.

10 . A sum of Sh. 200,000 is invested in a bank that gives 20% compound interest

per annum. Find how long it will take to accumulate an amount of sh345,600.

5 2
11. Givent that log a = 0⋅234 and log b = 1⋅185, find log a b .

1
12. Use the fact that log x = 0⋅648 and log y = 1⋅913, to find log xy
3
.

x y
log10 = 2⋅852 log = 2⋅581,
13. Given that and 10 use tables to evaluate
1
2
x /y correct to three significant figures

2
p q ( p/ q )
log = 2⋅476 log = 1⋅811, log .
14. Given that 10 and 10 find 10

2 5
log = 0⋅3010, log
15. Use the fact that 10 to find 10

1
log = 0
16. (i) Show that 10

0⋅001
log
(ii) Without using tables or a calculator, find 10

13
 2 3
log = 0⋅3010 log = 0⋅4771
17. Use the fact that 10 and 10 to find:

12 80 240 ( 27 / 16 )
log log log log 10
(i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 10 (iv)
5 15 2⋅5 1⋅8
log log log log
(v) 10 (vi) 10 (vii) 10 (viii) 10

7 6 25⋅2
log = 0⋅8451 log = 0⋅7782 log .
18. Use the fact that 10 and 10 to find 10

32⋅5
log = 1⋅5119
19. Use the fact that 10 to find:

32500 0⋅00325 3⋅25

log log log
(i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 10

log0⋅225 = 1⋅3522
20. Use the fact that 10 to find:

3
log √ 0⋅225 log √ 0⋅225
(i) 10 (ii) 10

21. Find x if:

x
x log = 1⋅3472
(i) 7 = 15 (ii) 10

x
x log = 2⋅4865
(iii) 1⋅4 = 2⋅744 (iv) 10

14
 2 3
log = 0⋅3010 log = 0⋅4771,
22. Given that 10 and 10 without using tables or a

calculator, find the value of:

0⋅6
log
(i) 10

1⋅5
log
(ii) 10

x
log = 1⋅9030
(iiii) x if 10

3
23. Given that x = 3⋅375, use tables to find the value of x correct to three

significant figures

24. Use logarithm tables to evaluate the following:

12⋅75 12⋅75 × 28⋅34
(i) 75⋅6 × 0⋅8563 (ii) 7⋅908 (iii) 7⋅908

925 0⋅0075 × 986 4

(iv) 0⋅00322 × 405 (v) 0⋅04562 × 225 (vi) ( 18⋅26 )

5⋅6 × ( 14⋅73) 2 22⋅6 × 3⋅657

(ix) √ 32⋅83
4
(vii) 34⋅26 (viii) ( 0⋅329 )

3
(ix ) √ 11⋅86 (x) ( 0⋅48 )
3 /5
√
(x) ( 31⋅35 )
3
(xii) √ 0⋅0722
0⋅00916

√3⋅83 × 5⋅968
√
9⋅324 × 0⋅3639 3 0⋅3215 × 1⋅439
2 3
(xiii) ( 1⋅597 ) (xiv ) √ 81⋅95 (xv) 0⋅00485

15
(xvi) √
( 7⋅908 )
3 12⋅75 × 28⋅34 2 19⋅76
(xvii) ( 8⋅27 )
3
0⋅56
(xviii) √ 0⋅08356

16