n'kZu dk bfrgkl ,oa leL;k,¡ (History and Problems of Philosophy)

ik’pkR; n’kZu (Western Philosophy)

Hkkx&1
TOPIC NO. 1
IysVks ,oa vjLrw % çR;;] æO;] vkdkj ,oa iqn~xy] dk;Zdkj.k Hkko] okLrfodrk ,oa 'kD;rk
(Plato and Aristotle : Ideas, Substance, Form and Matter, Causation, Actuality and Potentiality)

IysVks (Plato)
fVIi.kh & IysVks dk çR;; fl)kar (Plato’s theory of ideas) – Notes 1990
dgk tkrk gS fd laiw.kZ ik’pkR; nk’kZfud ijEijk IysVks dh f’k{kkvksa ij ikn&fVIi.kh gSA ;Fkko’;d mnkgj.k nsrs gq, 1993
mä dFku dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A (It has been said that the entire western philosophical tradition
consists of footnotes to plato’s teachings. Evaluate this statement critically with illustrations wherever necessary.)
IysVks ds çR;; fl)kar dh O;k[;k ,oa ijh{kk dhft,A (Explain and examine Plato’s theory of ideas.) 1998
fVIi.kh& IysVks dk çR;; fl)karA (Plato’s theory of ideas) — Notes 2000
^tcfd IysVks dh rÙoehekalk LoIun’khZu gS] vjLrw dh rÙoehekalk o.kZukRed gSA* ;FkkFkZrk dh çÑfr ds lEcU/k esa 2002
bu nks fopkjdksa dh n`f"V;ksa ds chp vR;ko’;d erHksnksa dks crkrs gq, bl dFku dks iwjh rjg ls Li"V dhft,A
(‘While Plato’s metaphysics is a visionary one, Aristotle’s metaphysics is a descriptive one.’ Explain fully giving
the essential differences between the views of the two thinkers regarding the nature of reality.)
IysVks dh vkÑfr;ksa dh fFk;ksjh dk dFku dhft;s vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A (State and discuss Plato’s theory of forms) 2004
jk; vkSj Kku dh chp foHksn & fVIi.khA (Distinction between opinion and knowledge – notes). 2005
IysVks çf.kr Kku dk Le`frtU; fl)kUr & fVIi.khA (Plato’s recollection theory of knowledge - Notes). 2007
IysVks dk xqgk&lkn`’; vkSj Kku dh mldh fFk;ksjh esa mldk egRoA 2009
(Plato’s analogy of the cave and its significance in his theory of knowledge).
IysVks çR;;&txr~ dks bfUæ;kuqHkfod&txr~ ls fdl çdkj lacaf/kr djrk gS\ foospu dhft,A
(How does Plato relate the world of ideas to the empirical world? Discuss) 15 Marks.
ppkZ dhft, fd fdl izdkj lkjoLrqvksa dh fofHkUu ladYiukvkas dk [kaMu djus ds }kjk] vjLrw lkjoLrq ds vius 2013
fl)kar dks LFkkfir djrk gSA
(Discuss how by refuting the different concepts of substance Aristotle establishes his own theory of substance.)
10 Marsk
IysVks ds vkdkjksa ds lÙkkehekalh; fl)kar dks Li"V dhft,A D;k *Kku* vkdkjksa esa ls ,d gS \ dkj.k crkb,A 2013
(Explain Plato’s ontological theory of Forms. I ‘knowledge’ one of the Forms ? Give reasons.) 12.5 Marks.
IysVks ds vuqlkj] Kku vkSj fo’okl esa Hksn dhft,A ;g mudh rRohekalk ij fdl izdkj vk/kkfjr gS \ Li"V dhft,A 2014
(Distinguish between knowledge and belief according to Plato. How is it based on his metaphysics ? Explain)
20 Marks
IysVksa ds vkd`fr&fl}kar dh O;k[;k dhft,A D;k bl fl}kar ls fdlh izdkj dk rRookn fu;fer gksrk gS \ foospu 2015
dhft, A
(Explain Plato’s theory of forms. Does’it entail a kind of essentialism ? Dissuss.) 20 Marks
D;k IysVksa dk vkdkj fl)kar HkkSfrd nzO; esa ifjorZu vkSj laos|kFkZrk dh O;k[;k dj ikrk gS\a vius mÙkj ds fy, rdZ 2016
izLrqr djsAa
Does Plato’s ‘Theory of Form’ explain the change and sensibility of matter ? Give reasons for your answer. (20

1
Marks)
fdl vFkZ esa izR;; var;kZeh vkSj bafnz;krhr nksuksa gh gks ldrs gSa \ bl lUnHkZ esa IysVks ds lkekU; vkSj fo’ks"kksa ds 2017
fl)kUr dh foospuk dhft,A
In what sense can ideas be both immanent and transcendent ? Discuss in this context Plato’s theory of universals
and particulars.
D;k IysVks ds izR;; ,oa txr~ ds chp lEcU/k rkfdZd :Ik ls lqlaxr gSa \ blds lEcU/k esa vjLrw ds fopkjksa dh 2018
foospuk dhft, ,oa vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ Hkh nhft,A
Is the relation between the Idea and the World as discussed by Plato logically consistent ? Dicuss Aristotle’s views
regarding this and also give arguments in favour of your answer.
vius *xqQk&:id* ds }kjk IysVks D;k fl) djuk pkgrs gSa \ 2019
What does Plato want to prove by his ‘Allegory of Cave’ ? (10 Marks)

vjLrw (Aristotle)
fVIi.kh& rkfRod inkFkZ fo"k;d vius er ds fy, vjLrw ds rdZA 1999
(Aristotle’s arguments for his theory of substance.)
^lkoZHkkSe dk vfLrRo dsoy fo’ks"k esa gksrk gSA** bl laca/k esa] vjLrw ds lkoZHkkSe ds çR;; vkSj mldk vuqlj.k djus 2003
okys æO; ds fopkj ij ppkZ dhft,A
(‘A universal exists only in the particular’. Discuss in this connection Aristotle’s notion of universal and the idea of
substance that follows it.)
fVIi.kh& vjLrw ds vuqlkj ^HkkSfrd&æO; dh fFk;ksjh* ij ppkZ dhft,A 2006
(Discuss the ‘theory of matter’ according to Aristotle) – Notes
vjLrw dh dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko dh ç;kstuijd ladYiuk&fVIi.khA 2008
(Aristotle’s teleological conception of causation) – Short Notes.
dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko dk vjLrw dk vfHkçk; fdl çdkj dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko ds vk/kqfud vfHkçk; ls fHké gS\ 2010
(How does Aristotle’s notion of causation differ form the modern notion of causation? (150 words)
vjLrw ds rÙoehekalh; fl)kUr dk] IysVks ds çR;;ksa ds fl)kUr ds [k.Mu ds :i es]a foospu dhft;sA 2012
(Discuss Aristotle’s metaphysical theory as a polemic against Plato’s theory of Ideas. (15 marks)

vjLrw ds dk;Zdj.k fla)kr esa iz;qä, vkdkj ,oa nzO; ds fl}kar ds egRo dks le>kb,A 2014
(Explain the significance of Aristotle’s doctrine of form and matter in his theory of causation.) 15 Marks.

vjLrw dk *okLrfodrk* vkSj *laHkkO;rk* ds chp foHksnA 2015

(Aristotle’s distinction between ‘actually’ and ‘potentially’.) 10 Marks.
D;k vjLrw HkkSfrd nzO; dks *rÙo* ds :Ik esa Lohdkj djrs gSa \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ izLrqr djsAa 2016
Does Aristotle treat matter as a ‘Substance’ ? Give reasons for your answer. (20 Marks)
vjLrw ds vkdkj vkSj HkkSfrd nzO; ds fl)kUr dh O;k[;k dhft;sA ;g vjLrw dks dSls ifjorZu ¼xfr½ ,oa LFkkf;Ro dh 2017
leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy;s leFkZ cukrk gS \
Explain Aristotle’s theory of form and matter. How does it help him resolve the problem of change and
permanence ?
vjLrw ds vuqlkj] nzO; esa fodkloknh ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k D;k gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2019
What are the reasons for developmental changes in substance according to Aristotle ? Discuss.
(15 Marks)
a) vjLrw nzO; ij vkdkj dh rFkk lHHkkO;rk ij ;FkkZFkrk dh ojh;rk ds fy, fdl izdkj ;qfä izLrqr djrs gSa\ lekykspukRed 2020
foospuk izLrqr dhft,A
How does Aristotle argue for the priority of Form over Matter and Actuality over Potentiality? Critically
discuss.
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TOPIC NO. 2
rdZcqf)okn ¼MsdkVZ] fLiukstk] ykbcfuRt½ %
MsdkVZ dh i)fr ,oa vlafnX/k Kku] æO;] ijekRek] eu&’kjhj }Srokn] fu;rRookn ,oa Lokr™;
(Rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz : Cartesian Method and Certain Knowledge, Substance,
God, Mind-BodyMsDualism, Determinism and Freedom)
dkVZ (Descartes)
fVIi.kh & MsdkVZ dh lansg&i)frA (Decartes Method of Doubt.) – Notes 1990
fVIi.kh & czãkaM esa çR;sd oLrq iw.kZr;k vius le; ?kfVr gksrh gS vkSj iw.kZr;k lkeatL;iw.kZ gSA vr% bZ’oj vo’; gh 1992
,d xf.krK gSA (Everything in the universe is so perfectly timed and so harmonious : God must be a
mathematician.) — Notes
fVIi.kh & ^^eSa lksprk gw¡ blfy, eSa gw¡A** (“I think, therefore I am.”) — Notes 1996
fVIi.kh & ,d loZlaiw.kZ] loZO;kIr lÙkk ds çR;; dk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd mldk vfLrRo gSA (The ideal of an 1997
all—perfect, omnipotent being implies also that it or He exists.) — Notes
fVIi.kh & ^^eSa lksprk gw¡ blfy, eSa gw¡A** (“I think, therefore I am.”) — Notes 1997
fVIi.kh & varfØZ;koknA (Interactionism.) — Notes 1998
nsdkrZ dh n’kZu ç.kkyh ¼fVIi.kh½A Descartes’ method of Philosophy — Notes. 2001
fVIi.kh & ^^eSa lksprk gw¡ blfy, eSa gw¡A** (“I think, therefore I am.”) — Notes 2004
eu vkSj 'kjhj nks vU;ksU;dkjh inkFkks± ds :i esa&fVIi.khA (Mind and Body as two interacting substances — short notes) 2005
MsdkVZ ds }Srokn ij ppkZ dhft,A (Discuss Descarte’s Dualism). 2006
n’kZu ds lanHkZ esa vU;ksU;fØ;koknA (Interactionism in the philosophical context). 2009
MsLdkÆVl dk eu&’kjhj }Srokn vksj mlds çfr LVªklu dh vuqfØ;kA 2009
Descarte’s mind-body dualism and Strawson’s response to it.
MsdkVZ bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ij lansg D;ksa ugha djrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A 2011
Why does Descartes not doubt the existence of God? Explain (15 Marks).
MsdkVZ dk ^dksftVks ,jxks le* fdl çdkj áwe rFkk dk.V ds bfUæ;krhr n’kZu dks çHkkfor djrk gS\ Li"V dhft,A 2012
(How does Descartes’ Cogito Ergo Sum’ affect Hume and Kant’s transcendental philosophy? Explain.) 12 Marks
MsLdkfVZ dh langs &iz.kkyh dks dhft,A D;k bZ’oj ds vfLrRo esa mlds fo’okl dks fl} djus ds fy, bl iz.kkyh dk 2013
bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ izLrqr dhft,A
(Explain Descartes’ method of doubt. Can this method be used to justify his belief in the existence of God ? Argue
your case.) 12.5 Marks
nsdkrhZ; }Srokn ¼dkVhZfl;ku MwvfyTe½ ds fl)kar dks Li"V djrs gq, mldh leFkZd ;qfä;ksa dh vkykspukRed leh{kk 2014
dhft,A
(Explain the doctrine of Cartesian dualism and examine critically argument in favour of it.) 15 Marks.
D;k nsdkZr ds *fpar;s vrks vfLe* fla)kr ls ;g fu;fer fd;k tk ldrk gS fd os ,d rÙooknh gSa \ foospu dhft,A 2015
(Does Descartes Cogito principle entail that he is an essentialist ? Discuss.) 15 Marks.
MsdkVZ }kjk izLrkfor vkRe&fl)kar ds er ij dkUV dh vkykspuk dh leh{kk djsAa 2016
Examine Kant’s criticism on Descartes’ view of Self . (10 Marks)
nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj ,d ^Li"V vkSj lqfHkUu izR;;^ D;k gSa \ Li"V vkSj lqfHkUu izR;;ksa dh Kkuehekalh; fLFkfr D;k gS \ 2017
D;k ;g fooj.k HkkSfrd inkFkksZ ds vfLrRo dks fl) djus esa nsdkrZ dk lgk;d gS \ O;k[;k dhft,A
What, according to Descartes, is a ‘clear and distinct idea’ ? What is the epistemological status of clear and distinct
ideas ? Does this account help Descartes prove that material objects exist ?
Lo;a ,oa bZ’oj ls fHkUu vU; oLrqvksa dh lÙkk dks nsdkrZ fdl izdkj fl) djrs gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2019
How does Descartes prove the existence of things other than himself and God ? Discuss. (10 Marks)
fLiukstk (Spinoza)
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fVIi.kh & 'kjhj vkSj eu ds ckjs esa ijEijkxr ;wjkih; n’kZu 'kkL= ds fofHké fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k djsa vkSj mUgsa Li"V 1997
djrs gq, mudh O;k[;k djsAa (State, explain and discuss the various theories in traditional European philosophy
regarding the relationship of body and mind.)
fLiukstk ds vuqlkj æO; dh ço`fÙk vkSj fo’ks"k.kksa ls mlds laca/k dh O;k[;k dhft,A 1997
(Explain the nature of substance and its relation to attributes according to spinoza.)
fLiukstk ds lÙo] bZ’oj vkSj çÑfr ds vfHkKku ds fl)kUr dk dFku dhft, vkSj mldk lekykspukRed ijh{k.k 2002
dhft,A (State and critically examine Spinoza’s doctrine of the identity of Substance, God and nature.)
fLiukstk dk ije inkFkZ dk laçR;; & fVIi.khA (Spinoza’s conception of the Ultimate Substance – short notes.) 2005
fLiukstk ds lkj&fl)kUr dks Li"V dhft,A (Explain Spinoza’s theory of substances.) 2006
Lora=rk ij fLiukstk vkSj lk=saZ ds fopkjksa dh rqyuk dhft,A 2008
(Compare the views of Spinoza and Sartre on Freedom.)
fLiukstk ;g D;ksa lksprk gS fd dsoy bZ’oj gh ije okLrfod gS\ Li"V dhft,A 2010
Why does Spinoza think that God alone is absolutely real? Explain. (200 words)
fLiukstk ds fu;rokn ds fl)kar ds lkFk D;k Lora=rk dh vo/kkj.kk laxr gS\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nhft,A 2011
Is the concept of freedom consistent with the theory of determinism of Spinoza? Support your answer with
arguments. (30 Marks)
;fn ^çR;sd fu;frdj.k fu"ks/khdj.k gS* rks æO; ds xq.k dSls gks ldrs gSa\ Li"V dhft;sA 2012
If ‘every determination is negation’ then how can substance have attributes? Explain (15 Marks)
O;fä dh Lora=rk dh fLiukstk dh ldaYiuk ij ,d y?kq lekykspukRed fuca/k fyf[k,A 2013
Write a short critical essay on Spinoza’s conception of freedom of the individuall. 12.5 Marks
fLiukstk ds bl dFku dk D;k rkRi;Z gSa fd tks gS] og mlds vfrfjä dqN vkSj ugha gks ldrk gS \ O;k[;k dhft,A 2019
What do you understand by Spinoza’s statement that what is, cannot be other than what it is ?
Explain. (15)

**bZ’ojh; Lo:Ik dh vfuok;Zrk ls vuur oLrqvksa dk vuUr izdkj ls izfrQyu gksuk vo’;EHkkoh gSA** fLiukstk ds bl dFku dh
dqN lEHkkfor vkykspukvksa lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A
“From the necessity of the divine nature there must follow infinitely many things in infinitely many
ways.” Explain this statement by Spinoza along with some possible criticisms.
ykbcfuRt (Leibniz)
fpn~.kq uked æO;ksa ds ckjs esa ykbcfuRt ds erksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 1990
(Explain the views of Leibniz concerning substances, called monads.)
ykbcfuRt dk eksukM dk vfHkçk; Li"V dhft,A D;k eksukM dks LVªklu] vFkks± esa ,d vk/kkfjr fof’k"V ekuk tk 2008
ldrk gSA (Explain Leibniz’s notion of monad. Can monad be regarded as a basic particular in the Strawsonian
sense?)
Lkkj dh ladYiuk ij ykbcfuRt vkSj áwe ds fopkjksa dh rqyuk dhft,A 2009
(Compare the views of Leibniz and Hume on the concept of substance.)

2012

D;k ykbcfuRt txr ds ;kaf=d vkSj ifj.kkeoknh n`f"Vdks.kksa dks feykus eas lQy gq, gS\a muds iwoZ&LFkkfir lkeatL;
fl)kUr dks Li"V dhft,A (Does Leibnitz succeed in combining the mechanical with the teleological view of the
world? Explain his theory of Pre-established Harmony.) (15 Marks)

D;k fpn~xq.kokn~ æO; ds Lo:i dh i;kZI; O;k[;k djrk gS\ D;k fpn~.kq ,d&nwljs ls Lora= gS\ le>kb;sA 2012
Does monadology sufficiently explain the nature of substance? Are monads independent of each other?
Explain (15 Marks).
vfoHks|ksa ds rknkRE; ds ykbcfuVªt ds fl)kar dk ,d lekykspkukRed fooj.k izLrqr dhft,A 2013
(Give a critical account of Leibnitze’s principle of the identity of indiscernibles.) 12.5 Marks

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D;k ykbcfuRt dk iwoZ&LFkkfir lkeatL; dk fla)kr vfuok;Zr% fu;rRookn ¼fMVfeZfuTe½ dh vkSj ys tkrk gS \ ppkZ 2014
dhft, A
Does Leibniz’s theory of pre-established harmony nccessarily lead to determinism ? Discuss. (10 Marks)
ykbfCuV~l }kjk izfrikfnZr *vHksnksa dk rknkRE;* fl}kar dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
(Explain Leibnitz’s priniciple of ‘identity of indiscernibles’.) 15 Marks

ykbcfutz tc *iwoZ&LFkkfir lkeTtL;* dh ckr djrk gS] rc mlds n’kZu esa Lora=rk ds fy, dksbZ LFkkku gS D;k \ 2018
foospu dhft,A
Is there any place for freedom in Leibniz’s philosophy, when he speaks of ‘per-established harmony’ ? Discuss.
MsdkV~Zl] fLiukstk vkSj ykbcfutz dh nzO; dh ifjHkk"kkvksa ,oa oxhZdj.kksa esa fHkUurk dk D;k dkj.k gSa] bl rF; ds 2018
ckotwn fd os lHkh rdZcqf)oknh lEiznk; ls rkYYkqd j[krs gSa \ foospu dhft,A
What is the reaon for the difference in the definitions and classifications of substances made by Descartes, Spinoza
and Leibniz in spite of the fact that they all belonged to the rationalist school of thought ? Dicuss.
b) ykbCuht dh fpn.kq dh vo/kkj.kk muds fu;frokn rFkk Lor=ark lEcfU/kr fopkjksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrh gS\ viuh 2020
fVIi.kh ds lkFk foospuk dhft,A
How does Leibniz’s conception of monads bear upon his views on determinism and freedom? Discuss
with your own comments.

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TOPIC NO. 3
bafæ;kuqHkookn ¼ykWd] cdZy]s áwe½&¼Kku dk fl)kUr] æO; ,oa xq.k] vkRek ,oa ijekRek] la’k;okn½
(Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) – (Theory of Knowledge, Substance and Qualities, Self and God, Scepticism.)

ykWd (Locke)
fVIi.kh & ykWd ds vuqlkj Kkuehekalk dks Li"V dhft,A 2006
(Explain the theory of knowledge according to Locke) – Short notes.
æO; fo"k;d ykWd ds fopkjksa dk dFku dhft, vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A 2007
(State and discuss Locke’s views on Substance).
vuqHkookfn;ksa ds vuqlkj æO; dh D;k vo/kkj.kk gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2011
(What, according to Empiricists is the concept of Substance? Discuss (20 Marks).
tkWu ykWd us dgk fd & ^^fdlh Hkh O;fä dk Kku mlds vuqHko ls ijs ugha tk ldrkA** bl dFku ds fufgrkFkZ dk 2012
vkykspukRed foospu dhft;sA
(John Locke said that ‘No man’s knowledge can go beyond his experience’. Discuss critically the implication of
this statement). (12 Marks).
tkWu ykWd }kjk çLrqr çkFkfed vkSj xkS.k xq.kksa ds Hksn rFkk mÙkjdkyhu vuqHkookfn;ksa ds fy;s blls mRié leL;k dk 2012
vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A
(Critically examine John Locke’s categorisation of primary and secondary qualities and explain the problem
it posed to Later Empiricists). (15 Marks)
TkkWu ykWd ds lkjoLrq ds fl)kar dk ijh{kk dhft,A 2013
(Examine John Locke’s theory of substance.) 12.5 Marks
ykWd ds lnaHkZ esa f}rh;d xq.kksa dh vo/kkj.kk dks ykxw djus dh rkfdZd vko’;drk D;k gS \ dkj.kksa lfgr mÙkj nsaA 2016
What is the logical necessity for Locke to introduce the concept of secondary qualities ? (10 Marks)
ykWd fdl izdkj ewy xq.kksa vkSj xkS.k xq.kksa ds chp Hksn djrk gSa \ D;k og ewy xq.kksa ds izR;; vkSj ewyxq.kksa ds 2017
lkFk&lkFk xkS.k xq.kksa ds izR;; vkSj xkS.k xq.kksa ds chp Hkh Hksn djrk gSa \ foospuk dht,A
How does Locke draw a distinction between primary and secondary qualities ? Does he also draw a distinction
between the idea of primary qualities and primary qualities as well as the idea of secondary qualities and
secondeary qualities ? Discuss.
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 cdZys (Berkeley)
fVIi.kh & lÙkk n`’;rk gSA (Esse est percipi.) — Notes. 1998
fVIi.kh & lÙkk n`’;rk gSA (Esse est percipi.) — Notes. 2000
fVIi.kh & gksus dk eryc gh çR;{kKku gksrk gSA (To be is to be perceived) — Notes. 2003
^^?kfVr gksus dk rkRi;Z çR;f{kr gksrk gSA** & ppkZ dhft,A (“To be is to be perceived” — Discuss.) 2009
cdZys ds ^,sls ,sLV iÆllh^ dFku ls dkSu ls rRoehekalh; fufgrkFkZ O;qRié fd, tk ldrs gS\ 2010
(What metaphysical implication can be derived from Berkeley’s statement “esse est percipi”? (300 words)
;fn ^n`’; gksuk gh lr~ gksuk gS* rks cdZys oLrqvksa ds LFkkf;Ro dh fdl çdkj O;k[;k djrs gaS\ 2012
(If ‘To be is to be perceived’ then how does Berkeley explain the permanence of things? Explain (15 Marks)
n`’;rs bfr orZrsA fVIi.kh djsAa 2015
(esse esi percipi,) (10 Marks)
cdZys ;g dSls LFkkfir djrk gS fd dsoy eu ,oa blds fopkj gh okLrfod gSa \ ewj ,oa jlsy] cdZys ds bl er dh 2018
dSls izfrfØ;k djrs gSa \ lwj ,oa jlsy dh bl izfØ;k esa D;k vkidks dksbZ fHkUurk feyrh gSa \
How does Berkeley establish that Mind and its ideas alone are real ? How do Moore and Russell react to
Berkeley’s view in this regard ? Do you find any difference between Moore’s reaction and Russell’s one ? Dicusss.

áwe (Hume)
dksbZ vkuqHkfod çfrKfIr dHkh fu’p;kRed ugha gks ldrh gSA bl dFku ij fVIi.kh dhft,A 1990
(No emperical proposition is ever certain. Comment)
fVIi.kh & dkj.krk ds fo"k; esa áwe dk erA (Hume’s doctrine of causality) — Notes. 1993
fVIi.kh & g~;we ds vkxeu fojks/kh rdZA (Hume’s arguments against induction) — Notes. 1995
fVIi.kh & vgaek=okn ,oa la’k;okn esas HksnA (Distinction between solipsism and scepticism) – Notes 1996
oS;fDrd vuU;rk fo"k;d g~;we ds er dk ewY;kadu dhft,A (Evaluate Hume’s theory of personal identity) 1999
fVIi.kh & ^^oS;fDrd vuU;rkA** (Hume’s analysis of personal identity) – Notes. 2001
fVIi.kh & ^^g~;we dk n`’;&çiTpoknA** (Hume’s phenomenalism)– Notes. 2002
fVIi.kh & vkxeu ij g~;we ds fopkjA (Hume’s views on Induction)– Notes. 2004
áwe ds la’k;okn ij ppkZ dhft,A (Discuss Hume’s Scepticism). 2006
Lkkj dh ladYiuk ij ykbcfuRt vkSj áwe ds fopkjksa dh rqyuk dhft,A 2009
(Compare the views of Leibniz and Hume on the concept of substance).
D;k áwe Kku dh laHkkouk ls bUdkj djrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Does Hume deny the possibility of knowledge?) Discuss. (150 Words)
D;k áwe ,d la’k;oknh Fks\ ;fn ugha rks n’kZu dks mudk D;k ;ksxnku gS\ mÙkj nhft;sA 2012
(Was Hume a Sceptic? If not then what is his contribution to Philosophy? (15 Marks)
Lo ds ãwe ds fl)kar dk ,d lekykspukRed fooj.k izLrqr dhft,A 2013
(Give a critical account of Leibnitz’s principle of the identity of indiscernibles.) (12.5 Marks)
ãwe ds }kjk dk;Zdkj.k fl)kar dh vkykspuk dk leh{kkRed ewYa;kdu dhft,A 2014
(Evaluate critically Hume’s criticism of theory of causation) (15 Marks)
dkj.k rFkk izHkko ds lEca/k ij ãwe ds fopkjksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kdau djsAa 2016
Critically examine Hume’s views on the realtion of cause and effect. (15 Marks )
dSls ãwe ds vuqHko dk fo’ys"k.k fdlh LFkk;h lr] pkgs og HkkSfrd gks ;k ekufld] esa fo’okl ds fy, dksbZ vk/kkj 2017
ugh NksM+rk gSA
Show how Hume’s analysis of experience leaves no ground for belief in any permanent reality either physical or
mental.
D;k ãwe ds fy, bu nks lR;ksa &*dy lw;kZsn; gksxk* ,oa 2$2=4 esa leku vfuok;Zrk gS \ vius mÙkj ds i{kk esa rdZ 2018
nhft,A
Are the two truths – “The Sun will rise tomorrow” and 2+2=4 of the same necessity for Hume ? Give reasons in
favour of your answer.
D;k ãwe ds vuqlkj dkj.k& laca/kksa esa dksbZ vfuok;Zrk dk rRo gksrk gS \ foospuk dhft,A 2019
6
Is there any element of necessity in causal relations according to Hume ? Discuss. (15)

**eSa Lo;a dks fdlh Hkh le; izR;{k ls jfgr ugha ikrk gw¡ rFkk u gh eSa izR;{k ds vfrfjä fdlh dk voyksdu dj ikrk gw¡A** áwe 2020
dk ;g dFku fdl izdkj oS;fäd rknkRE; dh nk’kZfud vo/kkj.kk dk leL;k;hdj.k djrk gS\ dkUV vius *fØVhd vkWQ I;wj
jhtu* esa bl leL;k dk fdl izdkj vUos"k.k djrs gSa \
“I never can catch myself at any time without perception, and never can observe anything but the
perception. ” How does this statement by Hume problematize the philosophical notion of personal
identity? How does Kant deal with the problem is his Critique of Pure Reason?
**********
TOPIC NO. 4
dkaV % la’ys"kkRed çkxuqHkfod fu.kZ; dh laHkkouk] fnd~ ,oa dky] inkFkZ] rdZcqf) ds çR;;] foçfr"ks/k]
ijekRek ds vfLrRo ds çek.kksa dh ehekalk
(Kant : Possibility of Synthetic a priori Judgment, Space and Time, Categories, Ideas of Reason,
Antinomies, Critique of Proofs for the Existence of God)
dkaV (Kant)
ns'k vkSj dky ds ckjs esa dk.V ds fl)kar dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dhft,A 1990
(Give a critical account of Kan’ts theory about space and time.)
dkaV ds ;FkkFkZrk fl)kar dh foospuk dhft,A og foKku] n’kZu rFkk /keZ ds nkos esa lkeatL; dSls LFkkfir djrk gS\ 1992
fu’p;iwoZd crkb, fd og vius ç;Ru esa lQy gksrk gS ;k ughaA (Discuss Kant’s theory of reality. How does he
attempt to reconcile the claims of science, philosophy and religion? Ascertain if he succeeds in his task.)
D;k la’ys"k.kkRed lR; dk vuqHko fujis{k gks ldrk gS\ ;fn gk¡ rks D;k ,slk Kku loZO;kih ,oa vko’;d lR; dk gh 1994
Kku gksxk\ bl lanHkZ esa dk.V ds er dh vkykspukRed foospuk dhft,A (Can Synthetic truths be known a priori?
If so, must such Knowledge be Knowledge of universal and necessary truths? In this context critically consider
Kant’s view.)
fVIi.kh & dkaV dk çkxuqHkfod fuxeu fla)karA (Doctrine of transcendental deduction) A 1995
dkaV ds bl fopkj ls vki D;k le>rs gS fd fnd~ ,oa dky 'kq) vUrKkZu ds vk/kkj gS\a bl laca/k esa vius er dks 1996
LFkkfir djus ds fy, muds }kjk fn, x, rdks± dh O;k[;k dhft,A (What do you understand by Kant’s claim that space
and time are forms of pure intuition? Explain the arguments he gives in support of his position in this regard.)
rdZ&cqf)okn vkSj vuqHkookn dk vfrØe.k djds dkaV bu nksuksa ds chp lkeatL; dSls cSBkrk gS & fVIi.khA 1997
(How Kant reconciles rationalism with empiricism by superseding them?)
cqf)xr /kkj.kkvksa fo"k;d dkaV dh /kkj.kk Li"V dhft,A (Kant’s idea of Reason.) — Notes. 1999
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, lk{;ksa dh dkaV dh vkykspuk crkb, vkSj mudk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2000
(State and examine Kant’s criticism of the proofs for the existence of God.)
fVIi.kh & dkaV dk ns’kdkyA (Kant’s Conception of Space and time.) — Notes. 2001
dkaV dk &^leh{kkRed n’kZu* rdZcqf)okn vkSj bfUæ;kuqHkookn ds chp ,d lek/kku gSA* bl fVIi.kh dks iwjh rjg Li"V 2002
dhft, vkSj ikjEifjkd rÙoehekalk dh laHkkouk ds fy, ,sls lek/kku dss ifj.kke ij çdk’k Mkfy,A
(Kant’s “Critical Philosophy is a reconciliation between Rationalism and Empiricism.’ Elucidate the remark fully
and bring out the consequence of such a reconciliation for the possibility of traditional metaphysics.)
fVIi.kh & laf’y"V çkxuqHkfod fu.kZ; fdl çdkj laHko gS\ (How is synthetic apriori judgment possible) – Notes.2003
fVIi.kh & fQuksfeuk vkSj U;qfeuk ds chp dkaV ds foHksn dh lkFkZdrkA (The significance of Kant’s distinction 2004
between phenomena and neumena)– Notes.
dkaV áwe ds la’k;okn ds çfr fdl çdkj vuqfØ;k djrk gS\ (How does Kant respond to Hume’s scepticism). 2005
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds çek.kksa dh dkaV dh vkykspuk dks Li"V dhft, & fVIi.khA 2006
(Explain Kant’s criticism of the proofs for the existence of God) — Short Notes.
dkaV ¼dkar½ ds vuqlkj la’ys"kd rFkk çkxuqHkfod fu.kZ; dk Lo:i & fVIi.khA 2007
(Nature of synthetic a-priori judgment according to Kant – Notes).
rRoehekalk ij áwe vkSj dkaV (Hume and Kant on metaphysics). 2008
7
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy;s çR;;&lÙkk ;qfä ds fo#) dkaV dh vkifÙk;k¡A 2009
(Kant’s objections against the ontological argument for the existence of God.)
D;k dkj.k gS fd dkaV dk dguk gS fd vfLrRo ,d fo/ks; ugha gS\ 2010
Why does Kant say that existence is not a predicate? (150 words)
vkdk’k ¼varfj{k½ vkSj le; dh ladYiukvksa ij ykbcfuRt vkSj dkaV ds chp D;k vk/kkjHkwr varj gS\ 2010
What is the basic difference between Leibniz and Kant on the concepts of space and time? (300 words)
^^áwe us eq>s erkxzgh fuæk ls txk fn;k gSA** dkaV us fdl lanHkZ esa ;g dFku dgk Fkk\ foospu dhft,A 2011
“Hume aroused me from my dogmatic slumber”. In what context Kant has made this statement? Explain.
(20 Marks)
dkaV ds n’kZu dks rRoehekalk esa dksiÆudlh; Økafr ds :i esa D;ksa tkuk tkrk gS\ dkaV ds n’kZu esa Økafrdkjh 2012
D;k Fkk\ vius mÙkj ds fy;s rdZ nhft,A
(Why is Kant’s philosophy known as a Copernican revolution in metaphysics? What was revolutionary about
Kantian philosophy? Give reasons for your answer). (15 Marks)
fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj la’ys"k.kkRed ds Hksn dk Dokbu }kjk [k.Mu rFkk mlds vuqorhZ nk’kZfud rdks± dk vkykspukRed 2012
ijh{k.k dhft,A Explain critically Quine’s rejection of the analytic synthetic distinction and his subsequent
philosophical arguments. (15 Marks)
foizfr"ks/k D;k gksrk gS \ dkaV }kjk pfpZr izeq[k foizfr"ks/kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 2013
(What is an antinomy ? Descibe the major antionmies discussed by Kant.) (10 Marks)
dkaV ds dkj.krk ds fopkj dks Li"V dhft,A dkaV fdl lhek rd ãwe dh vkifÙk fd dkj.k&laca/k esa rkfdZd 2013
vo’;drk dh deh gS] dk mÙkj nsus esa lQy gks ik;k gS \
(State Kant’s view of causality. How far is Knat able to answer Hume’s objection that causal relation lacks logical
necessity ?) (12.5 Marks)
ckS)ksa dh *vLFkkf;Ro* dh vofLFkfr dks Li"V dhft, vkSj n’kkZb, fd vLFkkf;Ro dk fopkj fdl izdkj ;FkkFkZrk dh 2013
{kf.kdrk ds fla)kr rd ys tkrk gSA
Explain the Buddhists’ position of ‘Impermancene’ and show how the idea of Impermancene leads to the theory of
momentariness of reality (10 Marks)
dkaV ds vuqlkj vuqHko&fujis{k la’ys"k.kkRed fu.kZ; dSls leFkZuh; gSa \ Li"V dhft,A 2014
How are the synthetic a priori judgements justifiable according to Kant ? (10 Marks)
dkUV ds vuqlkj fo’kq) izKfIr;k¡ D;k gS\a Kku dh izfØ;k esa fo’kq) izKfIr;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k djsAa 2016
What, according to Kant, are ‘pure concepts’ ? Examine their role in the process of knowing.
(20 Marks)
dSls *lHkh nsg foLrkfjr gSa* & ,d fo’ys"k.kkRed fu.kZ; gS] fdUrq *lHkh nsg Hkkjh gSa* ,d la’ys"k.kkRed fu.kZ; gS \ D;k 2017
izR;sd ?kVuk dk ,d dkj.k gSa & ,d fo’ys"k.kkRed vFkok ,d la’ys"k.kkRed fu.kZ; \ O;k[;k dhft;sA
How is ‘all bodies are extended’ an analytic judgement but ‘all bodies are heavy’ a synthetic judgement ? Is ‘every
event has a cause’ an analytic or a synthetic judgment ? Explain.
dkaV ds fnd~ ,oa dky ds fl)kUr dh O;k[;k dhft;sA ;g fl)kUr dk.V dks ;g O;k[;k djus esa dSls leFkZ cukrk gS 2017
fd xf.krh; izfrKfIr;k¡ la’ys"k.kkRed vkSj vuqHkofujis{k nksuksa gks ldrh gSa \
Elaborate Kant’s theory of space and time. How does this theory enable him to explain how mathematical
propositions can be both synthetic and a priori ?
*cks/k izd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk gS*] dkUV dh bl vH;qfDr ds egRo dh o;k[;k dhft,A bl ckr ls vki dgk¡ rd 2018
lger gSa fd gsxy s dk fujis{kokn] dkUV ds }Srokn dh ijkdk"Bk gSa \ foopsu dhft,A vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ
nhft,A
Explain the significance of the Kantian dicturn, ‘Understanding makes Nature.’ How far do you agree that Hegal’s
Absolutism is the culmination of the Kantian Dualism.? Dicuss. Give reasons in favour of your answer.
ns’k ,oa dky ds vuqHkokrhrrk ds fy, dkUV fdl izdkj rdZ izLrqr djrs gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2019
How does Kant argue for the transcendence of Space and Time ? Discuss. (20)

dkUV ds vuqlkj fo’kq) rdZcfq ) dc foizfr"ks/k ds {ks= esa izos’k d tkrh gS\ D;k dkUv dh fo’kq) rdZcfq ) dh foizfr"ks/k dh 2020
vo/kkj.kk muds }kjk izfrikfnr O;ogkj lr~ rFkk ijekFkz lr~ ds Hksn dh izkd`frd ifj.kfr gS\

