Computer
Computer Modeling
Modeling of
of Wellbore
Wellbore
Cleanup
Cleanup Operations
Operations
Presented at SPE-GCS Northside Group Luncheon Meeting
Gefei Liu
Pegasus Ventures, Inc.
September 10, 2002
Presentation
Presentation Contents
Contents
u Technical Background
u Mud displacement Software
u Case studies and Field Validation
u Software Demonstration
Benefits
Benefits from
from Cleaning
Cleaning of
of Wellbore:
Wellbore:
u Increased productivity and mud recovery
u Reduced rig time
u Reduced filtration time and expense
u Maintain integrity of the completion fluid
u Fewer mechanical failures of downhole equipment
u Reduce corrosion pitting
Wellbore
Wellbore Clean
Clean up
up Solutions:
Solutions:
u Chemical:
u Solvents
u Wetting agents
u Demulsifies, etc
u Mechanical cleaning:
u Brush tools
u Casing scrapers
u Brush/scraper combo
u Circulating tools
u Downhole Debris Filter
Mechanical
Mechanical Wellbore
Wellbore Cleaning
Cleaning Tools:
Tools:
u Brush tools
u Casing scrapers
u Brush/scraper combo
u Circulating tools
u Downhole debris filter
EZI-CHANGE TM 6
Self Centralizing Casing Brush 2
1
3
10
7 9
4
4
3
5
1 5
3
6 2
4 4
8
TOOL PART INFORMATION
1 - MILD STEEL STABILIZER SLEEVES
5 4 2 - CAPHEAD SCREWS
3 - SPRING WASHERS
10 4 - BRUSH PAD
5 - COIL SRINGS (BOW SPRINGS IN SMALLER TOOLS)
6 - FISHING NECK
7 - CENTRE RING
3
2 8 - API STANDARD THREADS (4 ½”IF & 3 ½” F & 2 3 8 ” REG)
9 - MAIN BODY
10 - STUB ACME THREAD
C EZI-FLOW INTERNATIONAL LTD
Mechanical
Mechanical Wellbore
Wellbore Cleaning
Cleaning Tools:
Tools:
u Brush tools
u Casing scrapers
u Brush/scraper combo
u Circulating tools
u Downhole Debris Filter
Mechanical
Mechanical Wellbore
Wellbore Cleaning
Cleaning Tools:
Tools:
u Brush tools
u Casing scrapers
u Brush/scraper combo
u Circulating tools
u Downhole Debris Filter
Mechanical
Mechanical Wellbore
Wellbore Cleaning
Cleaning Tools:
Tools:
u Brush tools
u Casing scrapers
u Brush/scraper combo
u Circulating tools
u Downhole Debris Filter
Mechanical
Mechanical Wellbore
Wellbore Cleaning
Cleaning Tools:
Tools:
u Brush tools
u Casing scrapers
u Brush/scraper combo
u Circulating tools
u Downhole Debris Filter
Hydraulics
Hydraulics modeling
modeling -- Rheological
Rheological Models
Models
Flow
Flow Patterns
Patterns
Plug flow:
flow
•Fluid moves as a single, undisturbed solid body
•Occurs at very low flow rates
Flow
Flow Patterns
Patterns
Laminar flow:
flow
•Laminar layer of the fluid is displayed.
•Each laminar layer moves in parallel direction.
Flow
Flow Patterns
Patterns
Turbulent flow:
flow
•Small eddies are formed.
•Velocity profile: flat in the middle, steep near the walls
Flow
Flow Patterns
Patterns
Change of flow type:
0 V
1 2 3 4 5
1. Plug flow
2. Core thickness decreases with increasing V
3. Laminar flow
4. Transition zone
5. Turbulent flow
Concerns
Concerns in
in aa Mud
Mud Displacement
Displacement Job
Job
u Mud displacement dynamics
u Flow rate design
u Tools such as circ. sub and its impact
u ECDs @ TD and weak zones
u Annular pressure profile during displacement
u Pump pressure / HP requirements
u Free-falling / back-filling calculation
Pressures
Pressures during
during aa Displacement
Displacement Job
Job
Pump P = Σ (Hydrostatic) Ann
- Σ (Hydrostatic) Pipe
+ Σ (Frictional) Ann
+ Σ (Frictional) Pipe
BH P = Σ (Hydrostatic) Ann
+ Σ (Frictional) Ann
Pay
Zone
U-Tubing:
U-Tubing: Free-fall
Free-fall –– Pump
Pump Pressure
Pressure
When Pump P < = 0, i.e.