8
When does Pure Reason enter into the realm of Antinomies according to Kant? Is Kant’s notion of
Antinomies of Pure Reason a natural culmination of his distinction between Phenomena and
Noumena? Give reasons in favour of your answer.
**********
TOPIC NO. 5
ghxsy % }a}kRed ç.kkyh] ijeçR;;okn (Hegel : Dialectical Method, Absolute Idealism)

gsxy (Hegal)
fVIi.kh & gsxy dh }U} U;k; i)frA (Hegal’s Dialectical method) – Notes. 1990
fVIi.kh & gsxy dk er vius flj ds cy [kM+k gS; mls iqu% Bhd dj myV nsuk gSA 1992
(Hegal’s view stands on its head; it must be turned right side up again.) – Notes.
}U}kRed ç.kkyh dh eq[; ckr ;g gS fd ;g çR;sd fof’k"V vfHko`fÙk ;k fo’okl ds i{kikriw.kZ nkos dks rkÆdd vk/kkj 1997
ij gkL;kin cukdj] mls pqukSrh nsrh gSA ¼fVIi.kh½A (The Dialectical method simply consists in challenging every
typical attitude or belief by rendering its partisan claims logically ridiculoues.) – Notes.
gsxy dh }U}kRed fof/kA (Hegel’s Dialectical Method.) 2002
gsxy dh }a}kRed ç.kkyh ij lekykspukRed ppkZ dhft,A (Critically discuss the Hegel’s Dialectical method). 2006
gsxy dh }a}kRed i)fr & fVIi.khA (Hegel’s Dialectical Method) – Short notes. 2007
^^rdZlaxr okLrfod gksrk gS vkSj okLrfod rdZlaxr gksrk gSA** fVIi.kh dhft,A 2009
(“The rational is real and the real is rational.” – Comment.
ghxy dh }U}kRed i)fr dks Li"V dhft, rFkk ;g n’kkZb;s fd ,sfrgkfld fodkl Øe dks Li"V djus esa ;g fdl
çdkj mi;ksxh gS\ (Explain Hegelian dialectical method and show how it is useful in explaining the historical
development process?) (15 Marks)
fVIi.kh dhft,A *lapyu Lo;a O;k?kkr gSA* bl lanHkZ esa] gsxsy dh }}akRed iz.kkyh dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2013
Comment: ‘Movement is contradication itself.’ Examine, in this context, Hegal’s dialectical method. (12.5 Marks)
s dk D;k fopkj gS\ D;k mudh bZ’ojoknh O;k[;k vkSifuosf’kd rFkk lkezfT;d foLrkjokn 2016
bZ’oj ds fo"k; esa gsxy
fMtkbu dh izfØ;k esa lgk;d ekuh tk ldrh gS \ Li"V djsAa
What is Hegel’s view on God? Do you think that his interpretation of God was contributive to the colonial and
imperial expansionist designs ? Explain. (15 Marks)
gsxy
s ds bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft, % **leLr vHksn] vHksnkHksn gSA** 2017
Elaborate Hegal’s dictum : ‘All identity is identity and difference.’
gsxy
s ds n’kZu esa] lR; dh izkfIr esa] }U}kRed i)fr dh D;k Hkwfedk gS \ 2019
What is the role of dialectics din realizing the truth in Hegel’s philosophy ? (10 Marks)
gsxsy ds fujis{k izR;;okn ds vkyksd esa O;kogkfjd txr~ dh lR;rk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2020
Examine the reality of the phenomenal world in the light of Hegel’s Absolute Idealism.

**********

9
 TOPIC NO. 6
ewj] jlsy ,oa iwoZorhZ foV~xsULVhu % lkekU; cqf) dk eaMu] çR;;okn dk [kaMu]
rkÆdd ijek.kqokn] rkÆdd jpuk] viw.kZ çrhd] vFkZ dk fp=- fl)kUr] mfDr ,oa çn’kZu
(Moore, Russell and Early Wittgensteinew:jDefence (Moore) of Common sense, Refutation of Idealism,
Logical Atomism, Logical Constructions, Incomplete Symbols, Picture Theory of Meaning, Saying1993
fVIi.kh & ewj dh fo’ys"k.k i)frA (Critical Notes on GE. Moore’s way of analysis.) and
Showing)
fVIi.kh & lkekU; cqf) n’kZuA (Critical Notes on Philosophy of Common – Sense.) 1994
ewj çR;;okn dk [kaMu dSls djrs gSa\ vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A 1998
(How does Moore refute idealism? Critically evaluate.)
lkekU; cqf) fo"k;d ewj dh /kkj.kk Li"V dhft, rFkk mlds leFkZu ds fy, muds rdks± dh ijh{kk dhft,A 1999
(Clarify Moore’s conception of common sense and examine his arguments in its defence.)
ewj }kjk çR;;okn ds [kaMu dk ,d leh{kkRed fooj.k çLrqr dhft,A 2000
(Give a critical account of Moore’s refutation of idealism.)
ewj dh lkekU; cqf) dh çfrj{kkA ¼fVIi.kh½A 2002
(Moore’s Defense of Common-Sense) – Notes.
tc ewj tksj nsdj dgrk gS fd ^i`Foh dk vfLrRo gS* ;k ^gekjs vanj psruk gS* ds çdkj dh çfrKfIr;k¡ 2010
lkekU;ksfDr;k¡ gSa] rc D;k LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A
What does Moore want to establish when he asserts that propositions like ‘the earth exists’ or ‘we have
consciousness’ are truisms? Discuss. (200 words)
çR;;okn ds fo#) th-bZ- ewj ds }kjk fn, x, rdZ D;k i;kZIr gSa\ Lo;a ds mÙkj ds fy, dkj.k nhft,A 2011
Are the arguments given by G.E. Moors against Idealism, adequate? Give reasons for your answer. 30 Marks
ijek.kq vkSj lkekU; izfrKfIr;ksa ds chp foHksnu dhft,A n’kkZb, fd mudks fdl izdkj lR; fl) fd;k tkrk gSA 2013
Distinguish between atomic and general propositions. Show how they are justified true. (12.5 Marks )
fVIi.kh dhft, % *ewj dk lkekU; cqf) dk i{k&iks"k.k vko’;d :Ik ls lkekU; Hkk"kk dk i{k&iks"k.k gSA* 2013
Comment : Moore’s defence of common sense essentially is defence of ordinary language.’ (12.5 Marks)
D;k lkekU; cqf) dh lQkbZ esa th-bZ- ewj }kjk nh xbZ ;qfä;k¡ larks"kizn gSa\ dkj.k nhft,A 2014
Are G.E. Moore’s arguments in defence of common sense satisfactory ? (15 Marks )
th-bZ- ewvj dk vkn’kZokn dk [k.Mu A 2015
G.E. Moore’s refutation of idealism. (10 Marks)
foVxsUVkbu dk vFkZ dk fp= fl)kUr D;k gSa \ mlds }kjk bl fl)kUr dks NksM+us rFkk vFkZ ds mi;ksx fl)kUr dks 2017
izLrkfor djus ds D;k dkj.k gSa \
What is Wittgenstein’s picture theory of meaning ? What are his reasons for giving up this theory and suggesting
the use theory of meaning ?
D;k dkj.k gS fd ewj ds n’kZu dks lkekU; cqf) okLrookn dgk tkrk gS \ 2019
Why is Moore’s philosophy called common-sense realism ?
ewj ds fuEufyf[kr dFku dh lekykspukRed foospuk dhft, % 2020
**;fn dksbZ O;fDr gesa dgs fd ;g dguk fd *uhyk fo|eku gS* ;g dgus ds lerqY; gS fd *uhyk rFkk psruk nksuksa
fo|eku gSa]* rks og O;fDr =qfV rFkk ,d vkRe&O;k?kkrh =qfV djrk gSA**
Critically discuss the following statement by Moore :
“If anyone tells us that to say ‘Blue exists’ is the sae thing as to say that ‘Both blue and
consciousness exist’, he makes a mistake and a self-contradictory mistake.”
**fdUrq D;k ge ,d ,slh Hkk"kk dh Hkh dYiuk dj ldrs gS ftuesa dksbZ O;fDr vius vUn:uh vuqHkoks&
a vius Hkkoksa] euksn’kkvksa 2020
vkfn&dk fyf[kr vFkok ekSf[kd lEizs"k.k vius futh iz;ksx ds fy, dj lds \** foVxsu~LVkbu ds }kjk bl iz’u ds fn, x, mÙkj
dh lekykspukRed dhft,A
“But could we also imagine a language in which a person could write down or give vocal expression to
his inner experience-his feelings, moods and the rest-for his private use?” Critically discuss the answer
offered by Wittgenstein to this question.
10
 **********
jlsy ,oa iwoZorhZ foV~xsULVhu (Russel & Early Wittgenstein)
rkÆdd v.kqokn (Logical Atomism)
jlsy ds o.kZu fl)kUr dh O;k[;k dhft, vkSj ih-,Q- LVªkWlu dh vkykspuk ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa mldh ijkh{kk dhft,A 1997
(Elucidate Bertrand Russel’s theory of descriptions, and examine it with special reference to its criticism by
P.F. Strawson.)
fVIi.kh & rkÆdd v.kqoknA (Critical Notes on Logical atomism) 1998
fu"ks/kkRed rRoksa fo"k;d jlsy dh ladYiukA (Russell’s concept of negative facts.) 1999
jlsy dk rkÆdd jpuk dk fl)kUrA (Russell’s theory of logical constructions.) 2001
jlsy dk rkÆdd ijek.kqokn D;k gS\ bl laca/k esa] blesa 'kkfey rRoehekalk dh ladYiuk dks lqLi"V dhft,A 2003
(What is Russell’s logical atomism? Bring out in this connection the conception of metaphysics involved in it.)
fVIi.kh & ^mfDr^ vkSj ^çn’kZu^ ds chp foHksnA (Distinction between ‘saying’ and ‘showing’) – Notes. 2004
fuf’pr o.kZuksa ds jlsy ds fo’ys"k.k dk dFku dhft, vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A 2007
(State and discuss Russell’s analysis of Definite Descriptions).
rkÆdd fuÆefr dh fFk;ksjh dks Li"V dhft,A D;k og fFk;ksjh Hkk"kk dk i;kZIr dkj.k çnku djrh gS\ 2008
(Explain the theory of logical construction. Does it provide a satisfactory account of language?)
D;k foVxsuLVkbu ds vuqlkj iqu:fDr;k¡ vFkZghu gksrh gSa\ 2010
(Are tautologies meaningless according to Wittgenstein? (150 Words)
jlsy ds fooj.k fl)kar esa ^viw.kZ çrhd* dk D;k fopkj gS\ foospu dhft,A 2011
(What is Russell’s idea of ‘Incomplete symbols’ in his theory of description? Discuss. (15 Marks)
jlsy ds vuqlkj fuf’pr fooj.kksa ds fl)kUr dks le>kb;sA 2015
(Explain the theory of definite descriptions according to Russell. (15 Marks)
*viw.kZ izrhdks*a ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ jlsy ds vFkZ fl)kar esa mudh D;k Hkwfedk gS \ ppkZ dhft,A 2015
What do we understand by incomplete symbols ? What role do they play in Russell’s theory of meaning? Discuss
(10 Marks)
jly ds bl n`f"Vdks.k dh O;k[;k djsa fd *HkkSfrd oLrq bfUnz;&nÙk dh rkfdZd ljapuk gSA** og vius rÙoehekalh; 2016
n`f"Vdks.k dks *rVLFk ,dRrokn* D;ksa dgrs gSa \
Explain Russell’s view that “the Physical object is logical construction from sensedata”. Why does he call his
metaphysical view ‘neutral mosism’? (15 Marks)
*eSa ,d euq"; ls feyk* ;g dFku dSls jlsy ds fy;s 'kCnkFkZd n`f"V ls leL;kijd gS \ jlsy bl dFku dh lkFkZdrk 2017
dk fooj.k dSls nsrs gSa \
How is the statement, ‘I met a man,’ semantically problematic for Russell ? How does he account for the
meaningfulness of this statement ?
n'kZu dh vf/kdrj fu.kkZ;d leL;kvksa ds cks/k ds fy, ,dek= ekxZ ds :Ik esa foV~xsULVkbu *tks dgk tk ldrk gS* 2018
vkSj *ftls fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS* esa dSls Hksn djrk gS \ D;k og vkSfpR;iw.kZ gSa \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
How does Wittgenstein apply the distincition between ‘saving’ and ‘showing’ to point to a single way of
apprehending the most decisive problems of philosophy ? Is he justified ? Give reasons for your answer.
jlsy dh fu’pk;d o.kZu dh fFk;ksjh] mlds rkfdZd ijek.kqokn ls dSls lEcfU/kr gSa \ foospu dhft, vkSj vius mÙkj 2018
ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
How is Russell’s theory of definite description related to his logical Atomism ? Dicuss and give reasons for you
answer.
**esjk viuh vo/kkj.kk dks rkfdZd ijek.kqokn dh laKk nsus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd fo’ys"k.k }kjk izkIr vafre vo’ks"k ds :Ik esa ftu 2020
ijek.kqvksa ij g igq¡prs gS] os rkfdZd ijek.kq gSa u fd HkkSfrd ijek.kqA**
mi;qZä dFku ds vkyksd esa jly ds vuqlkj ijef.od rF;ksa ds Lo:Ik ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
“The reason that I call my doctrine logical atomism is because the atoms that I wish to arrive at us
the sort of last residue in analysis are logical atoms and not physical atoms.”

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 **********
TOPIC NO. 7
rkÆdd çR;{kokn % vFkZ dk lR;kiu fl)kUr] rÙoehekalk dk vLohdkj] vfuok;Z çfrKfIr dk Hkkf"kd
fl)kUr (Logical Positivism : Verification Theory of Meaning, Rejection of Metaphysics,
Linguistic Theory of Necessary Propositions)

rkÆdd Hkkookn (Logical Positivism)

dksbZ vkuqHkfod çfrKfIr dHkh fu’p;kRed ugha gks ldrh gSA bl dFku ij fVIi.kh dhft,A 1990
(No empirical proposition is ever certain. Comment.)
rÙoehekalk ds laca/k esa ,;j d ser dk vkykspukRed foospu dhft,A 1998
(Critically discuss Ayer’s view on metaphysics.)
vfuok;Z çfrKfIr;ksa ds Hkk"kkbZ er ds fojks/k esa Dokbu ds rdZ dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 1999
(Examine Quine’s critique of the linguistic theory of necessary propositions.)
lR;kiu fl)kUr dks Li"V dhft, vkSj n’kkZb, fd D;k ;g fl)kUr rRoehekalk ds fujkl ij igq¡pk nsrk gSA 2000
(Explain the verification theory and show whether it leads to the elimination of metaphysics.)
rkÆdd çR;{kokfn;ksa dh rRoehekalk dh fujlu laca/kh ;qfDr;ksa dk ewY;kadu dhft,A 2001
(Evaluate the logical positivists arguments for the elimination of metaphysics.)
rkÆdd çR;{kokfn;ksa ds rÙoehekalk dk fujkdj.k djus ds ç;klksa dk dFku dhft, vkSj mu ij ppkZ dhft,A 2005
(State and discuss the logical positivists’ attempts to eliminate metaphysics.)
rkÆdd çR;{kokfn;ksa }kjk fd;k gqvk rÙoehekalk dk fujkdj.k & fVIi.khA 2007
(Elimination of metaphysics at the hands of Logical Positivists) – Short Notes.
ijh{k.k dhft, fd ,s;j rÙoehekalk dk fdl çdkj fujkdj.k dj nsrk gSA 2009
(Examine how Ayer eliminates metaphysics).
D;k vko’;d çfrKfIr;k¡ çÑfr vuqlkj Hkk"kkbZ gksrh gS\a rkÆdd çR;{kokn ds çdk’k esa bl ij ppkZ dhft,A 2010
Are necessary propositions linguistic by nature? Discuss in the light of logical positivism. (200 words)
lR;kiu fl)kUr dh lhekvksa dk foospu dhft,A 2011
(Discuss the limitations of verification theory. [20 Marks])
^rkÆdd Hkkookn ;g nkok djrk gS fd rRoehekalk vkSj bZ’ojehekalk vFkZghu gS D;ksfa d os u rks rdZ’kkL= ds fo"k; gSa 2012
vkSj u gh vkuqHkfod :i ls lR;kiuh; gSA* bldk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A
(Logical positivism broadly claims that Metaphysics and Theology are meaningless because they are neither
matters of logic nor verifiable empirically.’ Critically examine. [12 Marks])
vfuok;Z izfrKfIr;ksa dk bafnz;kuqHkfod izfrKfIr;ksa ls foHksnu dhft,A vfuok;Z izfrKfIr dk fdl izdkj U;k;laxr fl) 2013
fd;k tkrk gS\ Li"V dhft,A
Distinguish necessary from empirical propositions. How is a necessary proposition justified ? Explain . (10 Marks)
D;k bafnz;kuqHkfod dFku fu.kZ;d :Ik ls lR;kiuh; gS \ *vFkZ ds lR;kiu fla)kr* dh ifjlhekvksa dh ppkZ dhft,A 2014
(Are empirial statements conclusively verifiable ? Discuss the limitations of ‘verification theory of meaning’.) (20
Marks)
lR;kiu fl)kar dh O;k[;k djsaA D;k ;g rÙoehekalk ds fu"dklu dh vksj vxzlj djrk gS \ 2016
Explain verification theory. Does it lead to elimination of metaphysics ? (10 Marks)
*tks Hkh jaxhu gS og foLr`r gS]* D;k og okD; rkfdZd izR;{kokfn;ksa dh vFkZiw.kZrk dh dlkSVh dks lUrq"V djrk gSa \ 2017
O;k[;k dhft,A
Does the sentence, ‘whatever is colured is extended’, satisfy the criterion of meansingfulness proposed by the
12
logical postitivists ? Explain.
rkfdZd izR;{koknh ;g dSls n’kkZrs gSa fd rÙoehekalh; dFku fujFkZd gSa \ D;k mudh vFkZ ds lR;kiu dh fFk;ksjh lHkh 2018
oSKkfud dFkuksa dh lkFkZdrk gsrq ekU; gks ldrh gSa \ foospu dhft,A
How do the logical postivities show that metaphysical sentences are meaningless ? Can their verification theory of
meaning account for the meaningfulancess of all scientific sentences ? Discuss.
rkfdZd izR;{koknh lkekU; dFkuksa ds vFkZ dk fooj.k fdl izdkj nsrs gSa \ D;k ogh fooj.k rÙoehekalh; dFkuksa ij Hkh 2019
ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS \ foospuk dhft,A
How do the logical positivists account for the meaning of general statements ? Can the same
account be applied to metaphysical statements ? Discuss. (20 Marks)

**vfrekuo dh vkRek 'kqHk gSA** 2020

rkfdZd izR;{kokn ds vkyksd esa miqZä dFku dk lhek{kkRed ijh{k.k dhft,A
“The Soul of Superman is Good.”
Critically examine the above statement in the light of logical positivism.
**********
TOPIC NO. 8
mÙkjorhZ foV~xsULVhu % vFkZ ,oa ç;ksx] Hkk"kk&[ksy] O;fDrxr Hkk"kk dh ehekalk
(Later Wittgenstein: Meaning and Use, Language-games, Critique of Private Language)

Hkk"kk&[ksy ¼foV~xaLs Vhu½ & fVIi.khA (Language - games) – Short Notes.) 1987
Hkk"kk&[ksy dk fl)kUr vkSj n’kZu esa mldk mi;ksx & fVIi.khA (The theory of language-games and its application to 1993
philosophy – Short Notes).
foV~xLsa Vhu ds bl fopkj dh O;k[;k ,oa foospuk dhft, fd & ^^n’kZu dk ifj.kke fdlh uk fdlh iw.kZ fujFkZdrk dk 1995
,oa mu pksVksa dk mn~?kkVu djuk gS tks Hkk"kk dh lhekvksa ls flj Vdjkus ds dkj.k cqf) dks yxrh gSA**
(Explain and discuss Wittgenstein’s view that “the results of philosophy are the uncovering of one or another piece
of plain nonsense and of bums that understanding has got by running its head up against the limits of language.”)
foV~xLsa Vhu ds ^Hkk"kk;h [ksy* ,oa ^ikfjokfjd lkn`’;* ds fopkjksa dk leh{kkRed ewY;kadu dhft,A 1996
(Give a critical evaluation of Wittgenstein’s ideas of ‘language game’ and ‘family resemblance’).
foV~xLsa Vhu dk Hkk"kk&ØhM+k vfHkçk; & fVIi.khA (Wittgenstein’s notion of language-game) – Short Notes. 2008
^^’kCn dk vFkZ mlds ç;ksx esa fufgr gksrk gSA** foLrkj ls le>kb,A 2011
(“Meaning of the word lies in its use”. Explain in detail. (30 Marks).
foV~xsUlVkbu ds vuqlkj & ^^n’kZu’kkL= Hkk"kk }kjk gekjh cqf) ds lEeksgu ds fo#) ,d la?k"kZ gSA** mijksDr dFku ds 2012
lanHkZ esa n’kZu’kkL= ds dk;Z dks le>kb,A
(According to Wittgenstein “Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of
language’. Explain the function of philosophy in the context of above statement). (12 Marks)
futh Hkk"kk dh laHkkouk ds fo:) foVxSuLVkby ds rdksZa dks Li"V dhft,A 2013
Explain Wittgenstein’s argument s against the possibility of private language. (10 Marks )
VªsDVsVl ds n’kZu esa ijek.kqokn ¼,sVksfeTe½ dh cVªkZM jlsy }kjk dh xbZ O;k[;k ls foVVxsaLVkbu D;ksa vlger gS \ 2014
ppkZ dhft,A
Why does Wittgenstein disagree with Bertrand Russell’s interpretation of atomism in the philosophy of Tractatus ?
Discuss. (20 Marks)
Hkk"kk [ksyksa vkSj thou :Ikksa ds chp laca/k ij izdk’k Mkfy,A 2014
Bring out the relationship between language games and forms of life. (20 Marks )

13
futh Hkk"kk dh laHkkouk dks foV~xsUlVkbu D;ksa vLohdkj djrs gSa \ 2016
Why does Wittgenstein reject the possibility of private language ? (10 Marks)
*Hkk"kk ,d [ksy gS* blds vuqeksnu esa *dqy&lkE;* dh ladYiuk foV~xsULVkbu dh dSls lgk;rk djrh gSa \ 2018
How does the nation of ‘family resemblance’ help Wittgenstein to uphold that ‘Language is game’ ? Discuss.
n’kkZb, fd foVxsUlVkbu dh vgaek=okn dh ehekalk dk pjeksRd"kZ fdl izdkj futh Hkk"kk dh ehekalk esa gks tkrk gSA 2019
Show how Wittgenstein’s critique of solipsism culminates in the critique of private language.
(20)

**********
TOPIC NO. 9
lao`fr’kkL= ¼gqLlyZ½ % ç.kkyh] lkj fl)kUr] euksfoKkuijrk dk ifjgkj
(Phenomenology (Husserl) : Method, Theory of Essences, Avoidance of Psychologism)

lao`fÙk’kkL= (Phenomenology)
gqLlyZ dh QsukesuksykWth fo"k;d ewyHkwr ladYiukvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A ;g dsoy ,d nk’kZfud jhfr gS ;k 1997
bls ,d rÙoehekalk ekuk tk ldrk gS\ (Explain the basic concepts of the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl.
Is it only a philosophical method or can it be regarded as a metaphysics?)
gqLlyZ dh iwoZekU;rk jfgr [kkst dh ifj;kstukA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Husserl’s project of presupposition less inquiry. 1999
Comment. )
gqLlyZ dh dks"Bu ç.kkyh dh nk’kZfud egÙkk dks Li"V dhft,A 2001
(Bring out the philosophical significance of Husserl’s method of bracketing.)
dBksj foKku ds :i esa n’kZu dh glyZ dh ladYiuk ij ppkZ dhft,A 2003
(Discuss Husserl’s conception of philosophy as rigorous science).
^lkf{kHkko* D;k gksrk gS\ gqlyZ dh dBksj foKku dh ladYiuk ds fy, bldh lkFkZdrk ij çdk’k Mkfy,A 2005
(What is ‘epoche’? Bring out its significance for Husserl’s conception of rigorous science).
gqLlyZ ds vuqlkj vuqHkokrhr vge~ dk D;k vfHkçk; gS\ og lk=sZ ds vge~ ds vfHkçk; ls fdu ckrksa esa fHké gS\ 2008
(What is the notion of transcendental ego according to Husserl? How is it different from Satre’s ntion of the ego?
Lkk=sZ vkSj gkbMsxj esa vkuqHkfod vge~ fdl çdkj gLlyZ esa vuqHkokrhr vge~ ls fHké gS\a 2010
(How is the empirical ego in Sartre and Heidegger different from the transcendental ego in Husserl? (300 words)
gqLlyZ ds vuqlkj fo"k;kis{kk D;k gS\ fo"k; ds vFkZ rd igq¡pus esa bldh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ 2011
(What, according to Husserl is Intentionality? Discuss its role in arriving at the meaning of object. 30 Marks.)
gqljsy dh *dks"Bhdj.k* dh vo/kkj.kkA 2015
Husserl’s notion of ‘bracketing’ (10 Marks )
gqlyZ ds vuqlkj nk’kZfud dk D;k dk;Z gS \ D;k vki ;g ekurs gSa fd mudh fof/k;k¡ n’kZu ds fy, izkalfxd gSa \ 2016
o.kZu djsAa
What, according to Husserl, is the task of a philosopher ? Do you think his methods are relevant to philosophy ?
Discuss. (20 Marks)
lao`fÙk’kkL=h; vip;okn ds leFkZu esa gqlyZ dh rdZc`f) dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2017
Explain Husserl’s reasons for advocating phenomenological reductionism.
vlEcU/ku ¼biks[ks½ D;k gSa \ gkbMsxj lkao`frd ¼QsukWesukWykWftdy½ vi;pu dh bl fof/k dks dSls vLohd`r djrk gSa \ 2018
vuqHkokrhr vge~ dh ldaYiuk ds fo:) gkbMsxj dh *txr~ esa gksuk* dh ladYiuk dh O;k[;k dhft,A

14
What is Epoche ? How does Heidegger arject this method of phenomenological reduction ? Explain Heidegger’s
concept of ‘being in the world’ as opposed to the concept of a transcendental ego.
D;k gqLlyZ }kjk foHkzkafr dks ,d lkfHkizk; fØ;k ekuk tk ldrk gS \ O;k[;k dhft,A 2019
Can hallucination be regarded as an international act by Husserl ? Explain. (10 Marks)

gqlyZ ds vuqlkj euksfoKkuokn esa D;k leL;k gS\a gqlyZ viuh laofq Ùk’kkL=h; fof/k esa euksfoKkuokn lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dk D;k 2020
fuokj.k izLrqr djrs gSa\
What, according to Husserl, is wrong with psychologism? How does Husserl address the problems with
psychologism in his phenomenological method?
**********
TOPIC NO. 10
vfLrRookn ¼dhdsZxkMZ] lk=Z] gkbZMsxj½ %
vfLrRo ,oa lkj] oj.k] mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa çkekf.kd vfLrRo] foÜofulr~ ,ao dky lÙkk
(Existentialism (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger) :
Existence and Essence, Choice, Responsibility and Authentic Existence, Being-in-the-world and Temporality)

vfLrRookn (Existentialism)
fVIi.kh & ^ekuo og ugha gS tks og gS; ekuo og gS tks og ugha gSA* (Man is not what he is, and is what he is not.) 1991

fVIi.kh & vf/kdka’k euq";ksa dk thou vfLrRo ds fy, fujarj la?k"kZ gS ftlesa os varrksxRok gkj tkus dks foo’k gSaA fQj 1992
Hkh ge ;FkklaHko vius thou dks nh?kZ djus esa cgqr d"V >syrs gSa] Bhd oSls gh tSls ge lkcqu ds cqycqyksa dks
;FkklaHko nsj rd vkSj cM+h ek=k esa cuk, j[krs gSa ;|fi ge fu’p;iwoZd tkurs gSa fd os varr% {kh.k gksx
a As
(The life of most men is but a continuous struggle for existence, a struggle which they are bound to lose at last.
We however take great pains to prolong our lives as far as we can, just as we blow soap-bubbles as long and
as large as we can, though we know with absolute certainty that they must break at last.)
fVIi.kh & ^gj pht dh eki euq"; gSA* (Man is the measure of all things.) 1994
gkbMsxj dh bl /kkj.kk dk foospu dhft, fd e`R;q vfLrRo ijd vuqHko dk ,d :i gSA 1994
(Discuss Heidegger’s notion of death as a mode of existential experience).
vfLrRooknh n’kZu esa ^vfLrRo* 'kCn dk D;k fo’ks"k vk’k; gS\ le>kb;sA 1996
(What especial import does the word ‘existence’ have in the philosophy of existentialism? Explain.).
fVIi.kh & lk=Z dh lkao`frd rRoehekalk (Phenomenological Ontology) 2000
fVIi.kh & ^vfLrRo lkj ls igys vkrk gSA* (Existence precedes essence’) – Notes 2003
Lkk=Z ds Lora=rk ds laçR;; ij ppkZ dhft,A (Discuss Sartre’s conception of freedom). 2004
gkbMsxj dk nkok fd ^nlkbu dk lkj gh mldk vfLrRo gS* & fVIi.khA (Heidegger’s contention that essence of 2008
“Dasein is its existence”- Short Notes.)
^^vfLrRo lkj dk iwooZ rhZ gksrk gSA** & fVIi.kh dhft,A (“Existence precedes essence” - Comment). 2009
^^eSa Lo;a ds çfr ,oa çR;sd vU; ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gw¡** bl dFku dk lk=Z ds vfLrRookn ds lanHkZ esa foospu dhft,A 2011
“I am responsible for myself and for everyone else.” Discuss this statement in the light of Sartre’s existentialism.
(15 Marks)).
^^lksjus dhÆdxkMZ us ;g Li"V fd;k fd & ^çkFkZuk dk dk;Z bZ’oj dks çHkkfor djuk ugha gS cfYd ml O;fä ds LoHkko 2012
dks ifjoÆrr djuk gS tks çkFkZuk djrk gSA** bl dFku ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
Soren Kierkegaard clarified that “The function of prayer is not to influence God but rather to change the nature of
15
the one who prays.” Comment on this statement. (12 Marks).
vfLrRookn dks le>kb;s rFkk blds lcy vkSj fucZy i{kksa dks Lo;a ds 'kCnksa esa crkb;sA 2012
Elucidate Existentialism and indicate its strong and weak points in your own words. (15 Marks).
Lkk=sZ ds *chbax&QkWj&bVlsYQ* vkSj *chbax&bu&bVlsYQ* ds chp foHksn dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2013
Examine Sartre’s distinction between Being-for-itself and Being –in-self. (12.5 Marks)
Okj.k dh dhdZxkMZ dh ldaYiuk dk fo’ys"k.k dhft,A mlds fopkj ea]s D;k lgh ;k xyr oj.k gks ldrk gS \ ppkZ 2013
dhft,
Analyse Kierkegaard’s concept of choice. Can there be, in his view, correct or incorrect choice ? Discuss. (12.5
Marks )
fddZsxkMZ dh oj.k dh vo/kkj.k dks Li"V dhft,A oj.k dh vf/kuhfr’kkL= eas vo/kkj.kk vkn’kZd uhfr’kkL= ls fdl 2014
rjg fHkUu gS \ Li"V dhft,A
Explain Kierkegaard’s concept of choice. How does the concept of choice in metaethics differ from normative
ethics. ? Explain. (20 Marks)
s j ds bl nkos dks izLrqr 2014
fdlh oLrq ds vfLrRo dks tkuuk dkfydrk ¼VSaiksjSfyVh½ ds f{kfrt ds lkeus gksrk gS] gSMx
djrs gq, mldk ewY;kdau dhft,A
State and evaluate Heidegger’s claim that temporality is the horizon against which the being of any entity is
understood. (15 Marks)
ppkZ dhft, fd gkbZMsxj fdl dkj.k rÙohekalk esa Mklkbu dh ldaYiuk dks izofrZr djrs gSa \ 2015
Discuss why Heidegger introucess the concept of Dasein in his metaphysics. (15 Marks)
Ekuo ds lnaHkZ esa vfLrRo vkSj rRo ds chp laca/k ij izdk’k Mkfy,A Li"V dhft, fd lk=Z ds vuqlkj] bl laca/k ls 2015
euq";ksa ds fy, fdl izdkj dh leL;k, mRiUu gksrh gSa \
Bring out the relationship between existence and essence in the case of human being explain the issues it gives rise
to for human beings according to State. (15 Marks )
lk=Z dh *voLrqrk* dk cks/kkRed foospu djsAa 2016
Discuss Sartre’s notion of ‘Nothingness’ (15 Marks)
gkbMsxj dh izkekf.kdrk dh vo/kkj.kk dk foospu dhft;s vkSj O;k[;k dhft;s fd dSls ,d vizkekf.kd Mstkbu [kks;h 2017
vkRek dks iqu%izkIr djrk gSa \
Discuse Heidegger’s concept of authenticity and explain how an inauthentic Desein regains the lost self ?
Lk=Z vizkekf.kdrk dk vkReizoapuk ls dSls lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gS \ lk=Z ;g D;ksa n’kkZrs gSa fd vizkef.kdrk ,oa 2018
vkReizoapuk folEcU/ku dh vksj ys tkrs gSa \ foospu dhft,A
How does Sartre connect inauthenticity with bad faith ? Why does Sartre show that inauthenticity and bad faith
lead to alienation ? Discuss.
D;k gsMsxj ds fy, Mstkbu izkekf.kd lÙkk gS \ os Mstkbu dks fdl izdkj dkfydrk ls lac) djrs gSa \ foospuk 2019
dhft,A
Is Dasein authentic existence for Heidegger ? How does he relate temporality with Dasein ?
Discuss. (20)

p;u&Lokra«; vkSj fu;frokn dh leL;k dks lk=Z fdl izdkj ns[krs gSa \ O;k[;k dhft,A 2019
How does Sartre look at the problem of choice and determinism ? Explain. (15)

*,dy O;fDr* dh leL;k ds lUnHkZ esa **vkRefu"Brk gh lR; gS** ds dFku ds dhdZx
s kMZ dk d;k rkRi;Z gSa \ 2020
What does Kierkegaard mean by saying “Subjectivity is the truth” in the context of the problem of ‘the

16
single individual’?

**ge ftl :Ik esa fufeZr gks x;s gS ge mlesa ls lnSo dqN vkSj dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSA** lk=Z ds bl dFku dh muds 2020
vfLrRookn ls lEcfU/k fopkjksa ds lUnHkZ esa lekykspukRed foospuk dhft,A
“You can always make something out of what you have been made into.” Critically discuss this
statement by Sartre with reference to his views on existentialism.

*********
TOPIC
DokbZu NO. 11
(Quine)
Dokbu
çkxuqHkfod çfrKfIr ,oa LVª
ds Hkk"kkbZ kWlu dh
fl)kUr % baDokbu
fæ;kuqHdhkookn
ehekaldh
k dkeheka
fooslpk]u ewdhft,A
y fof’k"V ,oa O;fä dk fl)kUr 2001
(Quine and Strawson: Critique of Empiricism, Theory
(Examine Quine’s critique of the linguistic theory of a priori propositions.) of Basic Particulars and Persons)
fVIi.kh & Dokbu dks fo’ys"kh&la’ys"kh foHksn~ ij çgkjA (Quine’s attack on Analytic Synthetic Distinction.) 2002
fDou dh fo’ys"kh&la’ys"kh foHksn dh vkykspuk & fVIi.khA 2005
(Quine’s criticism of analytic—synthetic distinction – short notes).
vFkZ dh lR;kiu fFk;ksjh ds laca/k esa fDou dh D;k vkifÙk;k¡ gS\a 2009
(What are Quine’s objections with regard to the verification theory of meaning ?)
;g n’kkZus ds fy, fd fo’ys"k.kkRedrk] Ik;kZ;Ro ugha gS] DokbZu }kjk fn, x, rdksZ dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
Elucidate Quine’s arguments to show that analyticity is not synonymity. (15 Marks )
dkbu }kjk izLrkfor fo’ys"k.kkRed&la’ys"k.kkRed Hksn ij vkykspukRed leh{kk izLrqr djsAa 2016
Discuss Quine’s attack on the analytic-synthetic distinction. (10 Marks)
bafnz;kuqHkookn ds nks gB/keZ D; gSa] ftu ij Dokbu izgkj djrk gS \ f)rh; gB/keZ ds fo:) mlds rdZ D;k gSa \ 2017
What are the tow dogmas of empiricism that Quine attacks ? what are his arguments against what he calles the
second dogma ?
LVªkWlu vius n’kZu esa O;fDr ¼ilZu½ dh ladYiuk dh O;k[;k fdl izdkj djrk gSa \ foospu dhft,A 2018
How does Strawson explain the concept of person in his philosophy ? Discuss.
Dokbu dSls n’kkZrk gS fd dkUV }kjk foosfpr izkxuqHkfod Kku dk vfHkizk; *rÙoehekalh; vkLFkk dk ,d fo"k;* gSa \ 2018
vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
How does Quine show that the notion of a priroi knowledge as discussed by kant is ‘a metaphysical article of
faith’? Give reasons for your answer.

l’ays"k.kkRed&fo’ys"k.kkRed foHksn ds fo:) dokbu ds rdksZa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2019

Explain Quine’s arguments against synthetic-analytic distinction. (10 Marks)

LVªkWlu (Strawson)
fVIi.kh & O;fä dk fl)kUrA (Critically comment on Theory of person.) – Notes 1998
fVIi.kh & vkfne :i esa O;fä dk LVªklu dk çR;;A (Strawson’s notion of person as primitive) – Notes 2003
LVªkWlu ds O;fDr&fl)kUr dk dFku dhft, vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A 2007
(State and discuss Strawson’s theory of Person).
MsLdkÆVl dk eu&’kjhj }Srokn vkSj mlds çfr LVªklu dh vuqfØ;kA 2009
(Descartes’ mind-body dualism and Strawson’s response to it.)
D;k O;fä dh LVªkWlu dh ladYiuk áwe dh vkReu~ dh ladYiuk dk [kaMu gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010

17
(Is Strawson’s concept of a person a refutation of Hume’s concept of Self? Discuss. (300 words)
LVªkSlu ds }kj O;fä dh izd`fr dh viuh ladYiuk ds fy,] fn, x, rdksZ dks Li"V dhft, vkSj mudk ewY;kdau 2013
dhft,A
Explain and evaluate Strawson’s arguments for his conception of the nature of person. (10 Marks)
LVªkWlu ds ekSfyd fo’ks"k fl)kar ds lUnHkz esa oLrqfu"B fpUru esa ns’k&dkfyd fpUru dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu dhft,A 2020
Evaluate the role of spatio-temporal thinking in objective thinking with reference to Strawson’s theory
of basic particulars.

vU; (Others)
vkius ftu nk’kZfudksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS muds lanHkZ esa fuEu vfHker dh O;k[;k dhft, % 1998
^^n’kZu’kkL= oSKkfudksa] xf.krKksa] dyk&leh{kdksa] uSfrdrkokfn;ksa] /keZ’kkfL=;ksa vkfn lc ds }kjk fodflr ladYiuk
ç.kkfy;ksa dks viuh fo"k;&oLrq ds :i esa xzg.k djrk gS vkSj ,slh lHkh ç.kkfy;ksa dks iwjh rjg cks/kxE; cukus ds fy,
tks O;k[;k ;k Li"Vhdj.k vko’;d gks] mls çLrqr gSA**
(Discuss the following view with reference to the philosophers whom you have studied “Philosophy takes the
conceptual systems developed by scientists, mathematicians, art critics, moralists, theologians et al,
as its subject – matter and secks to explain and clarify what has to be explained and clarified about such systems in
order to render them fully comprehensible.”)
fVIi.kh & vkfne :i esa O;fä dk LVªklu dk çR;;A (Strawson’s notion of person as primitive) – Notes 2003
LVªkWlu ds O;fDr&fl)kUr dk dFku dhft, vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A 2007
(State and discuss Strawson’s theory of Person).
MsLdkÆVl dk eu&’kjhj }Srokn vkSj mlds çfr LVªklu dh vuqfØ;kA 2009
(Descartes’ mind-body dualism and Strawson’s response to it.)
D;k O;fä dh LVªkWlu dh ladYiuk áwe dh vkReu~ dh ladYiuk dk [kaMu gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Is Strawson’s concept of a person a refutation of Hume’s concept of Self? Discuss. (300 words)
bZ’oj dks ysdj rdZcqf)okfn;ksa vkSj vuqHkookfn;ksa ds fofHkUu erksa dh O;k[;k djsAa 2016
Discuss the various stances on God taken by Rationalists and Empiricists. (15 Marks)
D;k *vkReokn* dk fl)kar vk/kqfud oSKkfud o rdZ ds ;qx ds ifjizs{; esa Lohdk;Z gS \ Hkkjrh; n’kZu ds lnaHkZ esa 2016
bldh leh{kk djsAa
Is the doctrine of ‘Self’ acceptablein the modern age of science and reason ? Examine the view in the light of
Indian philosophy. (15 Marks)
**********

18
 Hkkjrh; n’kZu (Indian Philosophy)
TOPIC NO. 12
pkokZd % Kku dk fl)kUr] vrhfUæ; lRoksa dk vLohdkj
(Carvaka: Theory of Knowledge, Rejection of Transcendent Entities)

pkokZd (Charvak)
vuqeku laHko ugha gS D;ksfa d mlesa pØd nks"k gS & ¼fVIi.kh½A (‘Inference is not possible, as it involves the fallacy of 1990
petitio – principil) – Notes
pkokZd D;ksa ,dek= çR;{k dks gh çek.k ekurk gS\ tSu rFkk ckS) rdZ’kkfL=;ksa us mlds bl er dk fujkdj.k dSl 1991
fd;k gS\ nksuksa n`f"Vdks.kksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A
(Why does Carvaka accept perception alone as the parmana? How have Jain and Buddhist logicians refuted his
view? Evaluate both the perspectives critically.)
pkokZd n’kZu lqlx
a r rRoehekalk ugha gS] og lq[kokn dk ,d LFkwy çdkj gSA ¼fVIi.kh½ 1992
(The Carvaka system is not a consistent metaphysics ; it is only a crude form of hendonism.) – Notes.
^vkRek psru 'kjhj ds vfrfjDr vkSj dqN ugha gSA* ¼fVIi.kh½ 1998
(The soul is nothing but the conscious body.’) – Notes
pkokZd lEçnk; dk uhfr’kkL=A ¼fVIi.kh½A (‘Ethics of Carvaka School.’) – Short Notes. 2000
pkokZd dk psruk dk fl)karA ¼fVIi.kh½A (‘The Carvaka theory of consciousness.’) – Short Notes. 2001
pkokZd ds er dh fd çR;{k Kku gh Kku dk ,dek= oS/k Lkzksr gksrk gS] dk dFku dhft, vkSj ewY;kadu dhft,A 2002
(State and evaluate critically Charvaka’s view that perception is the only valid source of knowledge.)
pkokZd ds vuqeku dk [kaMu Lo;a esa vuqeku dk ,d çØe gSA ppkZ dhft,A 2003
(Carvaka’s refutation of annumana is itself a process of annumana. Discuss).
fVIi.kh & pkokZd dk ^nsgkReokn*A (Dehatmavada of Carvakas) – Notes. 2004
pkokZd n’kZu ds vuqlkj Kkuehekalk ij ppkZ dhft,& fVIi.khA 2006
(Disucss the theory of knowledge, according to Charvaka Philosophy) – Short Notes.
pkokZd ds vuqlkj vkRek dk Lo:i & fVIi.khA (Carvaka’s views on the nature of soul) – Short Notes. 2007
^^ftl çdkj áwe ds la’k;okn us dkaV dks viuh jk)karoknh fuæk ls ckgj fudyus esa lgk;rk dh Fkh] mlh çdkj 2010
pkokZd n’kZu us Hkkjrh; n’kZu dks jk)kafrdrk ls eqfDr fnykbZ FkhA** ppkZ dhft,A
“Just as the skepticism of Hume helped Kant to come out of his dogmatic slumber, so also the Carvaka philosophy
saved Indian philosophy form dogmatism”. Discuss. (200 words).
pkokZd vkdk’k dh vo/kkj.kk dk [kaMu D;ksa djrs gSa\ foospu dhft,A 2011
(Why do Carvakas reject the concept of Akasa. Discuss. (30 Marks)
pkokZd vuqeku dh çkekf.kdrk esa fo’okl D;ksa ugha djrs\ og vius er ds fy;s D;k rdZ nsrs gS\a 2012
(Why do Carvakas not believe in the validity of inference? What logic do they give for their belief? (12 Marks)
pkokZd fdl vk/kkj ij dkj.k&dk;Z laca/k dk [k.Mu djrs gSa \ vius mÙkj ds fy;s rdZ nhft;sA 2012
On what basis does Carvakas reject the cause—effect relationship? Give reasons for your answer. (15 Marks)
**Kku vkSj txr~ dh lhekvksa dks esjk bafnz;&izR;{k fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA** pkokZd ds bl nkos dh ppkZ dhft,A 2014
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“Limits of knowledge and world are determined by my sense perception.” Discuss this claim of Carvakas. (10
Marks)
izkxuqHkfod lRoksa dks vLohdkj djus ds fy, pkokZd ds rdksZ dks Li"V dhft,A 2015
Explain the arguments of Carvaka to reject transcendental entities. (15 Marks)
O;kfIr ij pkokZd dk n`f"Vdks.k D;k gS\ D;k ;g n`f"Vdks.k uS;kf;dksa dks Lohdk;Z gS \ dkj.kksa lfgr viuk mÙkj izLrqr 2016
djsa A
What would be Carvaka’s view on Vyapti ? Can this view be acceptable to the Naiyayikas ? Give reasons for your
answer. (15 Marks)
**pSrU; ls fof’k"V nsg ds vfrfjä vkRek dqN ugha gSA ** bl er dks Lohdkj djus esa pkokZd ds D;k rdZ gSa \ 2017
“The soul is nothing but conscious body.” What are the reasons for Carvaka in holding theis view ?
D;k pkokZd }kjk vuqeku dk [k.Mu vU; Hkkjrh; n’kZu&lEiznk;ksa dks Lohdkj gSa \ ;fn ugh arks D;ksa \ D;k vkids 2018
fopkj esa vU; lEiznk;ksa ds fopkj vkSfpR;iw.kZ gSa \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
Is Charvaka rejection of inference acceptable to the other systems of Indain philosophy ? If not, why ? do you think
the views of other systems to be justified ? “Give reasons for your answer.
tc pkokZd ekurs gSa fd vuqeku Kku dk ,d lzksr ugha gS]a rc D;k os laxr gksrs gSa \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Are the Caravkas consistent when they hold that inference is not a source of knowledge ?
Discuss. (10)

pkokZd ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr ;qfä esa D;k nks"k gS \ 2019

lHkh euq"; ej.k’khy gSAa

lqdjkr ,d euq"; gSA
blfy, lqdjkr ej.k’khy gSA
vius mÙkj ds fy, rdZ nhsft,A

What is wrong according to the Carvakas with the following argument ?

All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Justify your answer with arguments. (15)
pkokZdksa }kjk vkdk’k ds] lr~ ds vo;o ds :Ik eas] [k.Mu dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, rFkk mudh vkRek ds iqutZUe dh 2020
vkykspuk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
Critically evaluate Carvakas rejection of Akasa as one of the elements of reality and examine their
criticism transmigration of Soul.

**********

20
 TOPIC NO. 13
tSu n’kZu % lÙkk dk fl)kUr] lIrHkaxh u;] ca/ku ,oa eqfDr
(Jainism : Theory of Reality, Saptabhangi Naya, Bondage and Liberation)

tSu n’kZu (Jain Philosophy)

L;kn~okn vkSj mldk vkSfpR;A ¼fVIi.kh½A (Syadvads and its justification) – Notes 1993
tSu n’kZu esa çR;{k dk fo’ys"k.kA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Analysis of perception in the Jaina Philosophy.) – Notes. 1994
,dkUrokn rFkk vusdkUroknA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Ekantavada and Anekantavada.) – Notes. 1998
vusdkUrokn ds i{k esa tSu rdZA ¼fVIi.kh½A (The Jaina arguments for anekantavada.) – Notes. 1999
lIrHkaxhu; ¼fVIi.kh½A (Saptabhangi Naya.) – Notes. 2000
vusdkarokn vkSj lIrHkaxh u;s ds chp dk laca/kA ¼fVIi.kh½A 2001
(Relation between anekantavada and Saptabhangi Naya) – Notes.
tSu /keZ ds vusdkarokn dk çfriknu dhft,A D;k okLrfodrk dh ;g ,d lqlx
a r fFk;ksjh gS\ dkj.k çLrqr dhft,A 2003
(Expound Anekantavada of Jainism. Is it a consistent theory of reality? Give reasons. )
^tho^ ds tSu fl)kUr dk dFku dhft, vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A (State and discuss the Jaina doctrine of jiva) 2004
^æO;^ dh tSu ifjHkk"kk & fVII.khA (Jaina definition of Dravya – short notes). 2005
tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj lkj&fl)kUr dks Li"V dhft, & fVIi.khA 2006
(Explain the theory of Substance according to Jainism – Short notes).
tSu n’kZu esa iqn~xy dk Lo:i & fVIi.khA (Nature of Pudgala in Jaina Philosophy) – Short Notes. 2007
vusdkarokn & fVIi.khA (Anekantavada – Short Notes). 2009
D;k L;kn~okn ,d Lorksfojks/kh fl)kar gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Is Syadvada a self – contradictory doctrine? Discuss. (300 words) .
tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj eks{k ekxZ D;k gS\ foospu dhft,A 2011
What according to Jainism is Path to Liberation? Discuss. (15 Marks)
lIrHkaxh u; dks ,d lansgoknh fl)kUr D;ksa ugha ekuk tkrk gS\ foospu dhft,A 2011
Why is Saptabhangi Naya not treated as a doctrine of Scepticism? Discuss. 20 Marks.
tSu n’kZu ds lkis{k cgqrRookn ;k vusdkUrokn ds fl)kUr dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft;sA 2012
(Critically evaluate Jaina doctrine of relative pluralism or Anekantvada. ) (12 Marks)
*lIrHkaxhu;* vkSj *vusdkrokan* ds fl)kar ds chp laca/k dk fo’ys"k.k dhft,A 2013
Analyse the relation between the theory of saptabhanginaya and anekantavada. (10 Marks)
*thoueqfä* dh laHkkouk dks Li"V dhft,A bldh *dSoY;* ds ;ksx&fooj.k ds lkFk lekykspukRed rqyuk dhft,A 2013
deZ dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft, ,oa tSu n’kZu esa fdl izdkj tkuk tkrk gS \ 2014
Explain the concept of Karma and discuss its various types according to Jain Philosophy (15 Marks)
tSu&n’kZu esa nzO; dh vo/kkj.kk 2015
Jain concept of Dravya (10 Marks)
laojk vkSj futZjk dk D;k vFkZ gS \ tSu n’kZu ds eks{k&fla)kr esa muds egRo dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
What do Samvara and Nirjara mean ? Explain their significance in Jaina theory of liberation. (15 Marks)
tSu vkSj ;ksx n’kZu esa ifjpfpZr *dSoY;* dh vo/kkj.kk ds e/; Hksn LFkkfir djsAa 2016
21
Differentiate the concept of ‘Kaivalya’ as discussed in Jaina and Yoga Philosophies. (10 Marks)
tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj *u;* vo/kkj.kk dk ijh{k.k djsAa ;g fdl izdkj *L;kn~okn* ls fHkUu gSa \ 2016
Examine Jaine stance of ‘Naya.’ How does it differ from ‘Syadvada’ ? (10 Marks)
D;k tSu n’kZu ds *rÙokFkZ* fl)kar dks oSKkfud Li"Vhdj.k dh n`f"V ls Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS \ Li"V djsa A 2016
Can the ‘Tattvartha’ theory of Jainism be acceptable for scientific explanations ? Explain. (15 Marks)
**tSu rÙoehekalk lkis{koknh ,oa oLrqoknh cgqrÙookn gSA** foospuk dhft,A 2017
“The Jaina metaphysics is relativistic and realistic pluralism.” Discuss.
tSu nk’kZfud *cU/ku* dh O;k[;k dSls djrs gSa \ muds vuqlkj *eqäkRek* ,o *c)kRek* esa D;k fHkUurk gSa \ 2018
How do the Jaina philosophers explain ‘boundage’ ? What, according to them, is the distinction between ‘liberated
soul’ and ‘bound soul’? What do the Jainas think about the condition of the ‘liberated souil’ Dicuss.
tSu n’kZu ;FkkZFkrk dks fdl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS \ ;FkkZFkrk dh ;g fFk;ksjh muds fu.kZ;ksa dh n`f"V esa fdlk izdkj 2019
izfrfcfEcr gksrh gS \ ppkZ dhft,A
How is reality defined by the Jainas? How is the theory of reality reflected in their view on
judgments ? Discuss. (20)
tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj deZ dh vo/kkj.kk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A muds eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk ij bldk dSls izHkko iM+rk gS \ 2020
Examine the concept of Karma according to Jainism. How does it bear upon their conception of
Liberation?
pkokZd rFkk tSu n’kZu dh lr~ dh vo/kkj.kk ds chp vUrj dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2020
Explain the difference of conception of Reality between Carvaka and Jainism.

**********
TOPIC NO. 14
ckS)n’kZu laçnk; % çrhR;leqRikn] {kf.kdokn] uSjkRE;oknA
(Schools of Buddhism : Pratitya – Samutapada, Ksanikvada, Nairatmyavada)

ckS) n’kZu (Buddhist Philosophy)

ckS) {k.kHkaxokn dh Li"V O;k[;k vkSj ijh{kk dhft,A 1990
(Elaborate and examine the Buddhist theory of momentariness.)
çrhR;&leqRiknA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Pratitya Samutapada.)– Notes. 1991
foKkuokn dks 'kwU;okn ds ijorhZ fodkl ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA ¼fVIi.kh½A 1992
(Vijnanavada can be regarded as a later development of sunyavada.)
ckS) n’kZu ds nks çeq[k ;FkkFkZoknh fudk;ksa ds çeq[k KkuehekalkRed vkSj rRoehekalkRed fl)kUrksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 1993
D;k muds er vukReokn vkSj çrhR;leqRikn ls lqlaxr gS\ iw.kZ foospu dhft,A
(Explain the main epistemological and metaphysical doctrines of the two main realist schools of Buddhist
Philosophy. Are there views consistent with anatmavada and pratitya samutpada? Discuss fully.)
fuokZ.k ds ckjs esa egk;ku&vo/kkj.kkA ¼fVIi.kh½A (The Mahayana Conception of Nirvana) – Notes.) 1993
çrhR;leqRiknA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Pratitya Samutapada) – Notes. 1995
ek/;fed n’kZu esa ijekFkZ&lR; ,oa lEo`fÙk&lR;A ¼fVIi.kh½A (Madhyamika notions of Paramartha – Satya and 1996
Samvrti Satya) – Notes.
cksf/klRoA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Bodhisattav.) – Notes. 1997
'kwU;okn~ ds i{k esa ukxktqZu ds rdks± dk ewY;kadu dhft,A 1999

22
(Evaluate Nagarjuna’s arguments for Sunyavada.)
{kf.kdokn~A ¼fVIi.kh½A (Kshanikavada.) – Notes. 2000
ukxktqZu }kjk 'kwU;okn dk cpkoA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Nagarjuna’s defence of Sunya - Vada.) – Notes. 2001
çrhR;leqRikn dk ckS) fl)karA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Buddhistic doctrine of Pratityasmutpada.) – Notes. 2002
fVIi.kh & ckS) /keZ dk {kf.kdoknA (Ksanikavada of Buddhism)– Notes. 2003
{kf.kdrk ds ckS) çR;; dk dFku dhft, vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A 2004
(State and discuss the Buddhist notion of momentariness).

fVIi.kh & ^fuokZ.k* dh çÑfr ,oa çdkjA (Nature and kinds of Nirvana) – Notes. 2004
^’kwU;rk* ds ckS) vfHkçk; dk dFku dhft, vkSj ml ij ppkZ dhft,A 2005
(State and discuss the Buddhist notion of ‘Sunyata’).

ckS) n’kZu esa çrhR;leqRikn ij ppkZ dhft,& fVIi.khA (Discuss Pratityasamutpada in Buddhism) – Short Notes. 2006
ckS)ksa ds vuqlkj pkj vk;Z lR;& fVIi.khA (Four Arya Satya (Noble Truths) according to Buddhism) – Short Notes. 2007
ckS) uSjkRE;okn dk ,d ijh{k.k& fVIi.khA (An examination of Buddhist Nairatmyavada – Short Notes) 2008
^^ek/;fedk n’kZu pje vfHkiqf"V vkSj pje fu"ks/k ds chp ek/; dks viukus dh ps"Vk djrk gSA** fVIi.kh dhft,A 2008
(“The Madhyamika philosophy tries to adopt the mean between extreme affirmation and extreme negation.”
Comment.).
^^'kk’or thokRek dh vuqifLFkfr esa cq)oknh iqutZUe dh laHkkouk dks fdl çdkj Lohdkj djrk gSA ppkZ dhft,A 2010
How does the Buddhist accept the possibility of rebirth in the absence of an eternal soul? Discuss. (200 words)
cq)okn ds f}rh; /khjksnkÙk lR; ¼lSdaM ukscy VªqFk½ ds rRoehekalh; fufgrkFkks± dks mtkxj dhft,A 2010
Bring out the metaphysical implications of the second noble truth of Buddhism. (300 words)

D;k 'kwU;okn ,d nk’kZfud fl)kUr gS\ ewY;kadu dhft,A 2011

Is Sunyavada a philosophical doctrine Evaluate?. 15 Marks.

çrhR;leqRikn ds çfriknu esa ^uke&:i^ dh ckS)erh; vo/kkj.kk dk D;k egRo gS\ 2011
What is the importance of the Buddhist concept of “Nama—Rupta” in the exposition of the Doctrine of
Dependent Origination? 20 Marks.

ckS)ksa ds fy, fuok±.k dh vo/kkj.kk D;k ,d rkÆdd vko’;drk gS\ Lo;a ds mÙkj ds lEkFkZu esa dkj.k nhft,A 2011
Is the concept of Nirvana a logical necessity for the Buddhists? Give reasons for your answer. 30 Marks.

D;k vki bl er ls lger gS fd çkjafHkd ckS) n’kZu esa O;ofLFkr rRoehekalk dh vis{kk pkj vk;Z lR;ksa dks vf/kd 2012
egRo fn;k x;k gS\ viuh lgefr ;k vlgefr ds fy, rdZ nhft;sA
Do you agree with the view that in early Buddhism more importance was given to Four Noble Truths than to
systematic metaphysics? Give reasons for your agreement or disagreement. (15 Marks).

bl dFku dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft;s fd ^çrhR;leqRikn dk fl)kUr dsoy nq[k dh leL;k dh O;k[;k ds fy;s 2012
çLrqr fd;k x;k u fd rRoehekalk dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s^A
Examine critically the statement that ‘the doctrine of paticcasamuppetda was given only to explain the problem of
sorrow and not to solve the problems of metaphysics’. ( 15 Marks)

23
ckS) n’kZu ds Hkze ds fl)kUr dk foospu dhft;sA D;k ;g muds n’kZu esa laxr gS\ vius mÙkj ds fy;s rdZ nhft;sA 2012
Explain the theory of illusion accepted by Buddhists. Is it consistent with their philosophy? Given reasons for your
answer. (15 Marks)

ckS) n’kZu ds ek/;fed lEçnk; dks ukxktqZu dh nsu ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA 2012
Write a note on Ndgarjuna’s contribution to Madhyamica School of Buddhism. (15 Marks).

fVIi.kh dhft, % *’kwU;okn dks Lohdkj dj ysuk O;fä dks /keZ ds vuqlj.k ds izfr mnklhu cuk nsrk gSA* bl lanHkZ esa] 2013
'kwU;okn ds fy, ukxktqZu ds rdksZ dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
Comment : ‘Accepting sunyavada makes one indifferent to the pursuit of dharma’. Examine in this context,
Nagarjuna’s arguments for sunyavada. (12.5 Marks)

ckS} n’kZu ds lkS=kfUrd ,oa oSHkkf"kd laiznk;ksa ds e/; Kkuehekalh; ¼,sfiLVsekSyksftdy½ Hksnksa dks Li"V dhft,A 2014
Explain the epistemological difference between Sautrantika and Vaibhasika schools of Buddhism. (10 Marks)

'kwU;rk dh vo/kkj.kk dks ukxktqZu fdk izdkj le>krs gSa \ 2014

How does Nagarjuna explain the concept of Sunyata ? (15 Marks)
vky;foKku 2015
Alayavijnana (10 Marks)
**gekjk Kku dsoy xq.kksa rd lhfer gSA** bl dFku dk oS’ksf"kdksa&ckS)ksa ds fookn ds izdk’k esa ijh{k.k dhft,A 2015
‘Our knowledge is confined to gunas alone’ Examine this statement in the-light of Vaisesika and Buddhist
controversy. (15 Marks)

nq%[k dh O;k[;k djus esa izfrRleqRikn fla)kr dh D;k Hkwfedk gS \ nq%[k ij fot; ikus ds lk/kuksa dh foospuk dhft,A 2015
What is the role of Pratityasamutpada in explaining Dukha ? Elucidate the means to overcome it. (15 Marks)

*{kf.kdokn* fdl izdkj *uSjkR;okn* ds fy, izLrqr ;qfä;ksa dks izcy cukrk gS \ Li"V djsAa 2016
How does ‘Ksanikavada’ strengthen the arguments for ‘Nairatmyavada’ ? Explain (10 Marks)

D;k *izrhR;leqRokn dk fl)kar* dk;Z&dkj.krk ds fu;e ds nks vfroknh fopkj] lr~dk;Zokn vkSj vlr~dk;Zokn] esa 2016
leUo; dj ikrk gS \ vius mÙkj ds fy, rdZ izLrqr djsAa
Does the ‘Doctrine of Dependent Origination’ reconcile the two extreme views on the law of causation, namely
Satkaryavada and Asatkaryavada ? Give reasons for your answer. (20 Marks)

ek/;fedksa ds vuqlkj lr~ ds Lo:Ik dh O;k[;k djus esa prq"dksfV dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k dhft;sA 2017
Elucidate the role of catuskoti in explaining the nature of reality according to Mdahyamika school of thought.

{kf.kdokn dks lqLFkkfir djus ds fy;s ckS)ksa ds rdZ D;k gSa \ D;k ;s rdZ vfuok;Zr% d`riz.kk’k ¼d`ruk’k½ vkSj 2017
vd`rkH;qixe dh vksj ys tkrs gSa \
What are the arguments of the Buddhists to establish Ksanikavada ? Do they necessarily lead to kratanasa and
akrta bhyupagama ?

ek/;fed] ;ksxkpkjoknh ,oa lokZfLroknh lr~ ds Lo:Ik ds lEcU/k esa dSls fHUu er j[krs gSa \ lokZfLroknh dSls vius esa 2017
lr~ dh lqfoKrk ds fo"k; esa fHkUu er j[krs gSa \
How do Madhyamikas, Yogacaravadins and Sarvastivadins differ among themselves concerining the nature of
reality ? How do Sarvastivadins differ among themselves with regard to knowledgeability of reality ?

ek/;fed ckS) vius *’kwU;rk* fl)kar dh LFkkiuk ds fy, *izrhR;leqRikn* fl)kar dk fdl izdkj vuqiz;ksx djrs gSa \ 2018
24
 foopsu dhft,A
How do the Madhyamika Buddhists apply the notion of Pratityasamutpada to establish their doctrine of Sunyata ?
Discuss.

ckS) ,oa U;k; nk’kZfud] *Vscy ij tkj dh vuqifLFkfr gS*] gekjs bl Kku dh O;k[;k fdl izdkj djrs gSa \ foLr`r 2018
mÙkj nhft,A
How do the Buddhists and the Nyaya philosophers explain our knowledge of ‘the absence of jar on the table’ ?
Answer in detail.

ckS) ds fy, *uSjkRE;okn* ,oa *fuokZ.k* nksuksa fl)karksa dks ,d lkFk Lohdkj djuk D;k lqlaxr gSa \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa 2018
rdZ nhft,A
Is it contsistenl for the Buddhists to admit the theory of Nairatmyavada and the doctrine of Nirvana simultaneously
? Give reasons in favour of your answer.
;ksxkpkj ckS) ckg~; txr~ ds vfLrRo dk [k.Mu fdl izdkj djrs gSa \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
How do the Yogacara Buddhists deny the existence of the external world ? Discuss. (10)
izrhR;leqRikn D;k gS \ izR;sd oLrq dh {kf.kdrk fl) djus gsrq ckS) bl ladYiuk dk fdl izdkj vuqiz;ksx djrs gSa 2019
\
What is Pratityasamutpada ? How do the Buddhists apply this concept to prove that
everything is momentary ? (15)
ckS) n’kZu esa {kf.kdokn dh vo/kkj.kk fdl izdkj ls izrhR;leqRikn dh vo/kkj.kk dk rkfdZd izfrQyu gSa\ 2020
How is Ksanikavada a logical derivative of Pratityasamutpada in Buddhism? Explain.
ckS) n’kZu fdl izdkj vkReu~ dh iapLdU/kksa ds :Ik esa O;k[;k djrk gS\a ;fn vkRek ugha gS] rks ckS) n’kZu esa eks{k D;k gSa\ 2020
How does Buddhism explain Self in terms of Pancaskandhas? What is Liberation for Buddhism if there
is no Soul?