Σ (Hydrostatic) Ann
- Σ (Hydrostatic) Pipe
+ Σ (Frictional) Ann
+ Σ (Frictional) Pipe < = 0
i.e. Heavy fluids inside pipe
Increased flow rate so that
Pay
Zone
Pump P = 0
U-Tubing:
U-Tubing: Free-fall
Free-fall –– Flow
Flow Rate
Rate
When flow rate > pump rate,
•A gap is developed in upper pipe.
•Well goes on “vacuum”.
•Free-fall starts.
Pay
•Flow rate changes constantly.
Zone
U-Tubing:
U-Tubing: Back
Back fill
fill –– Pump
Pump Pressure
Pressure
During U-tubing, when
Pump P > 0, i.e.
Σ (Hydrostatic) Ann
- Σ (Hydrostatic) Pipe
+ Σ (Frictional) Ann
+ Σ (Frictional) Pipe > 0
i.e. Heavy fluids enters annulus
Pay Decreased flow rate so that
Zone
Pump P = 0
Wellbore
Wellbore Integrity
Integrity during
during Displacement
Displacement
Pressure Profile
Frac gradient
at t = t1
at t = t2
Pay Pore gradient
Zone
Depth
Hazards
Hazards of
of U-Tubing
U-Tubing
u Loss of control on flow rate
u Difficulty in predicting of dynamic pressure profile
u Flow rate below the desired minimum rate
u Slow down of slurry reduces displace efficiency
u Formation breakdown
u Pipe collapse
Presentation
Presentation Contents
Contents
u Technical Background
u Mud displacement Software
u Case studies and Field Validation
u Software Demonstration
Benefits
Benefits of
of Computer
Computer Software
Software
u See the effects of design parameters beforehand
u Identify potential problems
u Optimize pump rates for displacement efficiency
u Predict flow dynamics including “free-fall”
u Predict circulating pressures during the job
u Engineering tool in planning or doing post-
analysis.
u Visualize the mud displacement process.
Main
Main Features
Features
u Flow dynamics during displacement for 3D wells
u Forward or reverse circulation
Drilling fluid
Spacer
Chemical wash
Scavenger
Brine completion fld
Main
Main Features
Features –– Con’t
Con’t
u Mud rehology: Bingham plastic or power law
u Flow pattern
uRequired flow rate
for turbulence for
fluids at different
geometry
Main
Main Features
Features –– Con’t
Con’t
u Circulation sub options
Main
Main Features
Features –– Con’t
Con’t
u Multiple zones of interest for ECD monitoring
u Oil field, SI and customized units
Main
Main Features
Features –– Con’t
Con’t
u Automatically export results into MS Word.
Presentation
Presentation Contents
Contents
u Technical Background
u Mud displacement Software
u Case studies and Field Validation
u Software Demonstration
Case
Case Study:
Study: –– Wellbore
Wellbore Clean
Clean Up
Up
Location: Gulf of Mexico
Fluid in place: 16.0 ppg WBM
Geometry: 9 5/8" casing, 7" liner & 2 5/8" DP
Max. deviation: 49 deg.
Cir. method: Long Way
Displacement system: Three pill System, unbalanced
Comparison of pump press. prediction and measurement
5000
Wellbore Displacement & Clean Up
4500 Location: Gulf of Mexico
Fluid in place: 16.0 ppg WBM
Geometry: 9 5/8" casing, 7" liner & 2 5/8" DP
4000 Max. Deviation: 49 deg.
Cir. Method: Long Way
Displacement System: Threepill System,
3500 unbalanced
PUMP PRESSURE, psi
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
Actual
Clean up Model
500
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
VOLUME, bbl
Conclusions
Conclusions
u An engineering design simulator has been developed to
describe the flow dynamics of mud displacement.
u Optimize pump rates foe maximum displacement
efficiency by design the highest allowable pump rates,
without breaking down the formation.
u Predict ECDs and pressure profiles at any time.
u Forward and reverse flow, free-fall / back-fill, circ. sub.
u Calculates minimum pump rates for turbulence
Conclusions
Conclusions –– Con’t
Con’t
u Computer model helps engineers to identify
problem and optimize mud displacing
operations.
u Visualize the mud displacing, flow pattern and
resulting pressure profile during the job
uA unique software in the market, it is an
advanced engineering tool as well as a sales
tool.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
We thank the following companies providing the slides to us
for this presentation:
u Baker Hughes INTEQ
u BJ Services
u Deep South Chemical
u Global Completion
u Tetra Technologies
u Well-Flow International
u ……