**********
TOPIC NO. 15
U;k;&oS’ksf"kd % inkFkZ fl)kUr] vkHkkl fl)kUr] çek.k fl)kUr] vkRek] eqfDr] ijekRek] ijekRek ds vfLrRo ds
çek.k] dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko dk fl)kUr] l`f"V dk ijek.kqoknh fl)kUr
(Naya – Vaiseshika : Theory of Categories, Theory of Appearance, Theory of Pramana, Self, Liberation,
God, Proofs for the Existence of God, Theory of Causation, Atomistic Theory of Creation)

U;k; n’kZu & oS’ksf"kd n’kZu (Nyaya – Vaishesika Philosophy)

vykSfdd&çR;{kA fVIi.khA (Alaukika – Pratyaksa.) – Notes. 1991

fdlh okD; ds vFkZ dks le>us ds fy;s ftu 'krks± dk iwjk gksuk t:jh gS] mudks le>kb, vkSj xkS.k vFkZ ds çdkjksa dk 1991
foospu dhft,A (Explain the conditions that are to be fulfilled for construing the meaning).
U;k; rFkk foKkuokn ds vuqlkj çR;{k&çek.k ds Lo:i] dkj.k&lkexzh rFkk çkek.; dh O;k[;k rFkk vkykspukRed 1992
ijh{kk dhft,A (Explain and critically examine the nature, conditions and validity of pratyaksa pramana according
to the Nyaya and Vijnanavada schools.)
U;k; vkSj v)Sr n’kZu esa Hkze dh O;k[;k dSls dh tkrh gS\ dkSu lh O;k[;k vf/kd ;qfDrlaxr gS vkSj D;ksa\ 1993
(How is error explained in Nyaya and Advaita Philosophy? Which explanation is more reasonable and why?)
^O;kfIr* D;k gS\ bldk Kku dSls gksrk gS\ U;k; er ds fo’ks"k lUnHkZ esa O;k[;k dhft,A 1994

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(What is ‘Vyapti’? How is it known? Discuss with special reference of the Nyaya System.)
U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj çR;{k ds çdkjA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Modes of perception according to Nyaya.) – Notes. 1995
Hkkjrh; rdZ’kkL= esa ^gsRokHkkl^ ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\ ;g vkdkfjd gS ;k fd okLrfod (Material)? U;k; ds vuqlkj 1995
blds D;k&D;k çdkj gS\a Li"V dhft,A (What is meant by hetvabhasa ¼gsRokHkkl½ in Indian logic? Is it formal or
material? What according to Nyaya are its kinds? Explain.)
oS’ksf"kd n’kZu ds eq[; rRoehekalh; fl)kUrksa dk foospu dhft,A (Given an account of the chief tenets of Vaisesika 1995
metaphysics).
vykSfdd & çR;{kA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Alaukika – Pratyaksa.) – Notes. 1996
Lor% çkek.; vkSj ijr% çkek.;A ¼fVIi.kh½A (Svatah – pramanya and paratah – pramanya.) – Notes. 1997
inkFkZ ¼fVIi.kh½A (Padartha) – Notes. 1997
U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj vuqeku ds Lo:i ,oa lajpuk dh foospuk dhft, rFkk ijkFkkZuqeku ds fofHké lksikuksa ds egRo 1998
dh O;k[;k dhft,A (Discuss the nature and structure of interference according to the Nyaya philosophy and
explain the importance of the various steps of pararthanumana.)
dkj.krk laca/kh U;k; erA ¼fVIi.kh½A (The Nyaya theory of causality.) – Notes. 1999
O;kfIr rFkk O;kfIr Kku fo"k;d U;k;&oS’ksf"kd er dh O;k[;k dhft,A 1999
(Explain the Nyaya – Vaisesika Theory of vyapti and vyapti-jnana.)
O;kfIr dh çÑfr ds U;k;&oS’ksf"kd fl)kar dk ewY;kadu dhft,A 2001
(Evaluate the Nyaya – Vaisesika Theory of the nature of vyapti.)
vkReu~ dh U;k; n`f"VA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Nyaya view of Self.) – Notes. 2002
fVIi.kh & lkekU; dk U;k;&oS’ksf"kd fopkjA (The Nyaya – vaisesika view of Samanya) – Notes. 2003
fVIi.kh & U;k; ds vuqlkj ^vuqekuksa* dh çÑfr ,oa çdkjA 2004
(Nature and kinds of anumanas according to Nyaya)– Notes.
U;k; ds vuqlkj ^çR;{k* dh çÑfr vkSj çdkj & fVIi.khA (Nature and kinds of pratyaksa according to Nyaya– Short 2005
Notes).
oS’ksf"kdksa ds vuqlkj ^æO;ksa* dh çÑfr vkSj çdkjksa dk dFku dhft, vkSj mu ij ppkZ dhft,A 2005
(State and discuss the nature and kinds of Dravyas according to Vaisesikas).
çek.kksa dh U;k; fFk;ksjh dks Li"V dhft,A (Explain Nyaya theory of Pramanas). 2006
'kCn çek.k dk Lo:i & fVIi.khA (Nature of Sabda Pramana – Short Notes). 2007
U;k; çf.kr vlr~dk;Zokn dks foLrkj ls Li"V dhft,A (Explain fully Nyayas’s Asatkaryavada). 2007
oS’ksf"kd esa lkekU; & fVIi.khA (Samanya in Vaisesika – Short Notes) 2008
O;kfIr ds U;k; çR;; dh lekykspukRed ppkZ dhft,A (Discuss critically Nyaya notion of Vyapti) 2008
U;k; ds vuqlkj gsRokHkkl & fVIi.khA (Hetvabhasa according to Nyaya – Short Notes) 2009
vHkko ds Kku ds eqís ij U;k;] oS’ksf"kd~] ehekalk vkSj ckS) /keZ ds n`f"Vdks.kksa ds chp rqyuk dhft,A 2009
(Compare the view points of Nyaya, Vaisesika, Mimamsa and Buddhism on the issue of knowledge of abhava).
D;k xq.krkvksa dk æO; ds fcuk dksbZ vfLrRo gks ldrk gS\ U;k;&cq)okn fookn ls çdk’k esa] vius er çekf.kr 2010
dhft,A (Can qualities exist without substance? Substantiate your view in the light of Nayaya – Buddhism
controversy. (200 words)
U;k; Kkuehekalk esa vlk/kkj.k çR;{k.k ds vfHkçk; dks çkjaHk djus ds dkj.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A 2010
(Explain the reasons for introducing the notion of extraordinary perception in Nyaya epistemology. (300 words)
uS;kf;dksa }kjk bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds i{k esa fn, x, rdks± esa D;k vki dksbZ viw.kZrk ikrs gSa\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa 2011
26
dkj.k nhft,A (Do you find any inadequacy in the proofs for the existence of God as given by Naiyayikas? Given
reasons in Support of your answer. 15 Marks.
oS’ksf"kd nk’kZfud vHkko dks ,d Lora= inkFkZ D;ksa ekurs gSa\ le>kb,A 2011
(Why do the Vaisesikas treat Abhava as an independent category? Explain. ( 15 Marks)
fdlh dFku ds *izkek.;* ¼oS/krk@lR;½ dk fu/kkZj.k fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS \ bl lanHkZ esa] *ijr%&izkek.;okn* ds 2013
fl)kar dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
How is the pramanya (validity/truth) of a statement determined ? Examine, in this context, the theory of paratah-
pramanyavada. (10 Marks)
*leok;* D;k gksrk gS \ leok; dks ,d lqLi"V inkFkZ ds :Ik esa Lohdkj djus ds D;k vk/kkj gSa \ ppkZ dhft,A 2013
What is samavaya ? What are the grounds for accepting samavaya as a distinct padartha ? Discuss. (12.5 Marks)

*O;fIr* dh U;k; ladYiuk dk fo’ys"k.k dhft, vkSj *rdZ* ds lkFk mlds laca/k dk ijh{k. dhft,A 2013
Analyse the Nyaya concept of uyapti and examine its relation to tarka. (12.5 Marks)
thokRek ds vfLrRo ds fy, U;k;& oS’ksf"kd ds rdksZ dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2013
Examine the Nyaya-Vaisesika arguments for the existence of jivatma (soul). (12.5 Marks)
fpjlEer Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa ;FkkFkZrk ds fl)karksa esa] dk;Zdkj.k dk fl)kar fdl rjg dsUnzh; Hkwfedk fuokZg djrk gS \ 2014
foospu dhft,A
How is the theory of causation central to the theories of Reality in classical Indian tradition ? Discuss. (20 Marks)
U;k; n’kZu esa vySfdd izR;{k dks Lohdkj djus ds nk’kZfud fufgrkFkksaZ dks mn~?kkfVr dhft,A 2014
Bring out the philosophical implications of introducing extraordinary (alaukika) perception in Nyaya philosophy.
(20 Marks)
*izek.;okn* ij U;k;&ehekalk n’kZuksa esa oknfookn dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
Elaborate Nyaya-Mimamsa debate on Pramanyavada. (20 Marks)
D;k *vU;;k[;kfrokn*& fl}kar nks"k dk i;kZIr Li"Vhdj.k djrk gS \ O;k[;k dhft, A 2015
Is anyathakhyativada an adequate explanation of error ? Elaborate. (15 Marks)
*vHkko* dks ,d Lora= inkFkZ ds :Ik esa Lohdkj djus ls lacaf/kr rdZ ij uS;kf;dksa us viuh lgefr dSls nh \ O;k[;k 2016
djsAa
How do the Naiyayikas justify the introducation of ‘Abhava’ as an independent category ? Explain. (20 Marks)

oS’ksf"kd n’kZu ds vuqlkj inkFkZ ds vko’;d y{k.k D;k gSa \ 2017

What are the necessary characteristics of padartha according to VAisesika philosophy ?

U;k; n’kZu esa izfrikfnr oS/k gsrq ¼osfyM gsrq½ dh mikf/k;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2017
Explain the conditions of valid hetu as propounded in Nayan philosophy.

izR;{k dh izkphu U;k; ifjHkk"kk dh O;k[;k dhft;sA bl ifjHkk"kk dks ijoÙkhZ U;k;f;dksa }kjk D;ksa vi;kZIr ekuk x;k 2017
gS\a
Explain the early Nyaya definition of perception. Why this definition is considered inacequate by the later
Naiyaaikas ?

oS’ksf"kd nk’kZfud bu nks ekeyksa ¼1½ Vscy dk Hkwjk ¼czkmu½ jax vkSj ¼2½ Vscy ij iqLrd] d chp lEcU/kksa dh fHkUurk dh 2018
O;k[;k dSls djrs gSa \ foospu dhft,A
How do the Vaisesika philosophers explain the difference of the relationships in the two cases (1) the brown colour
of the table and (2) the book on the table ? Dicuss.
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uS;kf;d bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dks dSls fl) djr gSa \ D;k ;ksx nk’kZfud bZ’oj dks mlh izdkj fl) djrs gSa \ ;fn gk¡] 2018
rks dSls \ vkSj ;fn ugha] rks D;ksa \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
How do the Naiyayikas prove the existenece of God ? Do the Yoga philosophers prove God in the same way ? If
yes, how ? And if no, why ? Give reasons for your answer.
oS’ksf"kd n’kZu es]a inkFkZ ds :Ik esa vHkko dh fLFkfr dk vkSfpR; crkb,A 2019
Justify the status of Abhava as a category in Vaisesika philosophy. (10)
vU;Fkk[;kfr dh O;k[;k djus esa Kkuy{k.k&izR;{k dh D;k Hkwfedk gS \ 2019
What is the role of Jnanalaksana-pratyaksa in explaining anyathakhyati ? (15)
mn;u fdl izdkj dk;kZr] vk;kstukr] /k`R;kns% vkSj Jqrs% ds }kjk bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dks fl) djrs gSa \ foospuk 2019
dhft,A
How does Udayana prove the existence of God through Karyat, Ayojanat, Dhrtyadeh and
Sruteh ? Discuss. (20)

vlRdk;Zokn ds lUnHkZ esa *vU;Fkkfl)* ,oa *vuU;’kfl)* dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2020
Explain the concepts of ‘Anyathasiddha’ and ‘Ananyathasiddha’ in the context of Asatkaryavada.

oS’ksf"kd n’kZu ds lUnHkZ esa fo’ks"k dh rkfdZd ,oa rÙoehekalh; fLFkfr dk leh{kkRed ewY;kadu dhft,A 2020
Critically evaluate the logical and metaphysical status of Visesa in the context of Vaisesika Philosophy.
**********
TOPIC NO. 16
Lkka[; % çÑfr] iq#"k] dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko] eqfDr (Samkhya : Prakriti, Purusha, Causation, Liberation)

lka[; n’kZu (Samkhya Philosophy)

lka[; vkSj ;ksx esa bZ’oj dh vko’;drk ugha gS] D;ksafd os bZ’oj ds çR;; ds fcuk Hkh iw.kZr;k Lo&lqlaxr gSaA 1992
¼fVIi.kh½A (There is no need for God in Samkhya and Yoga systems, as these are fully-consistent even without the
idea of God.)– Notes.
çÑfr vkSj iq#"k ds vfLrRo ds fy, lka[; ;qfDr;ksa dh O;k[;k rFkk ijh{kk dhft,A (Explain and examine the 1993
Samkhya arguments for the existence of Prakriti and Purusha.)
lka[; n’kZu esa eks{k dh vo/kkj.kkA ¼fVIi.kh½A 1994
(The idea of Liberation (Moksha) in the Samkhya Philosophy.) – Notes.
lka[; esa çÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,A lka[; rRoehekalk esa bldh tks Hkwfedk gS] mldk foospu dhft,A 1996
(Explain the Samkhya conception of Prakrti. Discuss the role it plays in the Samkhya metaphysics.)
lka[; er ds vuqlkj çÑfr ds Lo:i vkSj mlds fodkl dh O;k[;k dhft,A 1997
(Explain the nature of prakrti and its evolution according to the Samkya system.)
iq#"k cgqRo dk fl)kUrA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Doctrine of plurality of purusas.) – Notes. 1998
çÑfr dh lÙkk ds fy, lka[; rdZA ¼fVIi.kh½A (The Samkhya arguments for the existence of prakrti.) – Notes. 1999
vius iq#"k fl)kUr ds fo"k; esa lka[; ds vkSfpR; LFkkiuk dk ewY;kadu dhft,A 2001
(Evaluate the Samkhya justification for their theory of purusa.)
çÑfr ds fodkl dk lka[; fl)karA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Samkhya theory of Evolution of Prakriti.) – Notes. 2002
fVIi.kh& foeqfDr dk lka[; fl)kUrA (The Samkhya doctrine of liberation) – Notes. 2003
Lkka[; ds ^iq#"k^ dh ladYiuk & fVIi.khA (Samkhya conception of Purusa – Short notes). 2005

28
Lkka[; dh dk;Zdkj.k fFk;ksjh ij lekykspukRed :i ls ppkZ dhft,A 2006
(Critically discuss the Sankhya theory of Causation).
Lkka[;ksa dk f=xq.k fl)kUr Li"V dhft,A (Explain the Samkhya doctrine of three gunas). 2007
dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko ds laca/k esa vjLrw ds fopkj dh] dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko ds lka[; laçnk; ds fopkj ds lkFk rqyuk dhft,A 2009
(Compare Aristotle’s view regarding causation with that of the Samkhya school’s view of causation).
D;k çHkko dkj.k ds vanj iwoZr% fo|eku gksrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Does the effect pre-exist in the cause? Discuss. (150 words)
lka[; n’kZu ds cgqiq#"kokn ds leFkZd rdks± dh ijh{kk dhft,A 2011
(Examine Sankhya’s arguments for Bahupurusavada (Plurality of Purusa). 30 Marks.
lka[; n’kZu dk dkj.krk dk fl)kUr U;k; n’kZu ds dkj.krk&fl)kUr ls fdl çdkj fHké gS\ Li"V dhft,A 2012
(How Sankhya theory of causation is different from that of Nyay theory of causation? Explain. (12 Marks)
*iq:"k* vkSj *izd`fr* ds chp laca/k dk ewY;kdau dhft,] ;fn dksbZ gks rksA 2013
Evaluate the relation, if any, between purusa and prakrti. (12.5 Marks)
D;k lka[; n’kZu esa izd`fr ds vfLrRo ds i{k esa nh xbZ ;qfä;k¡ Ik;kZIr gS \ ppkZ dhft,A 2014
Are the arguments given in favour of existence of prakrti adequate in Samkhya philosophy ? Discuss. (10 Marks)
**iq:"k u ca/ku esa gksrk gS] u eqä gksrk gS vkSj u og lalj.k ¼iqutZUe½ djrk gSA** & lka[; n’kZu ds eks{k lEcU/kh bl 2014
er dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
Examine the Samkhya view on liberation that “the self is neither bound nor liberates, nor does it transmigrate” .
(15 Marks)
lrdk;Zokn 2015
Satkaryavada (10 Marks)
*iq#"k* dh lÙkk ds fy, lka[; n’kZu esa izek.kksa dk dFku vkSj ijh{k.k dhft,A 2015
State and examine the Samkhya proofs for the existence of Purusa. (15 Marks)
l`f"V ds fodkl dh izfØ;k esa *izd`fr* dh Hkwfedk dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djsAa 2016
Critically examine the role of ‘Prakrti’ in the process of evolution . (10 Marks)
vius dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko ds fl)kUr ds vkyksd esa D;k lka[; n’kZu ds fy, txr~ esa psruk dh mifLFkfr dh O;k[;k 2017
djuk lEHko gS \ foospuk dhft,A
Given its theory of causation, is it possible for Samkhya to explain the presence of consciousness in the world ?
Discuss.
*iq#"k* ,d gS ; vusd \ bl lEcU/k esa lka[;lEer fLFfr dh O;k[;k dhft, ,oa vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nhft,A 2018
Is Purusa one or many ? Explain fthe Samkhya position in this regard and give arguments in support of your
answer.
v)Sr osnkUrh lka[; n’kZu ds *izd`frifj.kkeokn* dh dSls izfrfØ;k djrk gSa \ bl lEcU/k esa lka[; n’kZu viuh fLFkfr 2018
dk fdl izdkj cpko djrs gSa \ foospu dhft,
How do the Advaita Vedantins react to the Prakrtiparinamavada of the Samkhya philosophy ? How do the
Samkhyas defend their own position in this regard ? Discuss.
lka[; n’kZu ds vuqlkj] tho vkSj iq#"k dh rÙoehekalh; fLFkfr dk leh{kkRed foospu dhft,A 2019
Critically discuss the metaphysical status of a Jiva and Purusa according to Sankhya philosophy.
(10)
izd`fr ds vfLrRo ds fy, lka[; dks dkSu&lk izek.k okLro esa n’kkZrk gS fd izd`fr dsoy ,d gh gks ldrh gS \ vius 2019
mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nhft,A
Which Sankhya proof for the existence of Prakrti actually shows that there can be only on
29
Prakrti ? Justify your answer. (15)

**,d vke dk o`{k vke ds chp ls fodflr gksrk gSA** lka[; n’kZu vius dkj.krk fl)kar ds vuqlkj bl izfØ;k dh] vius fojks/kh 2020
erksa dks vLohdkj djrs gq,] fdl izdkj O;k[;k djsxk\
“A mango tree is grown out of a mango seed.” How will Samkhya system explain this process thorough
their theory of causation by rejecting their rival perspectives?
**********
TOPIC NO. 17
;ksx % fpÙk] fpÙko`fÙk] Dys’k] lekf/k] dSoY; (Yoga : Citta, Cittavrtti, Klesas, Samadhi, Kaivalya)

;ksx n’kZu (Yoga Philosophy)

;ksx ds vuqlkj dSoY; dh ladYiuk & fVIi.khA (Conception of Kaivalya according to yoga – Short Notes) 2009
iratfy ds ;ksx dh vjfoan }kjk çfrikfnr lekdfyr ;ksx ds lkFk] lekurk vkSj vlekurk ds fcanqvksa dks Li"Vrk ds 2009
lkFk mtkxj djrs gq, rqyuk dhft,A (Compare Patanjali’s Yoga with the Integral Yoga expounded by Aurobindo,
bringing out clearly points of similarity and dissimilarity).
^^;ksx euks&HkkSfrd O;k;ke ls vf/kd gSA** bl dFku dk fo’ys"k.k dhft, ,oa vius fu"d"kZ ds leFkZu esa rdZ nhft,A 2011
“Yoga is more than a psycho — physical exercise”. Analyse this statement and support your conclusion with
arguments. 30 Marks.
^^;ksxlw= fl)kUr dh vis{kk deZ ij vf/kd cy nsrk gS** bl dFku dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft;sA 2012
“Critically evaluate the statement that “Yoga Sutra emphasises more on praxis (action) than on theoria
(reflection)”. (15 Marks)
^^;ksx n’kZu eksVs :i ls lka[; dh lÙkkehekalk dks Lohdkj djrk gS**] bl vfHkdFku ij viuh vkykspukRed fVIi.kh 2012
çLrqr dhft;sA Give your critical comments on the assertion that the school of Yoga broadly accepts Sionkhyla
ontology. (15 Marks.)
lEizKkr lekf/k ds Lo:Ik ,oa Lrjksa dks le>kb,A fdl izdkj izR;sd Lrj vlEizKkr lekf/k dh vksj vxzlj djrk gSA 2014
Explain the nature and levels of samprajnata Samadhi. How does each level lead more towards asamprajnata
Samadhi. (15 Marks)
;ksx&n’kZu ds vuqlkj ca/ku D;k gSa \ iartfy ds ;ksxlw= esa dSoY; izkfIr dh fof/k D;k gS \ O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
What is bondage according to yoga philosophy ? Explain the method of attaining Kaivalya in Patanjali’s yogasutra.
(20 Marks)
Dys’k D;k gSa \ mudk mUewyu dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS \ O;k[;k djsa A 2016
What are Klesas ? How can these be eliminated ? Explain . (15 Marks)
**;ksxfu’Ùko`frfujks/k% ** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \ fpÙko`fÙk rFkk mlds izHkkoksa dh ;ksx n’kZu ds vuqlkj O;k[;k dhft;sA 2017
What is meant by “yogascittavrttinirodhah” ? Explain cittavartti and its effects according to Yoga philosophy.
;ksx n’kZu fdl izdkj ,d oSKkfud] ,d bZ’ojKku&laiUu Hkä vkSj ,d vkReKku&laiUu ;ksxh ds fpr&Lrjksa dks 2019
le>sxk \ vius mÙkj ds fy, rdZ nhft,A
How would Yoga philosophy comprehend the Citta-levels of a Scientist a God-realized Devotee
and a Self-realized Yogi ? Justify your answer.

lEizKkr lekf/k ,oa vlEizKkr lekf/k ds Hksn dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2020

Explain the difference between samprajnata Samadhi and Asaprajnata Samadhi.

**********

30
 TOPIC NO. 18
ehekalk % Kku dk fl)kUr (Mimansa : Theory of Knowledge)

ehekalk n’kZu (Mimansa Philosophy)

vFkkZifÙkA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Arthapatti) – Notes. 1996
ehekalk rRon’kZu ds eq[; fl)kUr dk o.kZu djrs gq,] n`’; txr dh OkLrfodrk ds laca/k esa blds er ij 1996
vkykspukRed fopkj dhft,A (While describing the chief tenets of the mimansa metaphysics, critically consider its
view in respect of the reality of the phenomenal world.).
çR;{kijd =qfV dk dqekfjy HkV~V dk Li"Vhdj.kA (Kumarila Bhatta’s Explanation of perceptual error.) – Notes. 2001
ehekaldksa ds vuqlkj Lor% çek.;okn D;k gS\ D;k nks"k dk mudk Li"Vhdj.k blls laxr gS\ iwjh rjg ppkZ dhft,A 2002
(What is Svatahpramanyavada according to Mimansakas? Is their explanation of error consistent with it?
Discussfully.).
'kCn çek.k dk Lo:i&fVIi.khA (Nature of Sabda pramana) – Short Notes. 2007
çek.k ds :i esa vuqiyfC/k & fVIi.khA (Anupalabdhi as a pramana – Short Notes) 2008
uS;kf;dksa dh vkykspuk ls ehekald Lor% çkek.;okn dh j{kk dSls djrs gSa\ foospu dhft,A 2011
(How do Mimamsakas defend Svatah Pramanyavada against the Naiyayika criticism? Discuss 20 Marks.
ehekalk n’kZu 'kCn&çek.k dks vR;f/kd egRo D;ksa nsrs gS\a D;k bldk osnksa ls laca/k gS\ viuh fVIi.kh nhft;sA 2012
(Why does Minianisa give utmost importance to SHABDA-PRAMANA the verbal testimony? Is it anything to do
with Vedas? Give your comments. (15 Marks)
çkek.;okn ds fl)kUr ij ehekalk vkSj U;k; n’kZu ds erksa dk foospu dhft;sA vki bueas ls fdldks mi;qä ekurs gS\a 2012
vius mÙkj ds fy;s rdZ nhft;sA
(Discuss the views of Mimamsa and Nyaya on the theory of Pramanyavada. Which of them do you find adequate?
Give reasons for your answer. (15 Marks)
*Jqfr* dks *izek.k* :Ik esa Lohdkj djus ds fy, izHkkdj ehekald ds rdksZ dk ewY;kdau dhft,A 2013
Evaluate Prabhakara Mimamsaka’s arguments for accepting sruti as pramana. (12.5 Marks)
D;k vFkkZifÙk izek.k dks vuqeku izek.k esa lekfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS \ ehekalk n’kZu ds n`f"Vdks.k ls foospuk dhft,A 2014
Can arthapatti (postulation) be reduced to anumana (inference) ? Discuss it from the Mimamsa point of view. (10
Marks)
fdlh oLrq ds vHkko dks U;k; n’kZu ,oa eheaklk n’kZu esa fdl izdkj tkuk tkrk gS \ 2014
How is an absence of an object known according to Naijayikas and Mimamsakas ? Discuss. (15 Marks)
ehekaldksa ds vuqlkj Kku ds izkek.; fl)kUr ¼izkek.;okn½ dh O;k[;k dhft;sA U;k; ds izkek.; fl)kUr dh vkykspuk 2017
ehekald dSls djrs gSa \
Explain the theory of Validity of knowledge (pramanyavada) according to Mimamsakas. How did they criticize the
Nyaya theory of Validity ?
D;k *Lo;aizdk’kokn* dh Lohd`fr vfuok;Zr% *Lor%izkek.;okn* dh Lohd`fr mRiUu djrh gSa \ bl lanHkZ esa uS;kf;dks]a 2018
ehekaldksa ,oa v)Sr osnkfUr;ksa ds erksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
Does the admission of Svayamprakasavada necessarily lead to the admission of
Svatahpramanyavada ? Discuss after the Naiyayikas, the Mimamsakas and the Advaita
Vedantins.
eheaklk fdl izdkj oSfnd Kku dh izkekf.kdrk dks LFkkfir djrk gSa \ 2019
How does Mimamsa establish the authority of Vedic knowledge. ? (10)
31
ehekalk ds vuqlkj Le`fr] izek D;ksa ugha gSa \ 2020
Why is memory not a valid knowledge according to Mimamsa?
**********
TOPIC NO. 19
osnkUr laçnk; % czã] bZ’oj] vkReu] tho] txr] ek;k] vfo|k] v/;kl] eks{k] vi`Fkd flf)] iapfo/kHksn
(Schools of Vedanta : Brahman, Isvara, Atman, Jiva, Jagat, Maya, Avidya, Adhyasa, Moksha,
Aprthaksiddhi, Pancavidhabheda)

osnkUr (Vedanta)

 'kadj  jkekuqt  e/o

^czã lHkh Hksnksa ls vfuok;Zr% jfgr gS* 'kadj ds bl er dk O;k[;ku vkSj ewY;kadu dhft,A 1990
(Explain and evaluate the view of Sankara that the Brahman must be free from all the difference (bheda))
v}Sr osnkUr vkSj fof’k"Vk}Sr osnkUr czã vkSj tho ds lEcU/k dh O;k[;k dSls djrs gS\a bl lEcU/k ds ckjs esa muds 1991
fl)kUrksa ds rRoKkukRed fu"d"kks± dk fo’ys"k.k dhft,A
(How do Advaita Vedanta and Visistadvaita Vedanta explain the relation between Brahman and Jiva? Analyse the
ontological implications of their theories of this relationship.).
v}Srokn dk ek;kokn ek/;fed er ds 'kwU;okn dk dqN {kqæ gsjQsj ds lkFk iqudZFku ek= gSA ¼fVIi.kh½A 1992
(Mayavada of Advaita is only a re-statement of Sunyavada of the Madhyamika System with minor modifications.)
– Notes.
'kadj rFkk jkekuqt ds n’kZuksa ds çeq[k vUrjksa dks le>kb;sA 1992
(Bring out the main points of difference between the philosophies of Sankara and Ramanuja).
U;k; vkSj v}Sr n’kZu esa Hkze dh O;k[;k dSls dh tkrh gS\ dkSu&lh O;k[;k vf/kd ;qfDrlaxr gS vkSj D;ks\a 1993
(How is error explained in Nyaya and Advaita Philosophy? Which explanation is more reasonable and why?).
jkekuqt ds vuqlkj HkkSfrd txr dk dkj.k D;k gS\ bl lanHkZ esa muds }kjk v}Sr ds ek;k ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk 1994
ij fopkj dhft,A (What according to Ramajuna is the cause of the material world? Consider in this connection
his critique of the Advaita theory of Maya.)

dHkh&dHkh ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ckS) n’kZu dh ek/;fed 'kk[kk ,oa v}Sr osnkUr dk Hksn lrgh ,oa 'kkfCnd gSA 1995
D;k vki bl fopkj ls lger gS\a bl lUnHkZ esa ek/;fed 'kk[kk ,oa v}Sr osnkUr ds eq[; Kkuehekalh; ,oa
rRoehekalh; fl)kUrksa dh rqyuk dhft,A
(It is sometimes said that the difference between Madhyamika School of Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta is only
superficial and verbal. Do you agree with this view? Compare in this context the chief episte-mological and
metaphysical tenets of the madhyamika school and of Advaita Vedanta.)
'kadj dk ek;k dk fl)kUrA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Sankara’s doctrine of maya.) – Notes. 1996
jkekuqt ds vuqlkj czã ds Lo:i dk foospu dhft,A os 'kadj ls fdl rjg erHksn j[krs gSaA (Given an account of 1996
the nature of Brahman according to Ramanuja. How does he differ from Sankara?)
jkekuqt ds vuqlkj czã ds Lo:i dh O;k[;k dhft, rFkk tho rFkk czã ds laca/k dk foospu djsAa 1998
(Explain the nature of Brahman according to Ramanuja and discuss the relationship of Brahman with Jiva.)
Ekk/o osnkUr dk vkykspukRed fooj.k çLrqr dhft,A (Give a critical account of Madhva Vedanta.) 1998
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eks{k ds Lo:i fo"k;d 'kadj ds er dh O;k[;k dhft,A muds erkuqlkj deZ vkSj Kku dk eks{k ls D;k lEcU/k gS\ 1999
vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nhft,A
(Explain Sankara’s Conception of moksha. What, in his view, is the relation of Karma and Jnana to moksha?
Justify your answer.)
'kadj dh ek;k dh ladYiuk ds fo#) jkekuqt }kjk mBkbZ xbZ vkifÙk;ksa dh leh{kk dhft,A 2000
(Explain critically the objections raised by Ramajuna against Sankara’s concept of maya.)
osnkar ds }Sr ra= esa iapHksn ds fl)kUr dks crkb;s vkSj mldk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2000
(State and examine the doctrine of Pancabheda in the Dvaita system of Vedanta.)
jkekuqt dh ;qfDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kadj ds eks{k ds fo’ys"k.k dk ewY;kadu dhft,A 2001
(Evaluate Sankara’s analysis of moksha in the light of Ramanuja’s arguments.)
Ekk;kokn dk jkekuqt dk [k.MuA ¼fVIi.kh½A (Ramanuja’s Refutation of Mayavada) – Notes. 2002
fVIi.kh & ek;k dh v}Sr ladYiuk dh jkekuqt dh vkykspukA 2003
(Ramanuja’s criticism of advaita concept of maya) - Notes.
'kadj }kjk tho ds Li"Vhdj.k dk o.kZu dhft,A D;k is’k fd;k x;k vkSfpR; çfriknu rdZlx
a r gSA Li"V dhft,A 2003
(Describe Sankara’s explanation of jiva. Is the justification offered rational? Explain)
fVIi.kh & ek/ko dh ^eks{k* dh ladYiukA (Madhva’s conception of moksa) – Notes. 2004
jkekuqt ds n’kZu dks ^fof’k"V v}Sr^ D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ iwjh rjg ls ppkZ dhft,A 2004
(Why is Ramanuja’s philosophy called Visistadvaita? Discuss fully. )
ek/ko ds vuqlkj ^czãu*] ^tho* vkSj ^txr* dh çÑfr & fVIi.khA 2005
(The nature of Brahman, Jiva and Jagat according to Madhva – Short Notes.)
'kadj dh ^v/;kl* dh ladYiuk dks lqLi"V dhft,A (Elucidate Sankara’s conception of Adhyasa) 2005
'kadj ds ek;kokn dk ijh{k.k dhft,& fVIi.khA (Examine Sankara’s Mayavada) – Short Notes. 2006
vkpk;Z jkekuqt dh rRoehekalk (Metaphysics of Acharya Ramanuja) ij ppkZ dhft;sA 2006
(Explain about Metaphysics of Acharya Ramanuja)
lxq.k rFkk fuxqZ.k czã esa Hksn dk fooj.k nhft, vkSj ppkZ dhft,A
(State and explain the difference between Saguna and Nirguna Brahman.)
txr dh çfLFkfr ij 'kadj ds fopkj vkSj mlds çfr jkekuqt dh vuqfØ;k dks Li"V dhft,A 2008
(Explain Sankara’s view on the status of Jagat and Ramanuja’s response to it.)
v/;kl & fVIi.kh dhft,A (Adhyasa – Short Notes) 2009
jkekuqt dh /keZHkwrKku dh ladYiuk 'kadj dh Lo:iKku dh ladYiuk ls fdl ckr esa fHké gS\ Li"V dhft,A 2010
(How is Ramanuja’s concept of Dharmabhutajnana different from Sankara’s concept of Svarupajnana? Explain
(150 Words) .
D;k 'kadj dh v/;kl dh ladYiuk rkÆdd gS ;k fd euksoSKkfud\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Is Sankara’s concept of adhyasa logical or psychological? Discuss. (150 Words) .
^^’kadj vkSj jkekuqt nksuksa gh vius&vius çfrKkuksa esa rks lgh gSa] ijUrq vLohdj.kksa eas xyr gSA** bl dFku dk 2010
lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A
(“Both Sankara and Ramanuja are right in their affirmations but wrong in their denials.” Critically evaluate
(300 words).
D;k vki jkekuqt ds bl fopkj ls lger gS fd czã dk Lo:i lfo’ks"k gS\ vius mÙkj ds fy;s rdZ nhft;sA 2012
Do you agree with Ramanuj ‘s view that the nature of Brahman is qualified? Give reasons for your answer.
(15 Marks).
33
'kadj ds foorZokn ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;s vkSj blds çHkkoksa dk foospu dhft;sA 2012
Write a note on Shanlwra’s Vivartavada and discuss its implications. (15 Marks)
v}Sr osnkUr esa ^ek;k^ vkSj vfo|k dks vfuoZpuh; D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ Li"V dhft;sA 2012
Explain why maya and avidya are considered as anirvacaniya (indescribable) in Advaita VeEnta? (15 Marks).
vgadkj dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk osnkUr n’kZu esa bldh Hkwfedk dks le>kb;sA 2012
Explain the notion of ego or ahankara and its role in the doctrine of Vedanta. (15 Marks)
D;k v}Sr osnkar esa ^bZ’oj* vkSj ^czã* dh ladYiuk,¡ ,d gh ;FkkFkZrk dks |ksfrr djrh gS\ 2012
Do the concepts of Ishvara and Brahman signify the same reality in Advaita Vedanta? (12 Marks)
ik¡p izdkjksa ds foHksnksa ¼iapfo/kkHksn½ dk o.kZu dhft,A ek/ko ds fla)kr ds fy, muds nk’kZfud egRo ij izdk’k Mkfy,A 2013
Describe the five types of differences (Panchavidhabheda). Bring out their philosophical singnificance for
Madhva’s theory. (12.5 Marks)
*czã* ¼ije½ ls bZ’oj dk fdl izdkj foHksnu fd;k tk ldrk gS \ bu nks ladYiukvksa esa ls dkSu&lh ladYiuk 2013
nk’kZfudrk % csgrj gS \
How can Isvara ( God) be distinguished from Brahman (Absolute)? Which of the two concepts are philosophically
better ? (12.5 Marks)
'kadj ds i’pkr~ czkã.k ds Lo:Ik y{k.k vkSj rVLFk y{k.k ds chp foHksnu dhft,A 2013
Distinguish between Svarupa laksana and Tatastha laksana of Brahman after Sankara. (12.5 Marks)
*deZ ugha] ijarq dsoy Kku eks{k rd igq¡pk nsrk gSA* ¼’kadj½A D;k vki lger gSa \ vius mÙkj dks lgh fl) dhft,A 2013
*Not karma, but knowledge alone leads to maksa.* ¼Samkara½ Do you agree ? Justify your answer. (12.5 Marks )
*ek;k* ds 'kadj ds fl)kar dh jkekuqt dh ehekalk dk ewY;kdau dhft,A 2013
Evaluate Ramanuja’s critique of Samkara’s theory of maya. (12.5 Marks)
viuh rRoehekalk ds fodkl esa 'kdaj ds n’kZu }kjk *v/;kl* dh vo/kkj.kk dh egÙkk dks Li"V dhft,A 2014
Bring out the significance of the concept of adhyasa in Sankara’s philosophy to develop his metaphysics. (10
Marks)
'kadj] jkekuqt ,oa e/; ds n’kZu esa czã dh izd`fr fdl izdkj ls fHkUu gS \ vkykspukRed foospu dhft,A 2014
How does the nature of Brahman differ in the philosophy of Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva ? Discuss critically.
(20 Marks)
'kdaj vkSj jkekuqt ds n’kZu esa czã dh vo/kkj.kk ds chp≤ vkSj oS"kE; crkb,A 2015
Compare and contrast the notion of Brahman is Sankara and Ramanuja. (20 Marks)
bZ’oj ds lnaHkZ esa 'kadj dh fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu djsaA 2016
Evaluate Sankara’s position on Isvara. (10 Marks)
Ekhekaldksa }kjk *vFkkZifr* dks Lora= izek.k ds :Ik esa le>us dh D;k rkfdZd vko’;drk gS \ foospuk djsaA 2016
What is the logical necessity for the Minamsakas to treat ‘Arthapatti’ as an independent Pramana ? Discuss. (15
Marks)
'kdaj] jkekuqt vkSj ek/ko ds }kjk foospuh; *czgu~* dh vo/kkj.kk dk vkykspukRed fooj.k izLrqr djsaA 2016
Give a critical exposition of the concept of ‘Brahman’ as discussed by Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhava. (15
Marks)
foorZokn ,oa ifj.kkeokn ds chp dk;Zdkj.k&Hkko ds lnaHkZ esa Hksn Li"V djsa rFkk bu fl)karksa ds vkyksd esa 'kadj ,oa 2017
jkekuqt] txr~ dh fLFkfr ¼status½ ds lEcU/k esa dSls lgk;d gS \ foospuk dhft;s A
Distinguish between vivartavada and parinamavada with reference to causation and explain how in the light of
these theories Sankara and Ramanuja differ on the status of the world.
bZ’oj ds izfr jkekuqt ds laizR;; dh O;k[;k dhft;s vkSj mu dfBukb;ksa dh tk¡p dhft;s tks HkkSfrd nzO; ,oa fpr~ 2017
34
dh bZ’oj ds lkFk lEcU/k dh O;k[;k djrs le; muds lkeus vk;hA
Explain Ramanuja’s conception of God and examine the difficulties he faced in explaining the relation of God to
matter and spirit.
v)Sr osnkUr n’kZu esa *czã* dh vo.kZuh;rk ¼vfuoZ;uh;rk½ ,oa *ek;k* dh vo.kZuh;rk ¼vfuoZpuh;rk½ esa D;k Hksn gSa \ 2018
foopsu dhft,A
What is the difference between the indescribability (Anirvacaniyata) of Brahman and the idescirbality
(Anirvacniyata) of Maya in the Advaita Vedanta syetem ? Dicuss.
*fof’k"Vk)Sr*] *)Sr*] 'kq)k)Sr* ,o *vfpUR;HksnkHksn* n’kZuksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh *eks{k* dh ldaYiuk dk ,d rqyukRed 2018
fopjk izLrqr dhft,A
Give a comparative exposition of the concept of Moksa as found in the systems of Visistadvaita, Dvaita,
Suddhadhadvaita Acintyabheduabheda.
'kDdj }kk izfrikfnr *ek;k* ds fl)kar dk jkekuqt dSls [k.Mu djrs gSa \ jkekuqt ,oa 'kgj nksuksa dks vius&vius 2018
fl)karksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, *ek;k* dh D;ksa vko’;drk gSa \ foospu dhft,A
How does Ramanuja refute the doctorine of Maya as propounded by Sankara ? Why is Maya neede by both
Ramaunja and Sankara to establish their doctories ? Discuss.
v}Srokn ds rÙoehekalh; fujis{kokn ds rkfdZd ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2019
Explain the logical consequences of the metaphysical absolutism of Advaitism. (20)

}Sr osnkUr esa IkpafonHksn Hksn ds egRo dks n’kkZb,A 2020

Point out the significance of the five-fold differences in the Dualistic School of Vedanta.

v}Srokn ds vuqlkj tho ,oa tho&lk{kh ds Lo:Ik ,oa lEcU/k dh foospuk dhft,A 2020
Discuss the nature and relationship of Jiva and Jiva-saksi according to non-dualism.

**********
TOPIC NO. 20
vjfoan % fodkl] çfrfodkl] iw.kZ ;ksx (Aurobindo : Evolution, Involution, Integral Yoga)

Jh vjfoUn (Arvindo)
fodkl vkSj çfrfodkl dh Jh vjfoan dh ladYiukA (Sri Aurobindo’s conception of evolution and involution) 2008
iartfy ds ;ksx dh vjfoan }kjk çfrikfnr lekdfyr ;ksx ds lkFk] lekurk vkSj vlekurk ds fcanqvksa dks Li"Vrk ds 2009
lkFk mtkxj djrs gq, rqyuk dhft;sA
(Compare Patanjali’s Yoga with the Integral Yoga expounded by Aurobindo, bringing out clearly points of
similarity and dissimilarity).
Jh vjfoUn ds n’kZu esa fodkl vkSj çfrfodkl fdl çdkj ls ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/kr gSa\ 2010
(How are evolution and involution related in Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy? (150 words)
^varxzZlu fodkl dh iwokZis{kk gSA* fo’o çfØ;k esa varxzZlu dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2012
Involution is the presupposition of Evolution.’ Explain the role of involution in the worldprocess. (15 Marks)
O;fä ds vk/;kfRed fodkl ds ek/;e ls fo’o eks{k dh Jh vjafon dh ldYik dks Li"V dhft,A 2013
Explain Sri Aurobindo’s conception of cosmic salvation through spiritual evolution of the individual. (10 Marks)
Jh vjfoan dk iw.kZ ;ksx fdl izdkj ikraty ;ksx dk fodflr :Ik gS \ foospu dhft,A 2014
How is Sri Aurobindo’s integral yoga an advancement over Patanjala yoga ? Discuss. (15 Marks )

35
*fodkl* vkSj *vUryZ;u* lEca/kh vjfoan ds fopkjksa dh foospuk djsaA ;s fdl izdkj ikjEifjd ;ksx n’kZu ls fHkUu gSA 2016
Discuss Aurobindo’s views on ‘Evolution’ and ‘Involution’ How do they differ from traditional Yoga philosophy ?
(20 Marks)
vfrekfld psruk dh vuqHkwfr esa Jh vjfoUn dk lexz;ksx dSls lgk;d gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2017
How does Sri Aurobindo’s intergral yoga help in the realization of supramental consciousness ?
Jh vjfoUn ds vuqlkj fodkl D;k gSaA muds n’kZu esa of.kZr f=fo/k :ikUrj.k ds izØe vkSj izKkuh izk.kh ds Lo:Ik dk 2018
foospu dhft,A
What is Evolution according to Sri Aurobindo ? Describe the process of triple transfeormation and the nature of
gnostice being in his philosophy.
vjfoan ds n’kZu dh rÙoehekalh; ;kstuk esa vfrekul dh vf}rh; fLFkfr dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2019
Explain the unique position of the Super mind in the metaphysical scheme of Aurobindo’s
philosophy. (15)

,d lEHkkouk ,oa vifjgk;Zrk ds :Ik esa *fnO; thou* ds vjfoUn dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 2020
What does Aurobindo mean by ‘life divine’ as a possibility and inevitability?

vU; (Others)
Hkkjrh; n’kZu ds :f<+oknh vkSj foiafFkrkoknh] nksuksa gh çdkj ds fofHké lEçnk;ksa ds vkRek vkSj mlds eks{k fo"k;d 1997
fofHké erksa ds lkE; vkSj oS"kE; dks çLrqr dhft,A (Compare and constrast the various views on the nature of the
self and its liberation in the various schools of Indian philosophy, both orthodox and heterodox.)
Hkkjrh; n’kZu’kkL= essa dkj.kokn ds fofHké fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k ,oa ewY;kadu dhft,A 1997
(State and evaluate the various theories of causation in Indian philosophy.)
Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk ds fofHké laçnk;ksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh dk;Zdkj.kHkko ladYiuk dk rqyukRed fooj.k çLrqr dhft,A 2000
(Give a comparative account of the concept of causation as found in the various schools of Indian thought.)
^tcfd ukfLrd n’kZu bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dks iw.kZr;k vLohdkj dj nsrs gSa] vkfLrd n’kZu bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dks dsUæh; 2002
fLFkfr çnku djrs gq, çrhr ugha gksrs gSaA* bl fVIi.kh dks Li"V dhft, vkSj bldk ewY;kadu Hkh dhft,A
(‘While the Nastika Darshanas reject outrightly the existence of God, the Astika Darshanas do not seem to accord
central position to his existence.’ Explain and evaluate critically the remark.)

**********

36
 Lkkekftd&jktuhfr n’kZu /keZ n’kZu
(Social Political Philosophy + Philosophy of Religion)
PAPER-II
Lkkekftd&jktuhfr n’kZu (SOCIAL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY)
PAPER-II

TOPIC NO. 1
Lkkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd vkn’kZ % lekurk] U;k;] Lora=rk
(Social and Political Ideals : Equality, Justice, Liberty)

lekurk (Equality)
dqN mnkjoknh jktuhfrd fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj lkekftd ,oa vkÆFkd vlekurk dsoy bl 'krZ ij U;k;ksfpr gS fd 2007
mudk ykHk lekt ds fuEurj Lrj ds lnL;ksa dks feyrk gSA D;k ;g fopkj mnkjokn ds O;fä&Lokra™; dh lS)kafrd
fgek;r ds lkFk laxr gS\ foospuA (According to some Liberal Political thinkers social and economical inequalities
can be justified only if they work to the advantage of the least advantaged members of society. Is this view
consistent with Liberalism’s cardinal advocacy of individual freedom? Discuss.
lerk vkSj Lora=rk ds chp ds laca/k ij fVIi.kh dhft,A (Comment on the relationship between equality and 2009
freedom. (30 Marks)
Lora=rk vkSj lerk ds chp ds laca/k dh çÑfr ij ppkZ dhft,A 2010
Discuss the nature of relationship between liberty and Equality. (150 words)
**lerk dk vFkZ izR;sd ds lkFk&le crkZo djuk ugha gSA** ppkZ dhft,A 2015
“Equality does not mean treating everyone equal.” Discuss. (10 Marks)
**HkkbZpkjs vkSj Lora=rk ds fcuk] lerk dk dksbZ ewY; ugha gksxkA** foospuk dhft,A 2015
“Equality will be of no value without fraternity and liberty.” Discuss. (15 Marks)
U;k; (Justice)
U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk dks çk;% forj.kkRed (distributive) ,oa çfrdkjh (retributive) U;k; esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA 1998
bl Hksn dh O;k[;k dhft, ,oa ftl vk/kkj ij ;g Hksn fd;k tkrk gS] mldk vkykspukRed foospu dhft,A
(The notion of justice is usually divided into distributive and retributive justice. Explain the distinction and
critically discuss the grounds on which the distinction is made.)
U;k; dk vFkZ gS ;ksX;rkuqlkj çfrQy çkIr djukA tks O;fä lekt dks ftruk nsrk gS mlh ds vuq:i çfrQy dk og 2001
Hkkxh gSSA lekt dks vf/kd nsus okyk O;fDr ml O;fDr ls vf/kd çfrQy dk Hkkxh gS tks lekt dks mlls de
nsrk gSA fdlus lekt dks fdruk fn;k] bldks fu/kkZfjr djus dk ,dek= fu"i{k rjhdk gS fd yksx lkewfgd :i ls
eqä cktkj ds ek/;e ls bls fuf’pr djsAa vr,oa eqDr cktkj U;k; çkfIr dk ,dek= rjhdk gSA D;k vki mi;qZä er
ls lger gS\a vius mÙkj dks çfrikfnr djsAa

(Consider the following argument :

Justice means getting what one deserves. A person who contributes more to society deserves more than a person
who contributes less to society. The only fair way to determine how much a person has contributed to society is to
let people as a whole decide through free market. Therefore, free market is the only way to attain justice.)

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U;k; ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ bldh çkI;rk dh D;k vfuok;Z ,oa i;kZIr n’kk;sa gksrh gS\a foospu dhft;sA 2002
(What is meant by justice? What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for its availability? Discuss.)
Lkkekftd U;k; çkfIr dk ,dek= lk/ku eqDr&cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk gS & fVIi.khA 2007
(Free-market economy is the only way to attain social justice) – Short notes.
^U;k; leoxks± ds lkFk leoxks± dh Hkkafr vkSj vleoxks± ds lkFk vleoxks± dh Hkkafr cjrko djrk gSA* fVIi.khA 2008
‘Justice is treating equals as equals and unequals as unequals.’ – Short Notes.

U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk dk vk/kkjHkwr fopkj fu"i{krk gSA ppkZ djsaA 2011

The Fundamental idea of the conception of justice is fairness. Discuss (20 Marks)

D;k lkekftd fyax HksnHkko ds eqís U;k; fu"i{krk ds fopkj ls fuLrkfjr fd, tk ldrs gS\a ppkZ djsAa 2011
Can issues relating to gender discrimination be met by the conception of justice as fairness? Discuss. (20 Marks)
vkids vuqlkj U;k; dk dkSu&lk fl)kUr tkfr HksnHkko dh leL;k dk lek/kku djus esa lokZf/kd lgk;d gksxk 2011
vkSj D;ks\a Which principle of justice can, in your view, be most helpful in addressing the issues related to caste
discrimination and why? (20 Marks)
vjLrw dh U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk le>kb, vkSj mldk ewY;kadu dhft,A 2013
Explain and evaluate Aristotle’s conception of justice. (15 Marks)

*fu"i{k U;k;* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ jkWYl ds U;k; ds fl)kar ds ewy fcUnqvksa dks le>kb,A 2013
What is meant by ‘uustice as fairness’? Explain the basis tenets of Rawls’ theory of justice. (15 Marks)

U;k; ds izfr veR;Z lsu vkSj jkWYl dh lksp esa D;k varj gS \ 2013
How is Amartya Sen’s approach to justice different from that of Rawls ? (20 Marks)

jkmYl ds vuqlkj lqO;ofLFkr lekt U;k; dh tu vo/kkj.kk }kjk izHkkoh :Ik ls fu;fer gksrk gSA D;k vki blls 2016
lger gS\a dkj.k Li"V dhft,A
A well-ordered society, according to Rawls, is effectively regulated by a public conception of justice, Do you
agree? Give reasons. (10 Marks)
yksdrkaf=d lerk vkSj lerk dh ekDlZoknh /kkj.kk ds chp ekSfyd fHkUurk ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij ppkZ dhft,A 2017
Discuss the different aspects of the fundamental distinction between democratic equality and the Marxian notion of
equality.
Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa U;k; dh ladYiuk ij ekDlZ] xk¡/kh vkSj veR;Z lsu fdl gn rd lger ;k vlger gSa \ foospuk 2017
dhft,A
How far do Marx, Gandhi and Amartya Sen agree and disagree on the concept of justice in the Indian democracy ?
Discuss.
vkids fopkj es]a tkWu jkWYl IysVks dh U;k; dh ladYiuk dks fdl lhek rd tkjh j[ks gq, gSa \ 2019
How far do you think John Rawls is continuing with Plato’s concept of Justice ? (10)

Lora=rk (Liberty)
Lora=rk & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Write Critical notes on Liberty.) 1997
Lora=rk ij ts-,l- fey dk fopkj & ¼fVIi.kh½A (J. S. Mill on liberty.) – Notes. 2000
dqN fopkjd Lora=rk ds nks ijLij vifjorZuh; vFkks±] ^fu"ks/kkRed^] Lora=rk ,oa ^ldkjkRed* Lora=rk esa foHksnu 2001
djrs gSaA bl foHksnu dh O;k[;k ,oa ewY;kadu dhft,A (Some thinkers distinguish between two mutually
irreducible senses of freedom and “positive” freedom. Explain and critically consider the distinction.)
fVIi.kh & ^ls Lora=rk^ vkSj ^dh Lora=rk* ijLij vuU; gSaA (‘Freedom from’ and ‘freedom to’ are mutually 2003
exclusive) – Notes.
fVIi.kh & Lora=rk lalkj ls eqfä ds :i esAa (Freedom as liberation from Sansara) – Notes. 2003
oS;fDrd Lora=rk ds vkn’kZ ds çfr lektokn ,oa mnkjokn] nksuksa dh Lo&?kksf"kr çfrc)rk ds ckotwn bu 2004
fopkj/kkjkvksa ds chp ;g vkn’kZ ?kksj fookn dk elyk gSA D;ksa\ foospu dhft,A (Despite their self-proclaimed
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commitment to the ideal of individual freedom, this ideal is one of the most contentious issues between socialism
and liberalism. Why? Discuss.)
dnkfpr fu"ks/kkRed Lora=rk pquus dh Lora=rk dks rks lqfuf’pr dj ldrh gS] ijUrq fcuk fdlh fo’oluh; Hkjksls ds
fd ,slh Lora=rk dk okLrfod lEiknu gksxk & fVIi.khA (Negative freedom can, perhaps, ensure freedom to
choose, but without any credible assurance for its actual fulfillment) – Short Notes.
D;k Lora=rk vkReKku izkfIr ds fy, ldkjkRed ,oa leku volj gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2016
“Is liberty a positive and equal opportunity of self-realization ” Discuss. ? (15 Marks)
Lora=rk vkSj lerk dks fdl lhek rd yksdra= ds fof’k"V vfHky{k.kksa ds :Ik esa ekuk tk ldrk gSa \ foospuk 2018
dhft,A
How far can liberty and equality be considered as distinctive features of democrarcy ? Discuss.
D;k Lora=rk] lerk dks ifjlhekvksa esa ck¡/krh gS \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Does liberty put limitations to equality ? Discuss. (15)

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TOPIC NO. 2
çHkqlÙkk % vkfLVu] cksnk¡] ykLdh] dkSfVY; (Sovereignty : Austin, Bodin, Laski, Kautilya)

laçHkqrk (Sovereignty)
laçHkqrk ij dkSfVY; & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Write critical notes on Kautilya on “Sovereignty”.) 1997
cksnk¡ ds fujis{k (Absolute) çHkqlÙkk ds fl)kUr dh O;k[;k dhft,A çtkrkaf=d çHkqlÙkk dh rqyuk esa jktra=h; 2009
(monarchial) çHkqlÙkk dks ojh;rk nsus ds fy, mudk D;k rdZ Fkk\ bl lanHkZ esa fopkj dhft, fd D;k mudh
vfoHkkT; çHkqlÙkk dh odkyr lafo/kkuokn ij muds fo’okl ds lkFk laxfriw.kZ Fkh\
(Explain Bodin’s principle of absolute sovereignty. What was his argument for preferring monarchical sovereignty
over democratic sovereignty? Consider in this context whether his advocacy of undivided sovereignty was
consistent with his belief in constitutionalism.)
^'kfä (Power) gh laçHkqrk dk fu/kkZjd rRo gSA* vkWfLVu ds bl er dk vkykspukRed foospu çLrqr dhft,A 1999
(Give a critical account of Austin’s view that power is the determining factor of sovereignty.)
lEçHkqrk dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,A bl lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh vkykspukRed leh{kk dhft, fd lEçHkqrk 2006
vlhfer ,oa rdZr% vfoHkkT; gSA (Explain the notion of sovereignty. Critically consider, in this context, the claim
that sovereignty is illimitable and logically indivisible.)
dkSfVY; dh çHkqrklaiUu jkT; dh ^lIrkax* fFk;ksjh & fVIi.khA 2008
(Kautilya’s Saptanga theory of Sovereign State – Short Notes.
lEçHkqrk ij ckSnk¡ vkSj vkWfLVu ds fopkjksa dh rqyuk dhft, & fVIi.khA 2009
(Compare Bodin’s and Austin’s views on sovereignty – Short Notes.
dkSfVY; dk ;g fopkj D;ksa Fkk fd çHkqrk lksikfud gksrh gS\ Li"V dhft,A 2010
Why did Kautilya think that sovereignty is heirarchical? Explain. (150 words)
D;k çHkqrk dh cksfMu dh fFk;ksjh ^gok esa rSjrh gS*\ lekykspukiwoZd ijh{k.k dhft,A 2010
Does Bodin’s theory of sovereignty ‘float in the air’? Critically examine. (200 words).
dkSfVY; ds laçHkqrk ds lIrkax fl)kUr ,oa cksnk¡ ds jkT; ds laçHkqrk ds fl)kUr dh rqyuk djsaA 2011
Compare and contrast Kautilya’s Saptanga Theory of the Sovereign State with Bodin’s theory of Sovereigntly.
(15 Marks).
vkWfLVu] cksfMu vkSj ykLdh esa ls dkSu laçHkqrk dh ladYiuk ds vius fo’ys"k.k esa lcls vf/kd laxr gS\ 2012

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Who amongst Austin, Bodin and Laski, is the most consistent in his analysis of the concept of sovereignty?
(12 Marks).
tkWu vkWfLVu ds lEizHkqrk ds fl)kar ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,A ;g gkWCl ds fl)kar ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS \ 2014
Explain the significance of John Austin’s theory of sovereignty. How does it differ from that of Hobbes ? (10
Marks)
laizHkqrk dh gSjkYM ykLdh dh ehekalk dh foospuk dhft,A 2015
Explain Harold Laski’s critique of sovereignty. (10 Marks)
**liazHkqrk ukxfjdksa rFkk iztk ij loksZPp 'kfä gS] tks fof/k }kjk ifjckf/kr ugha gSA** foospuk dhft,A 2016
“Sovereignty is the supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law,” Discuss. (10 Marks)
fdu vk/kkjksa ij ySLdh us laiHz kqrk ls lac) vkWfLVu dh vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspuk dh \ 2016
On what grounds does Laski criticize Austin’s concept of sovereignty ? (15 Mark)
ppkZ dhft, fd lEizHkqrk dh dkSfVY; dh ladYiuk LosPNkpkjh 'kklu esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA cksfMu dh ladYiuk ls 2017
;g fdl gn rd rqyuh; gSa \ foospuk dhft,A
Discuss whether Kautilya’s concept of sovereignty turns into a depostic rule. How far is it comparable to Bodin’s
concept ? Discuss.
*n.M&uhfr* ds vkyksd esa] dkSfVY; dh laizHkqrk dh ladYiuk ij ppkZ dhft,A 2018
Discuss Kautilya’s concept of sovereignty in the light of ‘Danda-neeti’.
laizHkqrk ij ykLdh ds fopkj dk] jktuhfrd fFk;ksjh esa ,d larks"ktud fLFkfr ds :Ik es]a lekykspukRed ewY;kadu 2018
dhft,A
Critically evaluate Laski’s view on sovereignty as a satisfactory as a satisfactory position in political theory.
ppkZ dhft, fd vkWfLVu dh laizHkqrk dh ladYiuk dkSfVY; dh laizHkqrk dh ladYiuk ds lkFk dgk¡ rd esy [kkrh gSA 2019
Discuss how far does Austin’s concept of sovereignty go along with Kautilya’s concept of
sovereignty. (20)

Cksfnu ds laiHz kqrkoknh fl)kar ds egRo dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2020

Explain the importance of Bodin’s theory sovereignty.
oS’ohdj.k ds dky esa laiHz kqrk ds fl)kar dh izklafxdrk dks vfHkO;Dr ,oa mldh O;k[;k dhft,A 2020
Sate and explain the relevance of the doctrine of sovereignty in times of globalization.

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TOPIC NO. 3
O;fä ,oa jkT; % vf/kdkj] dÙkZO; ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro
(Individual and State : Rights, Duties and Accountability)

O;fDr ,oa jkT; (State and Individual)

^O;fDr u dsoy ?kVd gS] cfYd og jkT; ds fodkl esa va’knku djus okyk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA* Li"V dhft, vkSj 1997
ijh{kk dhft,A (The individual is not merely a constituent, but a significant constituent contributing to the
development of the State’. Explain and examine.)
^ge jkT; dh vkKk dk ikyu blfy, djrs gSa D;ksafd jkT; varr% gekjh gh vkRek dk lPps vFkks± esa çfrfuf/k gSA* 1999
jkT; dh mi;qZä vo/kkj.kk ds çdk’k esa O;fDr rFkk jkT; ds laca/k dk foospu dhft,A
(“We obey the state because in the end it most truly represents ourselves.” Discuss the relation of the individual
and the state in the light of the above concept of the state.)
jkT; rFkk O;fDr dh ekaxas D;k okLro esa vkil esa Vdjkrh gS\a foospu dhft,A 2000
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(Are the claims of the State and the individual really mutually conflicting? Discuss.)
^^jkT; ^ewrZ Lora=rk dh OkkLrfodrk* gSA** & fVIi.khA 2005
(“State is the actuality of concrete freedom’. ” — Short notes.)
^^jkT; lÙkk ds vkf/kiR; dks Lohdkjuk ml dÙkZO; ls vlaxr gS ftlds vuqlkj Lora=rk dk vuqdj.k djuk 2006
euq";&tkfr dk ije dÙkZO; gSA**& jkWcVZ ikWy oqYQ ¼fVIi.kh½A
(“Acceptance of authority of the state is inconsistent with the highest duty of mankind, the duty to act
autonomously.” – Robert Paul Wolff – (Short Notes).
^^jkT; lÙkk ds vkf/kiR; dks Lohdkjuk euq"; tkfr ds ml mRd"kZ drZO; ls vlaxr gS ftlds vuqlkj ^^Lok;Ùkrk** dk 2007
vuqdj.k djuk mldk drZO; gSA* & fVIi.khA (“Acceptance of authority of the state is inconsistent with the highest
duty of mankind, “the duty to act autonomously.” – (Robert Paul Wolff) – (Short Notes).
D;k vf/kdkjksa dk vko’;d :i ls fufgrkFkZ rn~uq:i nkf;Roksa dk gksuk gS\ çkFkfed :i ls nkf;Ro fdlds çfr gksrs gSa 2008
& O;fDr ds ;k fd jkT; ds\ ppkZ dhft,A (Do rights necessarily imply corresponding obligations? To whom does
one primarily own obligations – individuals or State? Discuss. )
^^vf/kdkj vkSj dÙkZO; ,d&nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSaA** Li"V dhft, & fVIi.khA 2009
(Rights and duties are complementary.” Explain.
D;k tokcnsgh vko’;d :i ls uSfrd iw.kZrk esa ;ksxnku nsrh gS\ vius fopkj jf[k,A 2010
(Does Accountability necessarily contribute to moral perfection? Offer your views – Short Notes. (150 words)
vkids fopkj esa fdl çdkj O;fä & mnkjoknh ;k lektoknh & jkT; dks vf/kd 'kfä’kkyh cukus esa vis{kkÑr vf/kd 2010
;ksxnku ns ldrk gS\
(Which type of individual, according to you, can contribute more to strengthen the State – a liberalist or a socialist?
(200 words).
tura= esa ukxfjd dks D;k dHkh Hkh dkuwu ds mYya?ku dk uSfrd vf/kdkj gksrk gS\ ukxfjdksa ds lfou; voKk ds 2011
vf/kdkj ij ppkZ djsAa (In a Democracy does a citizen ever have the moral rights to break a law? Discuss citizens
right to civil disobedience.) (15 Marks.)
D;k ukxfjdksa dks dÙkZO;ksa ds fcuk vf/kdkj çkIr gks ldrs gSa\ mnkgj.kksa lfgr ppkZ djsAa 2011
(Can citizens have rights without duties? Discuss with examples. (20 Marks)
dkaV }kjk fn, x, dÙkZO; ds laiw.kZ ,oa vlaiw.kZ nkf;Ro ds fl)kUr dh ppkZ djsaA 2011
Discuss Kants’s distinction between duties of perfect and imperfect obligation. (20 Marks)
D;k ge ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks muds dÙkZO;ksa ls fo;ksftr dj ldrs gS\a 2012
Can we dissociate rights of citizens from their duties? (12 Marks)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ukxfjdksa ds drZO;ksa ds lekos’k dk D;k egRo gSa \ 2013
What is the significance of including duties of citizens in the Indian Constitution ? (10 Marks)
D;k vkfLrd yksx lalkj esa nSoh cqjkbZ dks vPNkbZ dk gh nwljk vko’;d igyw crkus esa lQy gq, gSa \ 2013
Do theists succeed in explaining the nuatral evil in the world as a necessary counterpart to good ? (10 Marks)
**'kfä Hkz"V cukrh gS] iw.kZ 'kfä iw.kZ:is.k Hkz"V cukrh gS** & bl dFku dk rdZ is’k djrs gq, fo’ys"k.k dhft,A 2014
Analyse the statement with reasons that “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely”. (20 Marks)
**lHkh ekuo vf/kdkj O;fäd vf/kdkjksa ij dsfUnzr gSaA** ppkZ dhft,A 2014
“All human rights are centred on individual rights.” Disucss. (20 Marks)
D;k yksdrkaf=d jkT; esa lfou; voaKk rdZlx
a r gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2015
Is civil disobedience in a democratic State justifiable ? Discuss. (10 Marks)
yksdra= esa O;fäxr ,oa lkewfgd vf/kdkjksa dk fdl izdkj lek/kku fd;k tkrk gS \ Li"V dhft,A 2015
How are individual and group right’s reconciled in democrancy ? Explain . (10 Marks)
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bl dFku dk ewY;kadu dhft, fd izR;sd ekuo dks dqN vfoPNs| ¼vns;½ vf/kdkj izkIr gSaA 2016
Evaluate the statement that all human beings have certain unalienable rights. (10 Marks)
**Lora= Hkk"k.k ds vf/kdkj esa U;k;ikfydk dh izkekf.kd Lora=rk varfuZfgr gS vkSj og mls dk;Zikfydk ls iw.kZr% vyx 2016
djrk gSA** ewY;kdau dhft,A
“The right of free speech implies the genuine independence of the judiciary and its complete separation from the
executive.” Evaluate. (20 Marks)
D;k ge jkT; dks 'kkld oxksZ dh bPNkvksa dks O;ä djus dh laLFkk ekurs gS\a ijh{k.k dhft,A 2016
Is the State an agency for expressing the will of the ruling classes ? Examine. (20 Marks)
vf/kdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa esa ls dkSu nwljs dk izkFkfed gS \ tokcnsgh ds lnaHkZ esa foospuk dhft,A 2017
Out of rights and duties, which one is prior to the other ? Discuss in the contexr of accountability.
D;k vf/kdkj ukxfjdksa dks jkT; ds izfr tokcnsg cukrs gSa \ orZeku Hkkjrh; ifjn`’; ds lanHkZ esa rdZ izLrqr dhft,A 2019

Do rights make citizens accountable to the State ? Argue in the context of the present Indian
scenario. (20)

D;k Hkkjrh; ijaijk oS;fäd vf/kdkjksa dh izfrjks/kh gS\ *ekuo vf/kdkjksa* ds fl)kar dh lgk;rk ls bl ij fopkj dhft,A 2020
Is Indian tradition antagonistic to Individual Rights? Consider it by taking recourse to the doctrine of
‘Human Rights.’
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TOPIC NO. 4
'kklu ds çdkj % jktra=] /keZra= ,oa yksdra=
(Forms of Government : Monarchy, Theocracy and Democracy)

jktra= (Monarchy) + /keZra= (Theocracy)

jktra= dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A D;k ;g uSfrdr% rdZlx
a r gS\ & fVIi.khA 2009
Define Monarchy. Is it ethically justified? – Short Notes.
D;k /keZea= ,d iqjkuh fopkj/kkjk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2009
(Is Theocracy an outdated ideology? Discuss. (30 Marks)
vk/kqfud /keZfujis{k jkT; es]a /keZra= dh fLFkfr ij ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Discuss the status of theocracy in the modern secular state. (10)

yksdra= (Democracy)
yksdra= dk fojks/kkHkkl D;k gS\ mldk lek/kku djus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls ç;Ru fd;s x;s gS\a 1989
(What is the paradox of democracy? What attempts have been made to resolve it?)
^yksdra= dsoy ljdkj dk ,d çdkj ugha gS] cfYd og ,d thou i)fr Hkh gSA* ppkZ dhft,A 1997
(“Democracy is not merely a form of Government, but a way of life as well.” Discuss.)
mnkj yksdra= & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Write critical on Liberal Democracy.) 1999
çtkra= dh vo/kkj.kk fojks/kkHkklh gS & fVIi.khA (Write critical notes on The idea of democracy is paradoxical.) 2001
mnkjoknh çtkra= ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUrksa dk O;k[;kRed mYys[k dhft,A bl lanHkZ esa bl fo"k; ij fopkj dhft, fd 2001
U;k;] tks fd mnkjoknh çtkra= dk ,d ewyHkwr vkn’kZ gS] dks fdl gn rd blds vUrxZr lkdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(Explain the fundamental tenets of liberal democracy. Consider in this context, the extent to which justice, which is

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one of the basic ideals of liberal democracy, can be realized.)
fVIi.kh & yksdrkaf=d jkT; esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa }kjk gM+rky dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA 2003
(“In a democratic State strike by government employees is unjustified’) – Notes.
fVIi.kh & çtkra= dh vo/kkj.kk lkjr% fookfnr vo/kkj.kk gSA 2004
(The concept of democracy is an essentially contested concept) – Notes.
^^vkÆFkd {ks= esa 'kfä ds lkFk ds fcuk jktuhfrd yksdra= [kks[kyk gksrk gSA** & fVIi.khA 2005
(“Political democracy is hollow unless accompanied by power in the area of economics”. – Short Notes.
^^çtkra=] tks fd çR;sd O;fä dh /kkj.kk dks ,dleku ekurk gS] ;g fu/kkZfjr djus esa v{ke gS fd D;k djuk 2006
mfpr gSA** & fVIi.khA (“Democracy, which treats everybody’s opinion equally, is inefficient in determining the
right thing to do”) – Short Notes.
^^çtkra= tks çR;sd O;fä dh /kkj.kk dks ,dleku egÙo nsrk gS] og ;g fu/kkZj.k djus esa l{ke ugha gksrk fd 2007
D;k mfpr ;k vuqfpr gSA & fVIi.khA (“Democracy that gives equal weight to every one’s opinion is inefficient in
determining the right or wrong thing to do) – Short Notes.
^^yksdrkaf=d ljdkj yksdra= ds jktuhfrd n’kZu ds fl)karksa dh çksUufr djus dk nkok djrh gSA* 2008
(‘Democratic government claims to be promoting the principles of political philosophy of democracy).’
D;k orZeku yksdra=h; ljdkjksa esa cgqla[;d 'kklu vFkZiw.kZ rjhds ls çfrfcafcr gS\ mi;qZDr mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk vius 2010
mÙkj dks çekf.kr dhft,A (Is majority – rule meaningfully reflected in present-day democratic governments?
Substantiate your answer with suitable examples. (200 words)
^^yksdra=] tks çR;sd O;fä ds lkFk lerk dk cjrko djus ds fy, çfrc) gS] ljdkj dh ,d ç.kkyh ds :i esa 2012
vçHkkoh gSA** (‘Democracy, committed to treating everybody equally, is ineffective as a system of government.:
(12 Marks).
*iztkra=* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ iztkrkaf=d ljdkjksa ds dkSu&dkSu ls fofHkUu :Ik gksrs gSa \ 2013
What is meant by ‘democracy’ ? What are the various forms of democratic governments ? (15 Marks)
D;k iztkrkaf=d ljdkj vYila[;dksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djus esa leFkZ gksrh gS \ 2013
Is a democratic government able to represent the interests of minority groups ? (15 Marks)
D;k iztkrkaf=d ljdkj mnkjoknh rkuk’kkgh ls csgrj gksrh gS \ vius mÙkj ds dkj.k crkb,A 2013
Is a democratic government better than a benevolent dictatorship ? Give reasons for your answer. (20 Marks)
/keZra= dh rqyuk ea]s yksdra= fdl ek;us esa ljdkj dk ,d csgrj :Ik gSa \ 2014
In what sense is democracy a better form of Government than theocracy ? (15 Marks)
Laklnh; yksdra= ds Lo:Ik vkSj izdk;ksa dk ewY;kadu dhft,A 2015
Evaluate the nature and functions of parliamentary democracy. (20 Marks)
ppkZ dhft, fd D;k ukxfjdksa vkSj jkT; ds fy, 'kklu dks csgrj cukus gsrq] jktra= dk yksdra= ds lkFk lfEeJ.k 2017
dj nsuk] mudh vokaNuh; =qfV;ksa ls cpus ds fy,] dYiuh; gSA
Discuss whether a belnding of monarchy with democracy is conceivable to avoid their undesirable defects for
making the governance better for citizens and state.
Mnkjoknh yksdra= ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ D;k lkekftd lalfä dk oS;fäd vf/kdkjksa dh viuh izcy vfHkiqf"V ds lkFk 2018
larqyu cSBkus ds fy,] bldks vis{kkd`r vf/kd xgu fl)karksa dh vko’;drk gSa \ Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ ls dkj.k izLrqr
dhft,A
Whtat is meant by liberal democracy ? Deos it reuqries deeper principles for social chosesion to balance its own
strong affirmation of individual rights ? Give reasons from the Indian context.
ijh{k.k dhft, fd D;k /keZfujis{k yksdra= dh nk’kZfud vk/kkjHkwfe ds ckjs esa egkRek xk¡/kh vkSj MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj 2019
ds fopkjksa esa dksbZ Hksn gS vFkok ugha gSA
Examine whether there is any difference between the views of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr.
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Babasaheb Ambedkar on the philosophical foundations of secular democracy. (20)

mnkjoknh yksdra= vYila[;dksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk fdl lhek rd djrs gS\a lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A 2020
How far do the liberal democracies safeguard the interests of minorities? Evaluate critically.

**********
TOPIC NO. 5
jktuSfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ % vjktdrkokn] ekDlZokn ,oa lektokn
(Political Ideologies : Anarchism, Marxism and Socialism)

vjktdrkokn (Anarchism)
vjktdrkokn dh ^jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk* & lekykspukRed fVIi.khA 2012
The ‘political ideology’ of Anarchism – Critically notes. (15 Marks)
D;k vki vjktdrkokfn;ksa dh jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZu djrs gSa \ vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A 2018
Do you subscribe to the political ideology of Anarchists ? Justify your answer.
jktuhfrd vjktdrkoknh ds :Ik esa] egkRek xk¡/kh dk ewY;kdau dhft,A 2019
Evaluate Mahatma Gandhi as a political anarchist. (10)
D;k vki lksprs gS fd fo|eku egkekjh lekt esa vjktdrkokn dks vxzlj djsxh\ foospuk dhft,A 2020
Do you think that the prevailing pandemic will lead to anarchism in society? Discuss.
lektokn rFkk ekDlZokn (Socialism and Marxism)
ekDlZokn vkSj loksZn; ds vkn’kZ ds chp lekurk,¡ vkSj fofHkérk,¡ crkb,A 1997
(Compare and contrast Marxism with the ideal of “Sarvodaya”.)
^lektokn ,oa ekDlZokn ds lS)kfUrd Hksnksa dk mYys[k dhft,A (Point out the doctrinal differences between 2001
Socialism and Marxism.)
^lektokn lkE;okn dh lokZf/kdkjh foo{kkvksa ls cprk gS vkSj mnkj yksdrkaf=d lafo/kkuksa ds nk;js esa dk;Z djrk gSA** 2005
& fVIi.khA (“Socialism avoids the totalitarian implications of Communism, and works within liberal demorcratic
Constitutions”. – Short notes.
lektokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa] bldk mYys[k dhft,A D;k ;g vko’;d gS fd lektokn dks mu ewY;ksa ,oa vkn’kks± 2006
ds ekudh; (normative) inksa ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,] ftudh çkfIr ds fy, lektoknh ç;kljr gSa] ;k fd
mu o.kZukRed inksa ls tks lektoknh O;oLFkk ds vkÆFkd ,oa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds pkfjf=d y{k.kksa dk mYys[k
djrs gSa\ D;k bu nksuksa ds chp ds ruko dk leqfpr lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gS\ fopkj dhft,A
(Describe your understanding of socialism. Must it be defined in normative terms of a set of values and ideals
which socialists seek to realize, or in descriptive terms of the specific character of the economic and political
institutions of socialist society? Can the tension between the two be adequately resolved? Discuss).
lektokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa] bldk mYys[k dhft,A D;k ;g vko’;d gS fd lektokn dks mu ewY;ksa ,oa vkn’kks± 2007
ds ekudh; (normative) inksa ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,] ftudh çkfIr ds fy, lektoknh ç;kljr gSa] ;k fd
mu o.kZukRed inksa ls tks lektoknh O;oLFkk ds vkÆFkd ,oa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds pkfjf=d y{k.kksa dk mYys[k
djrs gSa\ D;k bu nksuksa ds chp ds ruko dk leqfpr lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gS\ fopkj dhft,A
(Describe your understanding of socialism. Must it be defined in normative terms of a set of values and ideals
which socialists seek to realize, or in descriptive terms of the specific character of the economic and political
institutions of socialist society? Can the tension between the two be adequately resolved? Discuss).
vkids fopkj esa fdl çdkj dk lektokn Js"B gS& dYiukyksdh ;k yksdra=h;\ D;ksa\ 2010

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(Which type of Socialism, according to you, is superior – Utopain or democratic? Why? (200 words)
ekDlZokn ,oa lektokn ds ekSfyd Hksn D;k gS\ 2011
What are the basic differences between Marxism and Socialism? (20 Marks)
D;k ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lektokn] ekDlZokn dk ,d detksj laLdj.k gS\ ppkZ djsAa 2011
Can it be said that Socialism is a weaker version of Marxism? Discuss. (20 Marks.)
D;k turkaf=d lektokn ,d vkReO;k?kkrh vo/kkj.kk gS\ ppkZ djsaA 2011
Is Democratic Socialism a contradiction in terms? Discuss. (20 Marks)
D;k iztkra= o lektokn dk la;ksx vf/kd lekurk dk lekt cukrk gS \ 2013
Does the Combination of democracy and socialism lead to a more equitable society ? (10 Marks )
**lektokn Loa; esa yksdra= dh iw.kZrk gSA** fo’ys"k.k dhft,A 2016
“Socialism itself is the fulfillment of democracy.” Analyse. (10 Marks)
vjktdrk ds lnaHkZ esa ppkZ dhft, fd D;k O;fä dh Lora=rk jkT; dh laizHkqrk ds laxr gS vFkok ughaA 2017
Discuss in the context of anarchy whether the freedom of an individual is consistent with the
sovereignty of the State.
D;k lkekftd U;k; ds laj{k.k ds uke ij ekDlZokn O;fDrxr Lora=rk dks izfrcfU/kr djrk gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2017
Does Marxiam curb individual freedom in the name of protectin g social justice ? Discuss.
D;k ekDlZoknh lektokn vkSj oS;fäd Lora=rk lqlaxr gSa \ lekykspukRed foospuk dhft,A 2018
Are Marxian Socialism and individual freedom consistent ? Disucss critically.
D;k L=h&iq#"k lekurk dks lektoknh 'kklu&iz.kkyh esa lkdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS \ 2019
Can gender equality be realised within a socialist regime ? Analyses. (10)
vkids fopkj esa izpfyr eqä cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa] ekDlZokn dk Hkfo"; D;k gS \ 2019
What do you consider to be the future of Marxism in the context of the prevalent free market
economy ? (15)

orZeku lanHkZ esa ekDlZokn ,d nk’kZfud fl)kar ds :Ik esa fdl lhek rd izklafxd gS\ 2020
How far is Marxism as a philosophical doctrine relevant in the present context? Justify your answer.

**********
TOPIC NO. 6
Ekkuookn] /keZfujis{kokn] cgqlaLÑfrokn (Humanism, Secularism, Multiculturalism)

ekuookn (Humanism)
lektoknh ekuookn& ¼fVII.kh½ (Write critical notes on Socialistic Humanism.) 1998
Ekkuookn dh O;k[;k dhft, rFkk mRdV ¼mxz½ ekuookn ds ewyHkwr y{k.kksa dk foospu dhft,A 1999
(Explain humanism and discuss the essential features of radical humanism.)
Ekkuorkokn D;k gS\ mlds fofHké çdkj dkSu&ls gS\a ,e-,u-jk; dk mxz ekuorkokn ekDlZokn ls fdl çdkj fHké gS] 2005
;fn og fHké gS] rks ppkZ dhft,A (What is humanism ? What are its different kinds? In what way, if any,
is M.N. Roy’s Radical Humanism different from Marxism? Discuss.)
^^bZlkbZ ekuorkokn^ Lo}U}kRed in gSA**&fVIi.khA(“Christian Humanism’ is a contradiction in terms.” )-Short notes. 2006
Ekkuorkokn fdu&fdu ckrksa esa ekDlZokn ls fHké gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2012

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(In what ways is humanism different from Marxism? Discuss. (20 Marks)
orZeku dky esa lUnHkZ es]a ekuorkokn ds fdl :Ik dks] vki izklafxd ekurs gSa \ foLrkj ls foopuk dhft,A 2018
What form of humanism do you approve as relevant in the present day context ? Discuss in detail.
a ]s cfYd os ,d vkn’kZ fo’o 2018
**ekuo vf/kdkj vkSj ekuo xfjek vc Hkfo"; esa fdlh ,d fo’ks"k laLd`fr dh mit ugha gksx
ds fy, lkewfgd ekuoh; vfHkYkk"kk dh mit gksxa As ** ppkZ dhft,
“Human rights and human dignity would no longer be the product of particular culture, rather a common human
for an ideal world. Discuss.”

/keZfujis{krk (Secularism)
^^Hkkjr esa /keZfujisa{krk dk ç;ksx fo/keZ ds vFkZ esa u fd;k tkdj xgu /kkÆed cks/k ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA** bl 1988
dFku dh foospuk dhft,A (“Secularism in India stands not for irreligion but for deep religious understanding”.
Discuss this statement.)
Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa /keZfujis{krk ¼fVIi.kh½A (Write critical notes on Secularism in India Context.) 2000
D;k /keZfujis{krk fujh’ojokn ds ln`’k gS\ Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa bl ckr dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2009
(Is Secularism analogous to Atheism? Examine in the Indian context. (30 Marks)
^^Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa] /keZfujis{krkokn /keZ dh vLohÑfr ugha gS] cfYd og /keks± dk eS=hHkko gSsA** ppkZ dhft,A 2006
(“Secularism in the Indian context is not a rejection of religion but a fellowship of religions.” Discuss. (20 Marks)

D;k lHkh /keksZ dks leku vknj dk Hkko ,d laxr ds dk;kZRed jk"Vªh; uhfr iznku djrk gS \ 2013
Does the idea of equal respect to all religions provide a consistent and viable state policy ? (10 Marks)
/kkfeZd jk"Vªokn /keZfujis{k jkT; ds fy, fdl izdkj [krjk gksrk gS \ Li"V dhft,A 2015
How is religious nationalism a threat to secular State ? Explain. (20 Marks)
D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gS fd ik’pkR; vkn’kZ ds :Ik esa /keZfujis{krk Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa vuko’;d gSa \ 2017
cgq&lkaLd`frd Hkkjrh; lekt ds lnaHkZ esa bl ij ppkZ dhft,A
Do you agree with the view that secularism as a western ideal is redundant in the Indian context ? Discuss in the
context of the multicultural Indian society.
D;k vki lksprs gSa fd /keZfujis{kokn */keZ* vkSj *jkT;* ds iw.kZ ikFkZD; dh ek¡x djrk gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2020
Do you think that secularism requires complete separation of ‘religion’ and ‘state’? Discuss.

cgq&laLÑfrokn (Multiculturalism)
D;k cgqlLa Ñfrokn ,d ojnku gS ;k fd ,d vfHk'kki\ ppkZ dhft,A 2008
(Is multiculturalism a boon or a bane? Discuss).
^cgqlLa Ñfrokn* in dk ç;ksx fooj.kkRed ,oa ewY;kRed nksuksa :i esa gqvk gS\ ppkZ djsAa 2011
(The term ‘multi-culturalism’ has been used in both a descriptive and a normative sense. Discuss. (15 Marks)
^cgqlLa Ñfrdrk* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ D;k ;g fodkl ,oa çxfr esa ,d ck/kk gks ldrh gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2012
What is multiculturalism? Can it be an impediment for development and progress? Discuss. (20 Marks)
cgqlLa d`frokn fdl izdkj igpku] Lora=rk vkSj lerk tSlh mnkjoknh /kkj.kkvksa dks iquHkkZf"kr djrk gS rFkk mlds 2014
vfHkx`ghrksa dh iquZjpuk djrk gS \
How does multiculturalism redefine liberal notions like identiy, freedom and equality and reformulate its
assumptions ? (10 Marks)
mnkjoknh ekuookn vkSj ekDlZoknh ekuookn esa fdl izdkj foHksnu djrs gSa \ 2014
How do we distinguish Liberal humanism and Marxist humanism ? (10 Marks)

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cgqld
a `frokn ij o.kZukRed vkSj vkn’kZd lna’kksZ dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2014
Explain descriptive and normative perspectives on multiculturalism. (15 Marks)

D;k cgqlLa d`frokn oSf’od lekt dh ,d vko’;drk gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2015
Is multiculturalism a need of global society ? Discuss. (20 Marks)
**izHkqRo ls eqfä** dks D;k ge cgqlakLd`frdokn ds fy, ,d otg ¼vkSfpR;½ eku ldrs gSa \ dkj.kksa lfgr viuk mÙkj 2016
izLrqr dhft,A
Can we consider “freedom from domination” as one of the justifications for multiculturalism ? Give reasons for
your answer. (15 Marks)
D;k vki bl er dk leFkZu djrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; lkaLd`frd igpku ds fy,] cgqlaLd`frokn ds fl)karksa rFkk izR;sd 2018
O;fDr dh xfjek ds izfr vknjHkko dk lekdyu djus dh vko’;drk gSa \ vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A
Do you subscribe to the view that Indian cultural identity needs to integrate the principles of multi-culturalism and
respect for the dignity of each person ? Justify you answer.
cgqlaLd`frokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ oS’ohdj.k vkSj cgqlaLd`frokn fdl izdkj ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/kr gSa \ mudk 2018
laca/k fdl izdkj lakLd`frd ifjorZuksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSa \
What do you understand by multi-culturalism ? How are globalization and multi-cultrualism related ? how does
their relationship affect cultural changes ?
cgqlakLd`frdrk ds fopkjksa ij o.kZukRed ,oa vkn’kZd ifjizs{; D;k&D;k gSa \ 2019
What are the descriptive and normative perspectives on ideas of multiculturalism? (15)

cgqlaLd`frokn ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a ,d cgqlakLd`frd jk"Vª dks fufeZr djus okyh lajpukRed fo’ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2020
What do you understand by multiculturalism? Explain the structural characteristics that make a nation
multicultural.

**********
TOPIC NO. 7
vijk/k ,oa naM % HkzVkpkj] O;kid fgalk] tkfrlagkj] çk.knaM
(Crimeekuookn&
lektoknh and Punishment
¼fVII.kh½ (Write:critical
Corruption, Mass Violence,
notes on Socialistic Humanism.)Genocide, Capital Punishment) 1998
tulagkj dh vuqefr nsus okyh fofHké ^vuq’Secularism,
kkfLr;ks*a dh lwphMulticulturalism)
cukb, vkSj çR;sd fojks/k esa uSfrd çfr;qfä;ksa ij çdk’k 2010
Mkfy,A (List the various ‘sanctions’ permitting genocide and clearly bring out the ethical counter—arguments
against each. (200 words).
D;k e`R;qn.M vkSfpR;iw.kZ gS\ naM ds fl)karksa ds lanHkZ esa mÙkj nhft,A 2011
(Can capital punishment be justified? Answer with reference to the theories of punishment. (15 Marks)
Lkkewfgd fgalk ds D;k dkj.k gks ldrs gS\ D;k lkewfgd fgalk dks uSfrd vk/kkjksa ij dHkh mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS\ 2012
ppkZ dhft,A What can be the causes for mass violence? Can mass violence ever be justified on moral grounds?
Discuss. (30 Marks.)
D;k Hkz"Vkpkj ds dsoy uSfrd igyw gh ugha oju~ vkfFkZd igyw Hkh tqM+k gS \ 2013
Does corruption have not only a moral dimension but also an economic dimension ? (10 Marks)
D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd iztkrh; loksZPprk ¼jsf’k;y lqfizeslh½ tulagkj dk eq[; dkj.k gS \ vius mÙkj ds dkj.k 2014
ckrb,A
Can we say that recial supremacy is the main reason for genocide ? Give reasons for your answer. (10 Marks)
cykRdkj] gR;k vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj tSls vijk/kksa ds fy, D;k vki e`R;qn.M dk mfpr fl) dj ldrs gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2017
47
Can you justify capital punishment for crimes like rape, murder and corruption ? Discuss.
D;k efgykvksa ds fo:) vijk/kksa ds fy, dBksj n.M lekt dh ekufldrk dks cny nsxk \ vius i{k ds vkSfpR; dks 2017
izekf.kr dhft,A
Will a severe punishment for crimes against women change the mind-set of society ? Justify your position.
Hkkjr ds yksdra= esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds mUewyu ds fy, vki D;k mik; lq>krs gSa \ 2018
What meanures do you suggest to eradicate corruption in Indian democracy.
D;k Hkz"Vkpkj lkewfgd fgalk dk ,d :Ik ugha gSa \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Is corruption not a form of mass violence ? Discuss. (10)

,d jk"Vª&jkT; esa lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,¡ Hkz"Vkpkj dks fdl lhek rd vuqdwfyr djrh gS\a foospuk dhft,A 2020
How far do the social and political regimes condition corrupt practices in a nation-state? Discuss.

naM ds fl)kUr (Theory of Punishment)

naM dk lq/kkjkRed fl)kUr & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Reformative theory of punishment.) – Notes. 1997
naM dk çfrdkjoknh fl)kUr & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Retributive theory of punishment.) – Notes. 1998
naM dk lq/kkjkRed fl)kUr & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Reformative theory of punishment.) – Notes. 2005
n.M dk çfrdkjkFkZ fl)kUr & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Retributive theory of punishment.) – Notes. 2000
n.M ds fuokjd fl)kUr dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gS & ¼fVIi.kh½A 2001
(The deterrent theory of punishment has no justification.) – Notes.
fVIi.kh & naM dh ^çfrdkjkRed* vkSj ^fuokj.kkRed* fFk;ksfj;ka ijLij iwjd gSaA 2003
(‘Retributive’ and ‘deterrent’ theories of punishment are mutually complementary.) – Notes.
naM dh vo/kkj.kk dk foospu dhft,A bl lanHkZ esa naM dh vuqikfrdrk ds fl)kUr ds egRo ,oa fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj 2004
dhft,] ftlds vuqlkj naM dh rhozrk vijk/k dh xEHkhjrk ds vuqikr esa gksuh pkfg,A
(Discuss the notion of punishment Consider in this context the importance and implications of the principle of
proportionality of punishment, which requires that the severity of punishment be proportionate to the seriousness
of the crime).
naM ds QykRed ,oa çfrjks/kkRed fl)kUrksa ds chp ijLij ruko dk o.kZu dhft,A bl alanHkZ esa ml er dk 2006
vkykspukRed foospu dhft, ftldk rdZ gS fd pwafd fdlh Hkh çpfyr vijk/k fujks/kd dkuwuh O;oLFkk dk leqfpr
vkSfpR; ugha gS] blfy, jkT; lHkk }kjk fu/kkZfjr fdlh Hkh naM dk vkSfpR; fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vr% jkT; lHkk
}kjk lapkfyr naM O;oLFkk dks iw.kZr% lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A
(Describe the tension between consequentialist and retributivist theories of punishment. Discuss critically, in this
context, the view that argues that since no existing penal system for crime prevention has adequate jusitification,
state punishment can not be justified and therefore, it should be completely abolished. )
**n.M dk mís’; uSfrd dkuwu dh j{kk djuk vkSj vijk/kh ds lkFk U;k; djuk gSA** foospuk dhft,A 2015
“The aim of punishment is to defend the moral law and to do justice to criminal.” Discuss. (15 Marks)
**nafMr djus dk mís’; O;fä esa lq/kkj ykuk gksuk pkfg,A** fVIi.kh izLrqr dhft,A 2016
“The goal in punishing should be to reform the individual.” Comment. (10 Marks)

bl ij fopkj dhft, fd n.M ds vkSfpR; dk çfriknu lkekU;r% vko’;d D;ksa ekuk tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa vki n.M 2007
ds eq[; fl)karkas dh viuh vkykspukRed foospuk dhft,A
(Consider why punishment is generally thought to require justification. In this context give your critical and
comparative account of the main theories of punishment.)

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^naM lHkh thoksa ij 'kklu djrk gS; naM mu lHkh dk ifjj{k.k djrk gSA* & fVIi.khA 2008
(‘Punishment rules all creatures; punishment preserves them all.’ – Short Notes.)
^^vkidksa n.M blfy, ugha fn;k tkrk gS fd vkius dksbZ HksM+ pqjkbZ gS] cfYd vkidks n.M blfy, fn;k tkrk gS fd 2009
dksbZ Hkh HksM+ u pqjkbZ tk;sA** ppkZ dhft, fd ;g dFku n.M ds fdl fl)kUr ls lacaf/kr gSA & fVIi.khA
(“You are not punished for stealing the sheep, but you are punished so that no sheep is stolen.” Discuss as to
which theory of punishment the statement belongs – Short Notes.)
vkids fopkj esa D;k e`R;qn.M uSfrd n`f"V ls rdZlaxr gS\ (Is capital punishment, your view, ethically justified?) 2009
a oS/k :i ls vf/kfu.khZr fd;k x;k gks] rks fdlh Hkh uSfrd&jktuhfr fopkj dks mldk /oal ugha djuk 2010
;fn e`R;qnM
pkfg,A blds i{k ;k foi{k esa viuh jk; vfHkO;Dr dhft,A
(If capital punishment is legally awarded, then no ethico-political consideration should subvert it. Express your
opinion for or against. (200 words).
naM dh fFk;ksfj;ksa esa ls dkSu&lh fFk;ksjh Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds vijk/k ds fuokj.k esa gekjh lgk;rk djsxh\ 2012
(Which of the theories of punishment would help us prevent the crime of corruption in Indian society? Discuss.
(200 Marks).

naM ds fdl fl)kar] izfr’kks/kkRed ;k lq/kkjoknh] dk vki leFkZu djrs gSa vkSj D;ksa \ 2014
Which theory of punishment, retributive or restorative, do you recommend and why ? (20 Marks)
D;k e`R;qn.M lkekftd U;k; ds fl)kar dks fucZy cukrk gS \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Does capital punishment weaken the doctrine of social justice ? Discuss. (15)

D;k vki lksprs gS fd n.M dk izfrdkjkRed fl)kar ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds fo:) gSa\ 2020
Do you think that retributive theory of punishment is against human rights? Discuss.

**********
TOPIC NO. 8
fodkl ,oa lkekftd mUufr (Development and Social Progress)
D;k ekuookn ds fcuk lkekftd çxfr laHko gS\ ijh{k.k dhft,A 2010
(Is social progress possible without Humanism? Examine. (150 words).
D;k ;g lEHko gS a fd lkekftd izxfr dk ekiu vkfFkZd fodkl ds brj ¼Lora=½ dj fy;k tk, \ foospuk dhft,A 2016
Is it possible to measure social progress independent of economic development ? Discuss. (15 Marks)
lekykspukiwoZd ewY;kdau dhft, fd D;k lkekftd izxfr dk vkn’kZ vius drZO;ksa ij O;fä dh Lora=rk dks xkS.k 2017
egRo nsrk gSaA
Critically evaluate whether the ideal of social progress gives a secondary significance to an individual’s freedom
over his duties.
vkfFkZd ,ao jktuhfrd vkn’kksZ ij vk/kkfjr lkekftd izxfr dh ladYiuk ds fo:) uSfrd fl}kUrksa esa fufgr lkekftd 2017
fodkl dh ladYiuk dk ewY;kdau dhft,A
Evaluate the concept of social development as rooted in ethical principles against the concept of social progress
being based on cconomic and political ideals.

49
 oSKkfud eukso`fÙk rFkk çxfr (Scientific Temper and Progress)
oSKkfud çxfr & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Scientific Progress.) – Notes. 1998
oSKkfud eukso`fÙk (Temper) & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Scientific Temper.) – Notes. 1999
laiks"; fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of sustainable Development) & ¼fVIi.kh½A 2000
(Concept of sustainable Development )– Notes.
vki ^çxfr* 'kCn ls D;k le>rs gSa\ D;k ekuoksa us vius fØ;kdykiksa ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa çxfr dh gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2005
(What do you understand by ‘progress’? Have human beings made progress in all fields of their activity? Discuss.)
**vlkfE;d fodkl lkekftd izxfr ds ctk; lkekftd la?k"kksZ dh vksj ys tkrk gSA** O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
“Incequitable development leads to social conflicts rather than social progress.” Explain. (10 Marks)
D;k izkS|ksfxdh; fodkl] lekt ds uSfrd ekudksa esa izxfr dh vkSj ys tkrk gS \ Li"V dhft,A 2019
Does technological development lead to progress in the ethical standards of the society ?
Explain. (15)

**********
TOPIC NO. 9
fyax Hksn % L=hHkwz.k gR;k] Hkwfe ,oa laifÙk vf/kdkj] l’kfDrdj.k
(Gender Discrimination : Female Foeticide, Land and Property Rights, Empowerment)
Hkkjr esa efgykvksas ds Hkwfe vkSj lEifÙk vf/kdkjksa dk ijh{k.k dhft,A efgykvksa ds l’kDrhdj.k esa mudk fdruk 2010
;ksxnku gS\(Examine the Land and Property Rights of women in India. How far do they contribute to empower
women?)
D;k laifÙk dk vf/kdkj vkÆFkd vlekurk iSnk djrk gS vkSj ekuo c/kqRo ds fy, [krjk gksrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Does the right to property bring economic disparity and threatened human fraternity? Discuss. (200 words)
D;k efgykvksa dk dsoy jktuhfrd l’kfDrdj.k iq#"k&ç/kku Hkkjrh; lekt esa L=h&iq#"k HksnHkko dks feVk ldrk gS\ 2010
Can only the political empowerment of women wipe out gender discrimination in a male-dominated India society?
(200 words)
efgyk l’kDrhdj.k ,oa lkekftd U;k; & lekykspukRed fVIi.kh dhft,A 2012
Woman empowerment and Social Justice – Critical Notes. ) (12 Marks)
D;k lkekftd çxfr vkSj eknk Hkw.kgR;k ls lqj{kk ds chp dksbZ vko’;d laca/k gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2012
Is there a necessary connection between social progress and protection against female foeticide ? Discuss.
(20 Marks)
^^Hkwfe ,oa laifÙk dh igq¡p ,oa mÙkjkf/kdkj dk efgykvksa dks oapu] ekuoksa ds :i esa muds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk oapu gSA** 2012
ppkZ dhft,A “Denial of access and inheritance of land and property to women is a denial of their fundamental
rights as humans.” Discuss. (20 Marks)
*fyax lekurk* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa vkSj ;g D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gSa \ 2013
What do you understand by ‘gender equality’ and why is is important ? (15 Marks)
iq:"k o efgyk esa cjkcjh ds fy, D;k vkfFkZd Lora=rk vko’;d gS \ 2013
Is economic independence essential for equality between men and women ? (15 Marks)
bl lanHkZ esa jktuSfrd lxaBuksa esa efgykvksa dk ;Fks"V izfrfuf/kRo D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gSa \ 2013
Why is adequate representation of women in poticial instiutions important in this context ? (20 Marks)

50
L=h&Hkwz.kgR;k ds lUnHkZ esa] L=h&iq#"k HksnHkko dk vki fdl izdkj ewY;kadu djrs gSa \ 2018
How do you evaluate gender discrimination in the context of female foeticide ?
D;k vki lger gSa fd efgyk l’kfädj.k fyaxh; foHksnu dk mUewyu dj ldrk gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2020
Do you agree that empowering women can eliminate gender discrimination? Discuss.

fyax lekurk (Gender Equality)

ySafxd vU;k; (Gender injustice) & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Gender injustice.) – Notes. 1998
^^tks ckr fL=;ksa dks vHkh lh[kuh gS og ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh vkidksa 'kfDr ugha nsrkA vkidksa Lo;a mls ysuk gSA 2000
fVIi.kh djsAa (“The thing women have yet to learn is nobody gives you power. You just take it.” Comment.)
vkids fopkj esa L=h&iq#"k vlerk dk ¼ds½ D;k Lkzksr gS ¼gSa½\ D;k bldh tM+as çkFkfed :i ls ekuo thofoKku esa gS\a 2003
bl vlerk dks fdl rjhdsa ls] ;fn fd;k tk ldrk gks rks] lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ bu eqíksa ij viuh fLFkfr dks
le>kb, vkSj mlds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
(What in your view is the source (s) of gender inequality? Is it primarily rooted in human biology? In what way,
it at all, can this inequality be bridged? Explain and defend your position on these issues).
fVIi.kh & L=h&iq#"k dh lekurk dh çkfIr dsoy lektoknh lekt esa gh gks ldrh gSA 2004
(Gender equality can be realized only within a socialist regime.) – Notes.
^^lsDl ,d tSfod laoxZ gS] tcfd fyax ¼tSaMj½ ySafxd varj dh lkaLÑfrdr% :fir vfHkO;fDr gSA** & fVIi.khA 2005
(“Sex is the biological category, whereas gender is the culturally shaped expression of sexual difference”)
**dksbZ Hkh ukjh iSnk ugha gksrh gSa] ijUrq og ukjh cu tkrh gSA** bl dFku dh lekykspukRed O;k[;k dhft,A 2014
“One is not born a woman, but she becomes a woman.” Critically comment on it. (15 Marks)
D;k ge idh;u ¼,fyus’ku½ ds foyksiu ds }kjk lkekftd izxfr izkIr dj ldrs gS\a lekykspukRed fo’ys"k.k dhft,A 2014
By eliminating alienation can we bring social progress? Critically analyse. (15 Marks)
L=h&iq#"k HksnHkko dk rkRi;Z D;k gS \ D;k ;g lerk vkSj lkekftd U;k; dk mYya?ku ugha gS\a foospuk dhft,A 2015
What does gender discrimination meas ? Is it not a violation of equality and social justice ? Discuss. (15 Marks)
D;k efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd l’kfädj.k L=h&iq#"k HksnHkko dk foyksiu dj nsrk gS \ foospuk dhft,A 2015
Does economic empowerment of women eliminate gender discrimination ? Discuss. (15 Marks)
D;k vki lger gSa fd lkewfgd ehekalk rFkk fu.kZ;u ds }kjk efgyk,¡ l’kä gks ldrh gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2016
Do you agree that women become empowered through collective reflective and decision making ? Discuss. (15
Marks)
**tgk¡ rd esjk lEca/k gS eSa ukjhRo dks detksj fyax ugha ekurkA og nksuksa esa ls vf/kd egku~ gSA** xka/kh ds bl dFku 2016
dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
“To me the female sex is not the weaker sex. It is the nobler of the two” Evaluate this statement of Gandhi. (15
Marks)
D;k efgykvksa dk l’kfädj.k Hkwfe] lEifÙk vkSj fookg&foPNsn ds fy, muds leku vf/kdkjksa dk ,d i;kZIr lk/ku gSa 2017
\ /kkfeZd laLohd`fr;ksa ds lnaHkZ esa foospuk dhft,A
Is empowerment of women a sufficient means to their equal rights to land, property and divorce ? Discuss in the
context of religious sanctions.
D;k ukjh vf/kdkjokn l’kfädj.k ds fy, ;k fd lerk ds fy, ,d fopkj/kkjk gSa \ foospuk dhft,A 2018
Is feminism an ideology for empowerment or for equality ? Discuss.
lekykspukiwoZd fopkj dhft, fd L=h&iq#"k HksnHkko okLro esa euq";&fufeZr ladYiuk gSA u fd izd`fr ds }kjk iznku 2019
fd;k x;k gSA

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 Consider critically, that gender discrimination is a rather man-made concept but not naturally
endowed. (15)
**********
TOPIC NO. 10
tkfr Hksn % xk¡/kh ,oa vacsMdj (Caste Discrimination : Gandhi and Ambedkar)
tkfr&foHksnhdj.k & ldkjkRed ;k vU; çdkj ls & dk lexz lekt dh lejlrk ij iM+us okys çHkko ij ppkZ 2008
dhft,A (Discuss the impact of caste discrimination – affirmative or otherwise, on the harmony of the society as a
whole.)
^^tkfr iki ugha gS] ijarq tkrh; HksnHkko iki gSA** ,d fpafrr ukxfjd gksus ds ukrs] bl dFku ij lekykspukRed 2010
fVIi.kh dhft,A (“Caste is not a sin, but caste discrimination is” as a concerned citizen, comment critically on this
statement. (200 words).
D;k tkfrçFkk ls xzLr lekt esa ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkj dk çR;; fuokZfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ppkZ djsAa 2011
Can the conception of ‘rights’ of citizens be sustained in a society characterized by caste discrimination? Discuss.
(20 Marks)
o.kZ vkSj tkfr ij xk¡/kh ds fopkj D;k Fks\ o.kZ ds xk¡/kh ds çfriknu ds lkFk vEcsMdj dh vlgefr ij 2012
lekykspukRed fVIi.kh dhft,A (What were Gandhi’s views on varna and jeiti? Critically discuss Ambedkar’s
disagreement with Gandhi’s treatment of varna). (Marks – 30)
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] D;k tkfrHksn us iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor fd;k gSa \ 2013
Is there any impact of caste discrimination on democracy in Indian context ? (10 Marks)
Hkkjr esa tkfr&O;oLFkk ij xk¡/kh ,oa vEcsMdj ds chp cqfu;knh Hksn D;k gSa \ 2014
What are the basic difference between Gandhi and Ambedkar regarding caste system in India ? (15 Marks)
,sfrgkfld rFkk lkekftd ifjizs{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vEcsMdj us tkfr O;oLFkk dk fdl izdkj fo’ys"k.k fd;k \ O;k[;k 2016
dhft,A
How did Ambedkar analyse the caste system from the historical and social perspective ? Explain . (20 Marks)
D;k tkfr HksnHkko lekt ds fo’ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr oxZ dh ;k /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa dh Js"Brk euksxzafFk dk urhtk gS \ MkW- ch- 2017
vkj- vEcsMdj }kjk izfrikfnr fopkjksa ds lnaHkZ esa ppkZ dhft,A
Is caste discrimination a result of the superiority complex of a privileged class of the society or of religious rituals
? Discuss with reference to the views propounded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
;g dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr ds lkekftd O;ogkj ij tkfr&vk/kkfjr lewgksa dh ikjaifjd idM+ fodYih igpkuksa dk 2018
fuekZ.k djus ds lHkh iz;klksa ds ckotwn] cuh jgh gSaA eksgunkl djepan xk¡/kh ds vkyksd esa ppkZ dhft,A
It is said that the traditional hold of caste-based groups on Indian social behavior has survived all attempts to build
alternate identities. Discuss in the light of M.K. Gandhi.
lkekftd fodkl dh xk¡/khoknh ladYiuk dks vfHkO;Dr ,oa mldk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2020
State and examine the Gandhian concept of social development.
) Lok/khu Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh fn’kk esa ch- vkj- vEcsM+dj ds ;ksxnku dks vfHkO;Dr ,oa mldk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2020
State and examine B.R. Ambedkar’s contribution towards social changes in Independent India.

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 vU; i{k
lgvfLrRo rFkk fgalk] loksZn; (Co-existence, Violence and Sarvodaya)
ekDlZokn vkSj loksZn; esa lekurk vkSj fofHkérkA (Compare and contrast Marxism with the idea of ‘Sarvodaya’) 1997
loksZn; & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Sarvodaya.) – Notes. 1999
^/keZ foghu jktuhfr furkUr fuanuh; gS ftlls ges’kk cpuk pkfg,A* & egkRek xka/kh ¼fVIi.kh½A 2001
(Politics bereft of religion are absolute dirt, ever to be shunned. – Mahatma Gandhi) – Notes.
vki ^loksZn;^ ls D;k le>rs gS\a bl laca/k esa] egkRek xka/kh ds fuEufyf[kr dFku ij fopkj dhft,% ^^çR;sd O;fä ds 2003
ikl] vius iM+ksfl;ksa ds }kjk cjkcj mi;ksx ds laxr] viuh çfrHkkvksa dks bLrseky djus dh iw.kZ Lora=rk dk gksuk
t:jh gS] ijUrq fdlh dks Hkh çfrHkkvksa ls ykHkksa ds euekus mi;ksx dk gd ugha gSA og jk"Vª dk ,d Hkkx gksrk gS]
;k ;ksa dfg, fd pkjksa vksj dh lkekftd lajpuk dk ,d HkkxA blfy,] og viuh çfrHkkvksa dk bLrseky vius fy,
ugha] cfYd ml lkekftd lajpuk ds fy,] ftldk og dsoy ,d Hkkx gS vkSj ftldh ekSu vuqefr ls og thrk gS]
dj ldrk gSA** D;k vki mijksDr n`f"Vdks.k ls lger gksx a \s laHko vkifÙk;ksa ds fo#)] vki viuh fLFkfr ds i{k esa
rdZ nhft,A
(What do you understand by ‘Sarvodaya’? Consider in this connection the following statement of Mahatma
Gandhi : “Every individual must have fullest liberty to use his talents consistently with equal use by neighbours,
but no one is entitled to the arbitrary use of the gains from the talents. He is part of the nation or, say,
the social structure surrounding him. Therefore, he can use his talents not for self but for the social structure of
which he is but a part and on whose sufferance he lives.” Would you agree with the above points of view? Defend
your position against possible objections.).

vU; i{k
ikfjfLFkfrdh dk n’kZu (Philosophy of Ecology)
ikfjfLFkfrdh dk n’kZu & ¼fVIi.kh½A (Philosophy of Ecology) – Notes. 1997
ikfjfLFkfrdh & n’kZu dk D;k vFkZ gksrk gS\ bl lanHkZ esa ikfjfLFkfrd ekuookn dh dsUæh; LFkkiuk ij ppkZ dhft, 2003
vkSj lkFk gh ikfjfLFkfrd cks/k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd psruk ds chp foHksn dks Li"V dhft,A
(What does eco-philosophy mean? Discuss in this context the central thesis of ecological humanism and
also explain the distinction between ‘ecological understanding’ and ‘ecological awareness’.)
i;kZoj.k n’kZu ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a bl lanHkZ esa mu eq[; elyksa dk foospu dhft, ftuls bldk laca/k gSA 2004
(What do you understand by the philosophy of ecology? In this context, discuss its main concerns)
ikfjfLFkfrdh ds n’kZu esa dsaæh; eqíksa dk ijh{k.k dhft,A D;k ;s ljdkj dsoy mi;ksfxrkoknh gS\a ppkZ dhft,A 2005
(Examine the central issues in the philosophy of ecology. Are these concerns merely utilitarian? Discuss.)

vU;
dqN n’kZfudksa ds er esa jktuhfrd&n’kZu dk dk;Z dsoy lEçR;kRed gS] vFkkZr~ mu laçR;;ksa dk fo’ys"k.k djuk 1998
tks fof’k"Vr% jktuhfrd gSa] tSls fd ^U;k;*] ^lekurk*] ^vf/kdkj* vkSj blh çdkj ds vU;A dqN vU; er gS fd
jktuhfr n’kZu dk dk;Z vifjgk;Zr% ekudh; (normative) gS ftlds fy, vko’;d gS fd jktuhfrd nk’kZfud
,sls lÙkklwpd (Substantive) fl)kUrksa dk xBu ,oa çfriknu djsa ftuds vk/kkj ij fofHké jktuhfrd vkn’kks±] tSls fd
lkekftd U;k;] O;fDr&Lokra™; ,oa vf/kdkj vkfn ds laca/k esa ekudh; ç’u dk mÙkj fn;k tk ldsA
mi;qZä lanHkZ esa vkids fopkj esa jktuhfrd&n’kZu dk D;k mi;qZDr dk;Z gSA bldk mYys[k ,oa çfriknu dhft,A
(Some philosophers believe that the task of political philosophy is only conceptual i.e., to analyse concepts which
are typically political, such as ‘justice’, ‘equality’, ‘right’ and the like. Some others believe that the task is
inescapable normative which requires political philosophers to formulate and defend substantive principles which
can serve to answer normative questions concerning different political ideals such as social justice, individual
freedom and rights and the like.
In the above context state and defend what you think is the proper task of political philosophy.

53
fVIi.kh & ekuo çÑfr dk dksbZ Hkh ys[kk&tks[kk jktuhfrd n’kZu dk Bksl vk/kkj ugha gks ldrkA 2004
(No account of human nature can provide a secure foundation for political philosophy) – Notes.
^^vPNh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ekuo&çÑfr dh oLrqfu"B ,oa lgh le> ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA** & fVIi.khA 2006
(“The conception of a good political order rests upon an objectively true account of human nature”). – Short Notes.
D;k vk/kqfud izkS|ksfxdht lekt esa *eqfä* dh ladYiuk izkI; gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A 2020
Is the concept of ‘liberty’ realizable in the modern technological society? Explain.

**********

54
 /keZ n’kZu (Philosophy of Religion)
/keZn’kZu dk Lo:i ,oa {ks= ¼vUr%lacaf/kr ikB~;Øe½
(Nature and Scope Philosophy of Religion (Inter-related Topic)
/keZn’kZu /keZ ughas gS & fVIi.kh dhft;sA (Comment on Philosophy of religion is not religion.) 1988
/keZ ehekalk rFkk /keZ n’kZu ds varj dk vkykspukRed foospu dhft, rFkk /keZehekalk ds foLrkj {ks= dk o.kZu dhft,A 1992
(Discuss critically the distinction between Theology and Philosophy of Religion and bring out the range of the
former. )
/keZ esa çkFkZuk dk LFkkuA (Place of prayer in religion.) – Notes. 1998
/keZ] /keZ’kkL= vkSj /keZ n’kZuA (Religion, Theology and Philosophy of Religion.)– Notes. 1999
/kkÆed gksus dk vFkZ gS fdlh laLFkkfir /keZ dk lnL; gksukA 2001
(To be religion means to belong to some religious order.)
**********

/keZ n’kZu (Philosophy of Religion)

TOPIC NO. 1
bZ’oj dh /kkj.kk % xq.k] euq"; ,oa fo’o ls laca/k ¼Hkkjrh; ,oa ik’pkR;½
Notions of God : Attributes, Relation to Man and the World (Indian and Western)

bZ’oj fo"k;d /kkj.kk,¡ (Notions of God)

fVIi.kh & bZ’oj dh oS;fDrd /kkj.kkA (Personalistic notion of God.) – Notes. 1997
fVIi.kh & bZ’oj dh çÑfroknh fopkjA (Naturalistic notion of God.) – Notes. 1999
fVIi.kh & bZ’oj dh fuoSZ;fDrd vo/kkj.kkA (Impersonalistic concept of God.) – Notes. 2000
fVIi.kh & bZ’oj dh fuoSZ;fDrd vo/kkj.kkA (Impersonalistic concept of God.) – Notes. 2002
fVIi.kh & ;fn bZ’oj loZK gS] rks euq"; Lora= ugha gSA (If God is omniscient, then humans are not free). 2004
bZ’oj dh fuoSZ;fDrd (Impersonalistic) vo/kkj.kk ,oa çÑfroknh (naturalistic) vo/kkj.kk ds chp HksnA 2006
(The difference between impersonalistic and naturalistic conceptions of God).
ijEijkxr :i esa bZ’oj dk ,d xq.k mldk loZ’kfDreku gksuk ekuk x;k gSA ijUrq dqN vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj 2006
loZ’kfDreku bZ’oj dh vo/kkj.kk fojks/kkHkklh gSA çR;qÙkj esa dqN bZ’ojokfn;ksa us dfFkr fojks/kkHkkl ds lek/kku dk
ç;kl fd;k gSA fojks/kkHkkl dks oÆ.kr dhft, ,oa blds lek/kku ds fy, fd, x, ç;klksa dk foospu dhft,A
(Traditionally omnipotence has been regarded as one of the attributes of God. But according to some critics,
the notion of omnipotent being is paradoxical. In response, some thesists have tried to resolve the alleged paradox.
Describe the paradox and explain the attempts to resolve it.)
ijEijkxr] bZ’oj dk ,d xq.k mldk loZ’kfDreku gksuk ekuk x;k gSA ijUrq dqN vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj loZ’kfDreku 2007
bZ’oj dh vo/kkj.kk fojks/kkHkklh gSA çR;qÙkj esa dqN bZ’ojokfn;ksa us dfFkr fojks/kkHkkl ds fuokj.k dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
loZ’kfDreku bZ’oj lacaf/kr dfFkr fojks/kkHkkl dks oÆ.kr dhft, ,oa blds lek/kku ds fy, fd, x, ç;klksa dk foospu
dhft,A (Traditionally omnipotence has been regarded as one of the attributes of God. But according to some
critics, the notion of omnipotent being is paradoxical. In response, some thesists have tried to resolve the alleged

55
paradox. Describe the paradox and explain the attempts to resolve it.)
Ñik vkSj HkfDr ds bZ’oj ds lanHkZ es]a D;k rVLFks’ojokn ,d larks"ktud fFk;ksjh gks ldrh gS\ ppkZ dhft,&fVIi.khA 2008
(Can Deism be a satisfactory theory in the context of God of grace and devotion? Discuss. – Short Notes.)
/keZ ds ^bZ’oj* dh igpku D;k n’kZu ds ^ijerÙo* ls dh tk ldrh gS\ 2009
(Can the ‘God’ of Religion be identified with the ‘Absolute’ of Philosophy?)
^^euq"; gksus dk vFkZ bZ’oj gksus dk ç;kl djuk gSA** & fVIi.khA 2009
(“To be Man is to strive to be God.” Comment (30 Marks)
rVLFks’ojokn ¼MkbT+e½ vkSj bZ’ojokn ¼FkhbT+e½ ds chp foHksn Li"V dhft,A 2012
(Explain the distinction between Deism and Theism. (20 Marks)
;fn bZ’oj dks *,d* ekuk tk,] rks D;k blls /kkfeZd }a} mRiUu gksaxs \ 2014
If God is regarded as ‘One’, will it gie rise to religious conflicts ? (10 Marks )
bZ’oj ds xq.kksa ij ,d leh{kkRed fVIi.kh dhft,A 2015
Write a critical note on the attributes of God. (10 Marks)
*vk/kqfud laosnu’khyrk rFkk fuajdq’k bZ’oj ds izfr iw.kZ leiZ.k* ,d&lkFk ugha py ldrs gSaA bl fopkj ij viuh 2016
lekykspuk izLrqr dhft,A
Critically disucss the view that modern sansiibility and total obedience to a despotic God’ do not go hand in hand.
(10 Marks)
izkP; ¼iwohZ½ /keksZ esa ekuo vkSj lalkj dh rqyuk rFkk fo"kerk izLrqr dhft,A 2016
Compare and contrast the relation of mans to the world in the oriental religions, (20 Marks)
n'kkZb, fd bZ’oj ds vUr;kZfeRo ¼varcfrZrk½ rFkk bafnz;krhr xq.k fdl rjg muds loZO;kidrk rFkk vuUrrk dks 2016
iznf’kZr djrs gSaA
Show how the attributes of immanence and transeendence of God go with omnipresence and infinitude. (15 Marks)
n'kZu dh ;ksx iz.kkyh esa euq"; ds bZ’oj ds lkFk laca/k ij lekykspukRed ppkZ dhft,A 2017
Critically discuss the relationship of man with Gold in the Yoga system of Philosophy .
bZ’oj dh xSj&/keZ’kkL=h; ladYiuk D;k gS \ og bZ’oj dh /keZ’kkL=h; ladYiuk ls dSls fHkUu gS \ rdZ lfgr foospuk 2017
dhft,A
What is a non-theological concept of God ? How is it different from a theological concept of God ? Discuss with
arguments ?
D;k fgUnw/keZ cgqnsooknh gS \ vius mÙkj ds fy, dkj.k nhft,A 2018
Is Hinduism poly-theistic ? Give reasons for your answer.
Hkkjr esa fdlh ,d /keZ ds vuqlkj] ekuo vkSj bZ’oj ds chp laca/k ij ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Discuss the relationship between man and God according to any one of the religions in India.

D;k *ladYi&Lokra=;* rFkk *loZ’kfäeku~ bZ’oj* esa dksbZ laxfr gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2020
Is there any compatibility between ‘Freedom of Will’ and ‘Omnipotent God’? Discuss.
fof'k"Vk}Sr ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa fgUnw /keZ esa] bZ’oj dh izd`fr dh foospuk dhft,A 2020
Discuss the nature of God in Hinduism with special reference to Vishishtadvaita (Qualified non-
dualism.)

**********
TOPIC NO. 2
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds çek.k vkSj mldh ehekalk ¼Hkkjrh; ,oa ik’pkR;½
(Proofs for the Existence of God and their Critique (Indian and Western)

bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, çek.k (Proofs For the Existence of God)

D;k bZ’oj dh lÙkk ds fy, jgL;kRed vuqHkwfr i;kZIr çek.k gS\a foospuk dhft,A 1988
(Is mystical experience adequate evidence for the existence of God? Discuss.)
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bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy;s nh xbZ lÙkkewyd ;qfDr dk O;k[;ku vkSj ewY;kadu dhft,A 1990
(Explain and evaluate the ontological argument for the existence of God.)
fVIi.kh & bZ’oj ds fy, l`f"VoSKkfud ;qfDrA 1993
(Cosmological argument for the existence of God.) – Notes.
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, çfrikfnr fofHké ;qfDr;ksa dk mYys[k rFkk ewY;kadu dhft,A 1994
(State and evaluate the various arguments for the existence of God.)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dh l`f"V&dkj.k ;qfDr crkb, vkSj mldh ijh{kk dhft,A 1997
(State and examine the cosmological arguments for the existence of God.)
eku ysa fd bZ’oj dks çekf.kr djus gsrq tks Hkh ijEijkxr rdZ fn;s tkrs gSaA os lHkh nks"kiw.kZ gSaA D;k blls bZ’oj dk 1998
u gksuk fl) gksrk gS\ ;fn vkidk mÙkj udkjkRed gS rks fopkj dhft, fd D;k bZ’oj ds u gksus dk dksbZ çek.k gks
ldrk gS\
(Suppose the traditionally received arguments for the existence of God are all fallacious. Would that prove
non-existence of God? If your answer is in the negative, then consider whether there can be a proof for God’s
non-existence.)
fVIi.kh & bZ’oj ds gksus ds fy, loZ lgefr (Common consent) rdZA 1998
(Common consent argument for the existence of God.) – Notes.
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo gsrq çR;;&lÙkkewyd ;qfDr dh O;k[;k dhft, rFkk bl ;qfDr esa fufgr rdZ nks"kksa dh ijh{kk dhft,A 1999
(Explain the ontological argument for God’s existence and examine the fallacies involved in this argument.)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, fn, x, ijaijkxr çek.kksa dk foospu dhft, rFkk çR;sd ij vkykspuk nhft,A 2000
(Discuss traditional proofs for the existence of God and give your own criticism on each.)
loZ’kfDreku 'kSrku dh LFkkiuk gsrq çR;;lÙkk&;qfDr dh lEHkkO;rk & fVIi.khA 2001
(The possibility of ontological argument for the existence of supremely powerful devil – Short Notes.
bZ’oj dh lÙkk LFkkiuk gsrq ç;kstu&lkis{k&;qfDr dk mYys[k ,oa ewY;kadu dhft,A txr mRifÙk ds laca/k esa blls 2001
D;k fuÆn"V gS\ D;k txr jpukdkj dh çkDdYiuk ;qfDr;qDr gS\ vFkok] D;k txr lqO;oLFkk dks la;ksx ,oa
vko’;drk dh çfØ;k ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS\ foospuk dhft,A
(State and evaluate the teleological argument for the existence of God. What does it indicate about the origin of the
Univere? Is the hypothesis of the Designer plausible? Or, can the orderliness of the Universe be accounted in terms
of the process of chance and necessity? Discuss).
fVIi.kh & bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy;s lÙkkehekalh; lk{;A 2002
(Ontological proof for the existence of God) – Notes.
D;k bZ’oj e`r ¼uhR’ks½ ;k thfor ¼vkLFkkoku yksx½ gS\ 2003
(Is God dead (Nietzsche) or living (faithful people).
bZ’oj dh ppkZ esa varoZÆrrk vkSj vuqHkokrhrrk ds D;k vFkZ gksrs gSa\ D;k bZ’oj oLrqr% varoZrhZ gS ;k vuqHkokrhr gS\ 2003
(What do immanence and transcendence mean in talking abouty the God? Is God really immanent or
transcendent?)
fVIi.kh & bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds laca/k esa lÙkkehekalh; rdZ fdl çdkj oLrqr% vekU; gS\ 2003
(Is the ontological argument for the existence of God really invalid?)
D;k bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, çkIr gq, ^lk{;ksa* esa ls dksbZ bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dks fl) djus esa lQy gksrk gS\ ppkZ 2003
dhft,A bl lanHkZ esa] fo’ks"kdj l`f"V&dkj.k ;qfDr ij lekykspukRed :i ls fopkj dhft,A
(Does any of the received “proofs” for the existence of God succeed in providing God’s existence? Discuss. In this
context critically consider especially the cosmological argument).
dqN bZ’ojoknh bZ’ojijd fo’okl ds lanHkZ esa çek.k ,oa rdZ dh lkFkZdrk ij ç’ufpg~u yxkrs gSaA muds fopkj ls 2004
bZ’oj ij fo’okl djus okyk vius fo’okl ds fy, çek.k ds vHkko esa vfoosdh ugha gks tkrk D;ksafd /kkÆed thou ds
fy, çek.k u rks vko’;d gS vkSj u gh i;kZIrA D;k vki bl çdkj ds er ls lger gksax\s foospu dhft,A
(Some theists question the relevancy of proofs and arguments for theistic beliefs. Believers, in their view, are not
irrational for want of proof for their belief in God, because proofs are neither necessary nor sufficient for religious

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life. Would you agree with such a view? Discuss).
^^bZ’oj oLrqvksa dk vkfn dkj.k gSA**& fVIi.khA 2005
(“God is the first reason of things”) – Short Notes.
^^;fn bZ’oj dk vfLrRo dsoy fdlh ds eu ds Hkhrj gS rks ,sls esa egÙke dYiuh; lÙkk vkf[kjdkj egÙke dYiuh; 2005
lÙkk ugha gSA** & fVIi.khA (“If God exists only in someone’s mind, the greatest conceivable being is not after all the
greatest conceivable being” – short notes).
bZ’oj dh lÙkk LFkkiu gsrq txr&dkj.k&;qfDr dk mYys[k ,oa ewY;kadu dhft,A bl ;qfDr ds nks :i D;k gS\a 2007
vkJ; tfur lÙkk (dependent being) ,oa Lotfur lÙkk esa D;k Hksn gS\ Lotfur lÙkk bZ’odsfa æ; gh D;ksa gks\
D;k çÑfr dks gh Lotfur lÙkk ds :i esa ugha ekuk tk ldrk\ fopkj dhft,A
(State and evaluate the cosmological argument for the existence of God. What are its two forms? What is the
difference between a dependent being and self-existent being? Why the self-existent being be theocentric?
Can’t the nature itself be conceived as self-existent being? Discuss).
bZ’oj dh lÙkk LFkkiu gsrq txr&dkj.k&;qfDr dk mYys[k ,oa ewY;kadu dhft,A bl ;qfDr ds nks :i D;k gS\a 2008
vkJ; tfur lÙkk (dependent being) ,oa Lotfur lÙkk esa D;k Hksn gS\ Lotfur lÙkk bZ’odsfa æ; gh D;ksa gks\
D;k çÑfr dks gh Lotfur lÙkk ds :i esa ugha ekuk tk ldrk\ fopkj dhft,A
(State and evaluate the cosmological argument for the existence of God. What are its two forms? What is the
difference between a dependent being and self-existent being? Why the self-existent being be theocentric?
Can’t the nature itself be conceived as self-existent being? Discuss).
lÙkkehekalh; rdZ ds fofHké :i vkSj dkaV dh bl rdZ dh ehekalk & fVIi.khA 2008
(Different versions of ontological argument and Kant’s critique of this argument – Short Notes)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds ,d çek.k ds :i esa ^dkj.kkRed* rdZ dk lekykspukRed :i ls ijh{k.k dhft,A 2009
(Critically examine the ‘Causal’ argument as a proof for the existence of God. (Answer)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds çek.k ds :i esa ^ç;kstuijd^ ;qfDr dk fo’ys"k.k dhft,A 2009
(Analyze the ‘Teleological’ argument as a proof for the existence of God. (30 Marks)
D;k bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, çklafxd rdZ] ,d rkÆdd dljr ls dqN vf/kd gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Is contingent argument for the existence of God anything more than a logical exercise? Discuss. (200 words)
;fn çR;sd rdZ ds fy, ekuuk t:jh gks fd mldh vk/kkfjdk,¡ lR; gSa] rks bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, çFke dkj.k ds 2010
:i esa D;k dk dkj.kkRed rdZ] mldks lgh eku ysus ls fHké gksxk\ viuh fLFkfr ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A
(If each and every argument has to take that its premises are true, would the causal argument for the existence of
God as First Cause be different form assuming that it is true? Argue in favour of your position. (200 words).
ekuo eu gh ,slk gS fd og LokHkkfod :i ls çÑfr esa O;oLFkk dk çs{k.k djrk gSA bl ckr dks Lohdkj dj ysus ds 2010
mijkar] D;k bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy,] vfHkdYiuk ls çkIr rdZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSS\ ppkZ dhft,A
(Human mind is such that it naturally observes order in nature. Give this, can one use argument from Design of the
existence of God. Disucuss (200 words)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dks fl) djus ds çek.k] /keZZ ds fodkl ds fy, D;ksa vko’;d gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2011
Why is a proof for the existence of God necessary for the growth of a religion? Disucss. (15 Marks)
D;k bZ’oj ds vfLrRo dks vdkV~; ,oa fo’oklçn rdZlx
a r ;qfDr;ksa ds }kjk fl) fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2012
Can the existence of God be proved with cogent and convincing rational arguments? Discuss. (12 Marks).
D;k bZ’oj ds *izR;;* dks rks Lohdkj djuk ijarq bZ’oj ds *vfLrRo* dks udjkuk vkRe&O;k?kkrh gks ldrk gSa \ 2014
Can it be self-contradictory to accept the ‘idea’ of God but deny the ‘existence’ of God ? (15 Marks)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, fo’o&dkj.k ;qfä ¼dkWLeksykWftdy vkxqZeVsa ½ dh foospuk dhft, rFkk mlds xq.k o nks"k 2014
crkb,A
Discuss consmological argument for the existence of God, and show its merits and demerits . (15 Marks )
bZ’oj ds lÙkk ds i{k esa *U;k;* ds rdksZa dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2015
Examine the Nyaya arguments in favour of the existence of God. (20 Marks)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds i{k esa fn, tkus okys *lrkehekalh;* vkSj czãkMehekalh; rdksZ dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2015
58
Examine the ontological and cosmological arguments in favour of the existence of God. (15 Marks)
**izd`fr dh nqfu;k mruh gh tfVy rFkk Li"Vr% :ikafdr gS ftruh fd ,d ?kM+hA ewY;kdau dhft,A ** 2016
“The natural world is as complexly and manifestly designed as a watch.” Evaluate. (15 Marks)
bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, l`f"V&dkj.k ;qfä ds fofHkUu :Ikksa ds chp lekurk vkSj oS"kU; fn[kkb,A 2017
Compare and contrast the different forms od cosmological argument for the existence of God.
D;k bZ’oj dh ladYiuk ds fy, bZ’oj dk vfLrRo vko’;d gSa \ lÙkkewyd ¼izR;;&lÙkk½ ;qfä ds lan’kZ ls ijh{k.k 2018
dhft,A
Does the concept of God entail the existence of God ? Examine from the perspective of ontological argument.
*ifo=* vkSj *ikou* 'kCn /keZ ds mís’; ds fy, tkfrokpd uke ds rkSj ij bLrseky fd, tkus yxs gSaA D;k vki lger 2018
gSa fd /keZ ds mís’; ¼fo"k;&oLrq½ ds :Ik esa bZ’oj dks Lohdkjk tk ldrk gSa \ foopsuk dhft,A
The terms ‘Sacred’ and ‘Holy’ have come to serve as generic names for the object of religion. Do you agree that
one one can have God as the object of religion ? Discuss.
txr ds l`f"VdrkZ ds :Ik esa] bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fo:)] ckS)er ds rdksZ dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A 2018
Critically evaluate the Buddhistic arguments against the existence of God as the creator of the world.

lUr FkkWel ,fDoukl ds bZ’ojh; Kku ds ik¡p ekxksaZ dh Hkkjrh; n’kZu ds U;k; laiznk; ds bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds rdksaZ 2018
ds lkFk rqyuk dhft,A
Compare St. Thomas Aquinas’ five wnys of knowing God with the arguments of the Nyaya School of Indian
Philosophy for the existence of God.

tSu /keZ esa bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, izfrikfnr izek.kksa dk dFku dhft, vkSj ewY;kadu dhft,A 2019
State and evaluate the proofs for the existence of God as propounded in Jainism. (10)
bZ’oj ds oS;fäd ,oa voS;fäd Lo:Ikksa dk dFku dhft, vkSj ewY;kadu dhft,A 2019
State and evaluate the personalistic and impersonalistic aspects of God. (15)

D;k bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, lar ,Uly~e }kjk fn;k x;k lÙkkehekalh; izek.k rkfdZd gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2020
Is the ontological proof for the existence of God by St. Anselm logical? Discuss.

**********
TOPIC NO. 3
v'kqHk dh leL;k (The Problem of Evil)
v'kqHk dh leL;k (The Problem of Evil)
v'kqHk dh leL;k dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ D;k bldk lek/kku gks ldrk gS\ 1988
(What is the problem of evil? Can it be solved?)
v’kqHk dh leL;k D;k gS\ bPNk dks Lora= ekuus okys bldk D;k lek/kku nsrs gSa\ og lek/kku dgk¡ rd mfpr gS\ 1989
(What is the problem of evil? What is the free-will solution of the problem? How far is this solution justified?)
;fn bZ’oj dk ç;kstu gesa Lora= cukuk Fkk vkSj rn~}kjk gesa mÙkjnk;h çkf.k;ksa dh ifjiDork rFkk çfr"Bk çkIr djus 1990
ds fy, lkeF;Zoku cukuk Fkk] rks fQj mls gesa iki djus dh vuqefr nsuh gh FkhA
(If God was to create us free and enable us thereby to have the maturity and dignity of responsible beings. He had
to allow us to Sin.)
D;k ge vf’ko (Evil) dk fgrdkfjrk vkSj bZ’oj dh loZ’kfDrerk (Omni potence) ds lkFk lkeatL; LFkkfir dj 1997
ldrs gSa\ ppkZ dhft,A (Can we reconcile evil with benevolence and omnipotence of God? Discuss.)
v'kqHk dh leL;k D;k gS\ bl leL;k ds bZ’ojoknh lek/kku dh foospuk dhft,A (What is the problem of evil? 1999
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Discuss the theistic solution to this problem)
^^;fn bZ’oj dh lÙkk ugha gS rks lc dqN vuqer gSA** nkWLrksoLdhA 2001
(If God does not exist, everything is permissible.” – Dostoevsky).
v'kqHk dh leL;k dks oÆ.kr dhft,A dqN bZ’ojoknh bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, ladYi&Lokra™; rdZ dk mi;ksx 2004
djrs gSaA dSls\ foospu dhft,A (Describe the problem of evil. Some theologians utilize the free-will argument to
resolve this problem. How? Discuss.)
^^cqjkbZ dh leL;k viw.kZ lalkj ds bZ’oj dh vPNkbZ ds lkFk lek/kku djus dh leL;k gSA** & fVIi.khA 2005
(“The Problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the imperfect world with the goodness of God” – Short Notes)
^^bZ’oj vf/kd 'kqHk dks ykus ds fy, v’kqHk dks tUeus nsrk gS] vkne dk fxjuk ,d eaxye; iki (Happy sin) 2006
FkkA**&ykbCuht ¼fVIi.kh½A (God permitted evil to exist in order to bring about greater good, Adam’s fall was felix
culpa (happy sin).”-Leibniz (Short Notes)
^^bZ’oj vf/kdre 'kqHk dks ykus ds fy, v’kqHk dks tUeus nsrk gS] vkne dk fxjuk ,d eaxye; iki (Happy sin) 2007
FkkA**&ykbCuht ¼fVIi.kh½A (God permitted evil to exist in order to bring about greater good, Adam’s fall was felix
culpa (happy sin).”-Leibniz (Short Notes)

bZ’ojoknh ^vfu"V* dh leL;k dk fdl çdkj gy fudky ldrk gS\ D;k vfu"V bZ’oj dh loZ’kfDreÙkk vkSj loZKrk 2008
ij cV~Vk ugha yxkrk gS\ D;k bl ckjs esa bZ’oj dks viw.kZ vkSj 'kfDrghu ekuk tk ldrk gS\ nks laHko ijLij fojks/kh
erksa ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa lekykspukRed ppkZ dhft, vkSj viuh Lo;a dh fLFkfr ds i{k esa nyhysa nhft,A
(How can a theist resolve the problem of evil? Does evil not tell upon omnipotence and omniscience of God?
Can God be thought of as imperfect and powerless in this regard? Discuss critically for and against the two
possible opposite views and justify your own position).
;fn vfu"V vkSj nq[kHkksx O;fDr;ksa ds vius&vius ;FkkFkZ vuqHko gksrs gSa] rks Lokfrxrk flf) esa os D;k Hkwfedk 2009
fuHkkrs gS\a (If evils and sufferings are the real experiences of individual uselves, what role do they play in realizing
self-transcendence? (Answer)
^^veaxy dh leL;k rHkh mBrh gS tc ge funksZ"k O;fDr;ksa ds d"VHkksx ds rF; dks Lohdkjrs gq, bZ’oj ij vuar Kku] 2010
'kfDr ,oa mÙkerk dk xq.kkjksi.k djrs nsrs gSaA vius Lo;a ds vuqHko ds laca/k esa dksbZ xyrh ugha dj ldrk vkSj
d"VHkksx ,d vuqHko gh gSA vr,o] bZ’oj ij vuar Kku] 'kfDr vkSj mÙkerk bu rhu xq.kjksi.kksa esa ls de&ls&de ,d
rks ugha gks ldrk gSA** bl rdZ dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
“The problem of evil arises when we attribute infinite knowledge, power and goodness to God acknowledging the
fact of innocent persons’ suffering. One cannot be mistaken about one’s own experience, and suffering is an
experience. Hence, God cannot have at least one of the three attributes; infinite knowledge, power and goodness.”
Evaluate this argument. (150 words).
^^bZ’oj us ekuo dks vuq’kkflr djus ds fy, nq%[kHkksx dh vuqefr nh FkhA** ppkZ dhft,A 2012
“God permitted suffering to discipline the human being.” Discuss (12 Marks)
ik'pkR; o Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa Hkxoku ds vfLrRo ds i{k esa fn, czãk.M laca/kh rdZ crkb, vkSj mldh foospuk dhft,A 2013
State and elucidate the cosmological argument for the existence of God in Western and Indian philosophy. (15
Marks)
bl rdZ ds fo:) nks eq[; vkifÙk;ksa dh foospuk dhft,A D;k vkLfrd yksx budk larks"ktud mÙkj ns ik, gSa \ 2013
Discuss two main objections against this argument. Are theists able to answer these satisfactorily ? (15 Marks)
Hkxoku ds vfLrRo ds fy, x<+s x, rdZ ds fo:) rhu eq[; vkifÙk;ksa dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A 2013
Critically evaluate three major objections against the argument from design for the existence of God. (20 Marks)
D;k fgrdkjh bZ’oj ds lkFk v’kqHk ¼bfoy½ lek/ks; gS \ 2014
Is evil reconcilable with the benevolent God ? (20 Marks)
D;k bZ’oj *izkd`frd v’kqHk* dk dkj.k gS \ ppkZ dhft,A 2015
Is God the cause of natural evil ? Explain. (10 Marks)

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D;k vkids fopkj esa cqjkbZ ,d ,slh dM+oh nokxksyh gS ftldks dksbZ Hkh bZ’ojoknh vklkuh ls fuxy ugha ldrk gS\ 2015
foospuk dhft,A
Do you think that evil is a bitter pill which no theist can easily swallow ? Discuss. (15 Marks)
**;g dguk gh Lor% fojks/kkHkklh gksxk fd dYiuk dh tk ldus okyh loksZf/kd fl) lÙkk esa vfLrRo esa gksus ds y{k.kksa 2016
dk vHkkok gksrk gSA** fo’ys"k.k dhft,A
“It would be self contradictory to say that the must perfact conceiveable being lacks the attribute of existence.”
Analyse (15 Marks)
**;fn bZ’oj los’a kfäeku gS] rc rks lHkh izdkj dh cqjkb;ksa dks lekIr djus dh bZ’oj dh bPNk vo’; jgh gksxh] ijUrq 2016
lalkj esa uSfrd] rFkk izkd`frd cqjkbZ;k¡ dk :Ik ls izpfyr gSA** ,d bZ’ojoknh@vkfLrd dh bl ij D;k izfrfØ;k
gksxhA
“If God is all powerful,God must wish to abolish all evils but moral and natural evils are rampant in the world.”
How would a theist react to this ? (20 Marks)
vki vfu"V ds v&/keZ’kkL=h; laizR;; dks fdl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa \ O;k[;k dhft,A 2017
How do you define a non-theological concept of evil ? Explain.
v'kqHk dh rkfdZd leL;k D;k gS\ foospuk dhft,A 2020
What is the logical problem of evil? Discuss.
**********
TOPIC NO. 4
vkRek % vejrk] iqutZUe ,oa eqfDr (Soul : Immortality, Rebirth and Liberation)

vkRek dh vejrk + iqutZUe (Immortality of Soul + Rebirth)

fVIi.kh & vkRek dk vejRoA (Immorality of Soul.) – Notes. 1997
Hkkjrh; /kkÆed erksa esa iqutZUe ds fl)kUr dh egÙkk dks le>k;saA bl fl)kUr ds i{k esa fn;s x;s eq[; rdks± dk 1998
ijh{k.k dhft,A (Explain the significance of the doctrine of reincarnation in the Indian religious thought.
Examine the chief arguments give in support of the doctrine.)
fVIi.kh & vkRek dh vejrkA (Immorality of Soul.) – Notes. 2000
vkRek dh vejrk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ bl laca/k esa Hkxon~xhrk ds rdks± dk fo’ys"k.k dhft,A 2002
(What is meant by immortality of soul? Analyse the argument of the Bhagvat Gita in this regard.)
fVIi.kh & D;k fdlh O;fDr ds ifjfer dk;Z ¼deZ½ ds ifj.kke vej vkReu~ dh çÑfr dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldrs gS\a 2003
(Can the results of a finite action of an individual (karma) determine the nature of the immortal soul (atman)?
D;k vkRek ds vejRo dk bZlkbZ fl)kar xhrk ds vkReu~ ds fl)kar ds lkFk laxr gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2005
(Is Christian doctrine of the immortality of the soul compatiable with Gita’s doctrine of atman? Discuss.)
^^vkRek dh vejrk dh vo/kkj.kk ds vHkko esa /keZ fujFkZd gSA** & fVIi.khA 2006
(“Without some conceptions of immortality of soul, religion is meaningless”. – Short Notes.
^^fcuk vejRo dh fdlh vo/kkj.kk ds /keZ dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA & fVIi.khA 2007
(“Without some conceptions of immortality, religion has no meaning” – Short Notes.
deZ&fo/kku ds fl)kUr dh O;k[;k dhft,A D;k ;g fl)kUr ladYi&Lokra™; dh vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk laxriw.kZ gS\ 2007
fopkj dhft,A (Explain the doctrine of the Law of Karma. Is it compatible with the freedom of the will? Discuss.)
vejRo vkSj eks{k ds rkÆdd cks/k dh laHkkouk &fVIi.khA (Possiblity of rational understanding of immortality and 2008
liberation- Short Notes.)
ijh{k.k dhft, fd euq"; esa vejRo dh bPNk dk dkj.k D;k gSA 2009
(Examine why Man has a desire for Immortality. (30 Marks)

61
tUe ds eqdkcys iqutZUe dks igpkuus ds fy, fdl çdkj dh dlkSVh çLrqr dh tk ldrh gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
What sort of criterion can one provide for identifying rebirth as opposed to birth? Discuss. (150 words)
^thokRek dh Hkkjrh; ladYiuk* vkSj ^vkRek* dh IysVksa dh ladYiuk ds chp foHksnu dhft,A 2010
(Distinguish between Indian concept of ‘Jivatma’ and Plato’s concept of ‘Soul’. (200 words)
;fn d"VHkksx dk dkj.k vKku gS] rks Kku ls d"VHkksx feV tkuk pkfg,A eqfDr&çkIr O;fDr ftl Kku dks çkIr dj 2010
ysrk gS] ml Kku ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\ ppkZ dhft,A (If ignorance is the cause of suffering, knowledge should
remove suffering. What is the notion of knowledge which a liberated person acquires? Discuss. (200 words)
D;k vkRek dh vejrk esa fo’okl /keZ dh iwoZekU;rk gS\ ppkZ djsAa 2011
Is a belief in the immortality of the soul a necessary precondition for religion? Discuss. (20 Marks)
D;k iqutZUe ,oa iqujDrj.k dk fo’okl vkRek ds vejRo ds fopkj ds vHkko esa laHko gS\ ppkZ djsAa 2011
Is a belief in rebirth and reincarnation possible without a belief in the immortality of the soul? Discuss. (20 Marks)
D;k iqutZUe vkSj eqfDr ln`’kkFkZd ladYiuk,¡ gS\a Li"V dhft,A 2012
Are rebirth and liberation analogous concepts? Explain. (12 Marks)
D;k vkRek ds vejRo dk fopkj dYiukyksdh gS ;k fd çki.kh; gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2012
Is the idea of immortality of the soul utopian or it is realizable? Discuss. (20 Marks)
vkRek dh vejrk ds i{k esa dkSu&ls rdZ fn, tkrs gSa \ 2014
What are the arguments given in favour of the immortality of the Soul ? (10 Marks)
*iqutZUe* dks vkRek ds lkFk ;k mlds fcuk vki fdl izdkj fl) dj ldrs gSa \ 2014
How do you justify ‘rebirth’ with or without the soul ? (10 Marks)
*v}Sr* rFkk *fof’k"Vk}Sr* ds vuqlkj eks{k ¼fycjs’ku½ dh ladYiuk ds chp lkE; vkSj oS"kE; n’kkZb, A 2014
Compare and contrast the concept of liberation according to ‘Advaita’ and Visistadvaita.’ (15 Marks)
**vejrk dk rkRi;Z *deZ* vkSj *iqutZUe* dh vuqifLFkfr dk gksuk gSA** foospuk dhft,A 2015
“Immortality means absence of Karma and Rebirth.” Discuss. (15 Marks)
ckS) /keZ vkRek ds vejRo ij fo’okl ugha djrk] ijUrq iqutZUe dh ?kVuk ij fo’okl djrk gSA ijh{k.k dhft,A 2016
Buddhism disbelieves in the immorality os soul. But accepts the phenomenon of rebirth Examine. (10 Marks)
ppkZ dhft, fd D;k vkRek ds vejRo dk fl)kar /keZ ds fy, vifjgkrZ gSaA 2017
Discuss whether the doctrine of immortality of soul is indispensable for a religion.
;g rdZ izLrqr djuk fd iqutZUe dh ladYiuk ij bZ’oj&fojks/kh /kkfeZd fopkj nk’kZfud :Ik ls egRoiw.kZ gSa] fdl 2018
lhek rd ;qfälaxr gSa
How far is it plausible to argue that the anti-theistic religions’ stand on the concept of rebirth is philosophically
significant ?
fgUnw /keZ esa deZ] iqutZUe ,oa iqu%vorj.k ds fl)karksa dk dFku dhft,A vkSj mudks Li"V dhft,A 2019
State and explain the doctrines of Karma, Rebirth and Reincarnation in Hinduism. (20)
*vejRo* dh ladYiuk /keZ dh ,d ekSfyd iwoeZ kU;rk gSA vius mÙkj dh foLr`r O;k[;k dhft,A 2020
The concept of ‘Immortality’ is a basic presupposition of religion. Elaborate your answer.
eks{k (Liberation)
eks{k czãHkko gS & vkykspukRed fVIi.kh fyf[k,A (Moksha is the being of Brahman – Comments.) 1990
bZ’ojoknh vkSj vuh’ojoknh eks{k&ekxks± esa lekurk rFkk vlekurk dk foospu dhft,A 1991
(Compare and contrast the theistic and atheistic paths leading to Moksha.)
fVIi.kh & vuklDr deZ dh jkgA (The path of Disinterested Action.) – Notes. 1997
fVIi.kh & thou eqfDrA (Jivan Mukti) – Notes. 1999
v}Sr osnkUr ds vuqlkj eks{k ds Lo:i dk foopsu dhft,A 2000
(Elaborate the nature of Liberation according to Advaita Vedanata.)
fVIi.kh & v}Sr osnkUr dk thou eqfDr dk fl)kUrA 2002
(Advaita Vaidanta theory of Jivan Mukti) – Notes.
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^eqfDr* ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a D;k blh thou esa eqDr gks tkuk fdlh O;fDr ds fy, laHko gS\ ;fn ,slk gksuk 2005
laHko gS rks eqDr gq, O;fDr ds D;k vfHky{k.k gksrs gSa\ ppkZ dhft,A
(What do you understand by ‘Liberation’? Is it possible for one to be liberated in this very life? If it is, what are
the characteristics of a liberated person? Discuss).
eks{k çkfIr ds fy, bZ’oj dh Ñik dh vko’;drk D;ksa gksrh gS\ ,d mnkgj.k çLrqr djrs gq, bl ij ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(Why is grace of God needed for liberation? Discuss with an example. (200 words)
D;k ekuoh; iz;klksa ls fHkUu dksbZ vU; lk/ku eks{k izkfIr ds fy, izsjd gS \ 2013
Is there anything else other than human efforts which may be conducive to attainment of liberation ? (10 Marks)

eks{k D;k gSa \ *osnkar* lizank; ds vuqlkj bldh izkfIr ds lk/kuksa dh la{ksi esa foospuk dhft,A 2015
What is liberation ? Briefly discuss the ways to attain it as outlined in the systems of Vedanta . (20 Marks)
D;k thou ds izfr /keZ’kkL=h; vkSj xSj&/keZ’kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.kksa esa eks{k dh ladYiuk esa dksbZ ekSfyd Hksn gS \ ppkZ 2017
dhft,A
Is there an essential difference between the cocept of Liberation in theological and non-theological approaches to
life ? Discuss.
eks{k izkfIr ds i{k ds :Ik esa] Hkfä dh ladYiuk dk ewY;kdau dhft,A 2018
Evaluate the concept of Bhakti (Devotion) as a pathway to attain liberation.
**********

TOPIC NO. - 5
rdZcqf)] Jqfr ,oa vkLFkk (Reason, Revelation and Faith)
/kkÆed Kku & rdZcqf)] Jqfr rFkk vkLFkk
(Religious Knowledge – Reason, Revelatiopn & Faith)
/kkÆed Kku esa rdZcqf) (Reason) vkSj bygke (Revelation) dh Hkwfedkvksa dks mtkxj dhft,A 1997
(Bring out the roles of Reason and Revelation in Religious Knowledge.)
/kkÆed Kku ds Lo:i dks lqLi"V dhft,A D;k Jqfr /kkÆed Kku dk i;kZIr vk/kkj gSA foospuk dhft,A 1999
(Elucidate the nature of religious Knowledge. Is revelation a sufficient source of religious knowledge? Discuss.
fVIi.kh & rdZ cqf) rFkk fnO; KkuA (Reason and Revelation) – Notes. 2000
/keZ esa rdZ&cqf) rFkk bZ’ojh; mn~?kkVu ¼Jqfr½ ds lkisf{kd egRo dks crkb;sA D;k ;s nksuksa laxr gSa\ foospu dhft,A 2002
(Point out the relative importance of reason and revelation in religion. Are the two compatible? Discuss. )
bZ’ojh; mn~?kkVu (revelation) dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,A D;k bZ’ojh; mn~?kkVu dks laiqf"V (confirmation) dh 2006
vko’;drk gS\ fopkj dhft, ,oa lkFk gh bZ’ojh; mn~?kkVu ,oa Jqfr ds chp Hksn&vHksn dh O;k[;k dhft,A
(Explain the notion of revelation. Does revelation stand in need of confirmation? Discuss and also explain the
difference or similarity between revelation and ‘Shruti’.)
bZ’oj rdZ fo/kku ds vk/khu ugha gSA & fVIi.khA 2007
(God is not subject to the Laws of Logic) – Short Notes.
/keZ ds {ks= esa rdZcqf)] bygke vkSj vkLFkk dh Hkwfedkvksa ij ppkZ dhft,A D;k os lqlaxr gS\a ;fn ugha] rks 2008
mudh vkHkklh vlaxrrk dk fdl çdkj lek/kkuk fudkyk tk ldrk gS\
Discuss roles of reason, revelation and faith in the sphere of religion. Are they compatible? If not, how to resolve
their apparent inconsistency?
bygke dh ladYiuk vko’;d :i ls /kkÆed cgqRookn ds foijhr gSA D;k vki lger gS\a vius mÙkj ds dkj.k 2012
crkb,A (The concept of revelation is essentially opposed to religious pluralism. Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer. (30 Marks.)
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D;k /kkfeZd vkLFk rdZ ds fo:) gS \ 2013
Is religious faith opposed to reason ? (10 Marks )
fdu vk/kkjksa ij gS vkSj pkfg, dk fojks/kkHkkl Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS \ 2014
On what grounds, the dichotomy between ‘is’ and ‘ought’ can either be justified or rejected ? (10 Marks)
D;k vkLFkk dks mfpr fl) djus ds fy, rdZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS \ 2014
Can reason be used to justify faith ? (15 Marks)
D;k vkLFkk vkSj rdZcqf) lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSa \ ppkZ dhft,A 2015
Do Faith and reason go together ? Discuss. (10 Marks)
D;k *Jqfr ;k bLyke* dks rdZcqf) ds }kjk rdZlaxr fl) fd;k tk ldrk gS \ foospuk dhft,A 2015
Can revelation be justified by reason ? Discuss. (15 Marks)
Jqfr ewrZ :Ik esa oäO;ksa ;k izfrKfIr;ksa esa O;ä dh xbZ lRoksa ls cuh gksrh gSA ijUrq og rdZ ls ijs ugha gks ldrh gSA 2016
foospuk dhft,A
The content of revelationis a body of truths expressed in statements or propositions. But it cannot be against reason
. Discuss (15 Marks)
ppkZ dhft, fd D;k vkLFk dh LoSfPNdrkoknh fFk;ksf;k¡ i;kZIr gSaA 2017
Discuss whether the voluntarist’s theories of faith are adequate.

izkFkZuk vkSj mikluk ds chp Hksn dhft, rFkk /keZ esa muds LFkku dks fu/kkZfjr dhft,A 2020
Distinguish between prayer and worship and determine their place in religion.
vkLFkk ds ekSfyd vfHker D;k gS\a vkLFkk vkSj fo’okl ds chp izHksn dhft,A 2020
What are the basic tenets of faith? Distinguish between faith and belief.

D;k /kkfeZd vkLFkk,¡ vkSj O;ogkj uSfrd vkpj.k ls vlaxr gksrs gS\a foospuk dhft,A 2020
Are religious beliefs and practices incompatible with moral behaviour ? Discuss.

**********

TOPIC NO. -6
/kkÆed vuqHko % çÑfr ,oa oLrq ¼Hkkjrh; ,oa ik’pkR;½
(Religious Experience : Nature and Object (Indian and Western)

/kkÆed Kku & rdZcqf)] Jqfr rFkk vkLFkk

(Religious Knowledge – Reason, Revelatiopn & Faith)
jgL;okn fdls dgrs gSa\ jgL;kuqHkoh dh vuqHkwfr dh çeq[k fo’ks"krkvksa dk foospu dhft,A 1990
(What is mysticism? Discuss the chief characteristics of mystic experience.)

fVIi.kh & rdZ ,oa jgL;oknA (Logic and Mysticism.) – Notes. 1997
jgL;okn ds çeq[k fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k rFkk mudh O;k[;k dhft,A 2000
(State and explain the chief doctrines of Mysticism).

^^jgL;okn lkekU; fopkj ds fy, can Kku ds ç{ks=ksa rd vk/;kfRed igq¡p dh 'kfDr gSA** & fVIi.kh dhft,A 2005
(“Mysticism is the power of spiritual access to domains of knowledge closed off to ordinary thought”–
Short Notes.)

nSoh vuqHkwfr ,oa jgL;kRed vuqHko esa Hksn&fVIi.khA 2007

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(The difference between ‘numinous’ and ‘mystical’ experience) – Short Notes.

/kkÆed vuqHko dh çÑfr dks Li"V dhft,A D;k bl vuqHko dk çek.khdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS\ 2009
(Explain the nature of religious experience. Can this experience be validated?)

;fn /kkÆed vuqHko vf}rh; gks] rks D;k pht gS tks mldks vuqHko cukrh gS\ rkÆdd :i ls] ;g vuqHko vdsykiu] 2010
lq[k vkfn ds vuqHko ls fdl çdkj fHké gS\
(If religious experience is unique, what makes it an experience? How is this experience logically different from the
experience of loneliness, happiness etc. (200 words)

/kkÆed vuqHko dk D;k mís’; gS\ D;k og bafæ;kuqHkfod gS ;k fd og bafæ;kuqHkokrhr gS\ foLrkj ls Li"V dhft,A 2012
(What is the object of religious experience? Is it empirical or trans-empirical? Explain in detail. (30 Marks.)

nsoh vuqHko dh izd`fr D;k gksrh gSA 2013

What is the nature of mystical experience ? (15 Marks)

D;k nSoh vuqHko dh fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gS \ 2013

Is mystical experience open to different interpretations ? (15 Marks)

D;k nSoh vuqHko dks Kku dk vf/kd`r L=ksr ekuk tk ldrk gS \ 2013
Can mystical experience be regarded as a valid source of knowledge ? (20 Marks)

*varoZfrrk* ¼beusl
a ½ vkSj *vuqHkokrhrrk* ¼VªkalM
sa sal½ ds e/; txr~ esa euq"; dh izfLFkfr dks lfoLrkj Li"V dhft,A 2014
Elucidate the status of man in the realm between immanence and transcendence. (20 Marks)

ckS) ,oa tSu n’kZu ds fo’ks"k mYys[k ds lkFk] /kkfeZd vuqHkoksa dh ijLij fojks/kh izd`fr ij ppkZ dhft,A 2014
Discuss the conflicting nature of religious experience with special reference to Buddhism and Jainism. (15 Marks)

fgUnw /keZ vkSj bLyke esa jgL;okn ds Lo:Ik dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
Explain the nature of mysticism in Hinduism and Islam. (15 Marks)

vkLFkk dk vFkZ bZ’oj ds izfr ekuo dh tkx:drk gS ijUrq og foosdghu ugha gks ldrkA ijh{k.k dhft,A 2016
Faith Means human awareness of God, but it cannot be irrational, Analyse. (10 Marks)

jgL;oknh vuqHko dh izd`fr rFkk oS/krk dk mYys[k ,oa ewY;kadu dhft,A 2016
State and evaluats the nature and validity of mystic experience (20 Marks)

/kkkfeZd vuqHkwfr;ksa dh vfHkO;fä;ksa dks laiz"s k.kh; cukus ds fy, fdl izdkj dh Hkk"kk dh ljapuk djus vkSj mi;ksx 2017
djus dh vko’;drk gS \ O;k[;k dhft,A
In order to maek expressions of religious experiences communicable, what kind of language needs to be
constructed and used ? Explain.
vkRekuqHkwfr izdVu esa lk/ku:Ik D;k gS % vkLFkk ;k rdZ gSa \ vius er dh iqf"V dhft,A 2019
What is instrumental to self-revelation : Faith or Reason ? Justify your position. (10)
ppkZ dhft, fd /kkfeZd izrhdokn jgL;okn dks tUe nsrk gS vFkok ugha vkSj dSls tUe nsrk gSA 2019
Discuss whether and how does religious symbolism lead to mysticism. (20)

/kkfeZd vuqHko dks fdl lhek rd lkoZtfud loakn dk ,d fo"k; cuk;k tk ldrk gS \ fo’ys"k.k dhft,A 2019
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How far can religious experience be made a topic of public discourse ? Analyse. (15)

*********

TOPIC NO. -7
bZ’oj jfgr /keZ (Religion without God)
bZ’oj jfgr /keZ (Religion without God)
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr /keZ dks Lohdkj djrs gq, Hkh bZ’oj dks vLohdkj dj ldrk gS & fVIi.khA 1988
(One can affirm religion and deny God – Notes.)
fVIi.kh & vuh’ojoknh /keZA (Atheistic Religion) – Notes. 1998
/keZ dks çk;% vykSfyd lÙkk esa fo’okl ij vk/kkfjr ekuk tkrk gS ijUrq dqN fopkjd ¼mnkgj.kr% vkWxLV dkWEV] 1998
tku Mwoh] gDlys] ,fjd Ýke½ vykSfdd@ijkykSfdd dks udkjrs gSa ,oa /keZ ds çÑfroknh iqufuekZ.k dk ç;kl
djrs gSaA bl fn’kk esa fd;s x;s dfri; eq[; ç;klksa dh vkykspukRed foospuk dhft,A
(Relgion is generally viewed to be based on beliefs in the supernatural. But some thinkers (e.g. Auguste Comte,
John Dewey, Huxley, Erich Fromm) reject the supernatural and try naturalistic reconstruction of religion.
Critically consider some of the major attempts in this direction.)
/keZ ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a D;k vkids vuqlkj bZ’oj ds vfLrRo esa fo’okl /keZ dk vko’;d vax gS\ foospuk 2001
dhft,A (What do you understand by religion? Do you think that the belief in the existence of God is an essential
feature of religion? Discuss.)
fVIi.kh & bZ’ojfofgu /keZA (Religion without God) – Notes. 2002
tc /keZ dh ifjHkk"kk ^jsfyxs;j* dh tkrh gS] rc D;k cq)okn vkSj tSuokn /keZ gSa\ fdlh laxBu ds /keZ dgykus ds 2003
fy, D;k dlkSfV;ka gS\a D;k /keZ esa bafæ;krhr ;FkkFkZrk gksuh pkfg,\ ppkZ dhft,A
(When religion is defined as religare, is Buddhism or Jainism a religion? What are the criteria for an organization
to be called a religion? Should there be a transcendent reality in a religion? Discuss).
fVIi.kh & /keZ ,oa eqfDr ls laca/kA (Relation between religion and salvation) – Notes. 2004
D;k fujh’ojokn Hkh ,d /keZ gks ldrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2005
(Can Atheism be a religion? Discuss. )
bZ’oj ds fcuk /keZ esa dsaæh; ladYiuk D;k gS\ ppkZ dhft,A 2010
(What is the central concept in a religion without God? Discuss. (150 words)
ijaijkxr 'kkL=h; /keZ ds ewy y{k.kksa ij ppkZ dhft,A 2011
(Discuss the salient features of traditional orthodox religion.)
D;k ckS)er vius ^vuÙk* ds fopkj ds dkj.k] /keZ ekuk tk ldrk gS vFkok ugha\ ppkZ djsAa 2011
(Can Buddhism, because of its doctrine of ‘anatta’, be regarded as a religion or not? Discuss. (20 Marks)
D;k fdlh /keZ dh vfrthfork ds fy, bZ’oj dk vfLrRo ,d vko’;d 'krZ gS \ O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
Is existence of God a necessary condition for the survival of religion ? Explain. (10 Marks)
D;k /keZ ds fy, bZ’oj dk gksuk vko’;d gS \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A 2017
Is God necessary for religions ? Justify your answer.
D;k vki bZ’ojfoghu /keZ dks mfpr fl) dj ldrs gSa \ vius mÙkj ds fy, leFkZu ¼vk/kkj½ izLrqr dhft,A 2018
Can you justify religion without God ? Support your answer.

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,d /kkfeZd O;fä dSls bZ’ojfoghu /keZ dh laHkkouk ls budkj djsxkA \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
How would a religious person deny the possibility of a religion without God ? Discuss. (15)
,d /keZ dh iwokZis{kk ds :Ik esa bZ’oj dh ladYiuk dk lekykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A 2020
Critically examine the concept of God as prerequisite for a religion.
**********

TOPIC NO. -8
/keZ ,oa uSfrdrk (Religion and Morality)
/keZ vkSj uSfrdrk (Religion & Morality)
/keZ uSfrdrk ls c`gÙkj gS & vkykspukRed fVIi.kh fyf[k,A 1990
(Write critical comments on Religion is more than morality.)
fVIi.kh & /keZ vkSj uSfrdrkA (Religion and Morality.) – Notes. 19+97
fVIi.kh & /keZ vkSj uSfrdrkA (Religion and Morality.) – Notes. 1999
fVIi.kh & /keZ vkSj uSfrdrkA (Religion and Morality.) – Notes. 2000
/keZ ,oa uSfrdrk ds ikjLifjd laca/k ds lanHkZ esa nks fojks/kkHkklh er gSaA ,d er ds vuqlkj uSfrdrk mn~xe ds fy, 2001
fnO;] vuqHkokrhr Lkzksr dh vko’;drk gS rkfd uSfrdrk ck/;dkjh rFkk oLrqfu"B gksA nwljs er dk rdZ ,slh uSfrdrk
ds i{k esa gS tks fo’kq) :i ls /keZfujis{k rFkk iw.kZr% ekuo&rdZ.kk ij vk/kkfjr gksA vkids vuqlkj bu nks erksa esa
dkSu&lk ,d er lgh gS rFkk D;ksa\ foospuk dhft,A
(There are two incompatible views regarding the relationship between religion and morality. According to one
view morality requires some divine transcendental source in order that it be binding and objective. The second
view argues in favour of purely secular morality, based entirely on human reason. Which one of these two views is
correct in your opinion and why? Discuss.)

^^uSfrdrk ds fcuk /keZ [kks[kyk gksrk gS vkSj /keZ ds fcuk uSfrdrk va/khA** vki D;k bl fopkj ls lger gS\a vius er 2002
ds leFkZu esa rdZ nhft,A (“Relgion without morality is empty and morality without religion is blind.” Do you
agree with this contention? Give reaons in support of your view.)

D;k bZ’oj vkSj /keZ uSfrdrk dh vko’;d iwoZekU;rk,a gS\a vki dkaV ds vuqlkj vius mÙkj dks lksnkgj.k Li"V 2003
dhft,A blh lanHkZ es]a fujh’ojoknh ds fy, uSfrdrk ds laHko dkj.kksa ij lekykspukRed fopkj dhft,A
(Are God and religion necessary presuppositions of morality? Elucide your answer following Kant. Also consider
critically in this context the possible ground (s) of morality for an atheist.)

fVIi.kh & /keZ&fujis{k uSfrdrk bl ç’u dk larks"ktud mÙkj ugha ns ldrh gS fd ] ^eSa lnSo uSfrd D;ksa jgw¡\** 2004
(Secular ethics cannot satisfactorily answer the question, ‘Why should I be moral all the time?’)

/kkÆed ,oa /keZfujis{k uSfrdrk esa Hksn dhft,A bl lanHkZ esa ml er dk foospu dhft, ftlds vuqlkj /keZfujis{k 2006
uSfrdrk /kkÆed uSfrdrk ls Js"B gS D;kafs d /kkÆed uSfrdrk lkjr% fu;e vk/kkfjr gksrh gS ftlds varxZr Qy dh dksbZ
fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk ugha gksrhA blds foijhr /keZfujis{k uSfrdrk] vius mRÑ"V :i esa] loZJs"B Qy çkfIr dk mís’;
j[krh gSSA (Distinguish between religious and secular ethics. Discuss, in this context, the view that holds that
secular ethics are superior to religious ethics because religious ethics are essentially based on rules without deisive
regard for consequences, whereas secular ethics, at their best, aim at producing the best overall consequences.)
uSfrdrk ds fcuk /keZ dk vkSfpR;A (Propriety of religion without morality.) 2008

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bl dFku ij fVIi.kh dhft, fd ^^/keZ us dsoy ok;nk fd;k Fkk ysfdu dHkh Hkh ml ok;ns dks iwjk ugha fd;k**A 2009
(Comment on the statement that “Religion only promised but never fulfilled the promise.” (30 Marks))

;fn uSfrdrk dks /keZ dk vuqxeu djuk vko’;d gks] rks uSfrd dk;ks± ds fy, D;k dksbZ ;qfDrlaxr vkSfpR; 2010
gks ldrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A (If morality has to follow from religion, can there be rational justification or moral
actions? Discuss. (150 words).

ml fopkj dh ijh{kk djsa ftlds vuqlkj uSfrdrk dk vk/kkj dsoy /kkÆed lajpuk esa gh laHko gSA 2011
(Examine the view that the foundation of morality is possible only in a religious framework. (15 Marks)

^^eSa /kkÆed gq, fcuk uSfrd gks ldrk gw¡] ijUrq eSa uSfrd gq, fcuk /kkÆed ugha gks ldrkA** D;k vki lger gS\a 2012
vius mÙkj ds dkj.k çLrqr dhft,A (“I can be moral without being religious, but I cannot be religious without
being moral.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.) (20Marks)

^^;fn bZ’oj dk vfLrRo gh ugha gS] rks O;fDr lHkh le; uSfrd gh D;ksa cuk jgs\ ppkZ dhft,A 2012
“If God does not exist then why should one be moral all the time?” Discuss. (20 Marks.)
D;k /kkfeZd uSfrdrk O;fäxr Lora=rk dh laxr gS \ 2013
Is religious morality consistent with individual freedom ? (10 Marks)
/kkfeZd uSfrdrk fdl lhek rd O;fDxr Lora=rk dks lekfgr dj ldrh gSa \ 2014
How far can religious morality incorporate individual freedom ? (20 Marks)

D;k uSfrdrk vko’;d :Ik ls /keZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A 2015
Is morality necessarily based on religion ? Discuss. (10 Marks)

**uSfrd ewY;ksa ls oafpr /kkfeZd euq"; dh vis{kk ,d vuksb’joknh O;fä vf/kd mEnk euq"; gks ldrk gSA** foospuk 2015
dhft,A
“An atheist may be a better man than a religious person bereft of moral values.” Discuss. (15 Marks)

**uSfrdrk ds fl)kar rc vf/kd dkjxj gksaxs tc os fdlh /keZ ls Lora= rFkk vlEc) gksA** foospuk dhft,A 2016
“Moral principles function better when they remains independent and unconnected with religion” Discuss. (15
Marks)

D;k dksbZ ;g nkos ds lkFk dg ldrk gS fd */kkfeZdrk* vkSj *vuSfrdrk* ds chp vUr%laca/k gSa \ foospuk dhft, 2018
Can one claim that there is an inter-relationdness between ‘religiosity’ and ‘immorality’ ? Discuss.
;k vkt ds oS’ohdj.kh lalkj esa /keZ ekuork ds fy, ,d ,dhdkjh cy gS \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Is religion a uniting force for humanity in the globalizing world as of today ? Discuss. (10)

D;k /keZ ds uke ij fgalk ds leFkZu esa dksbZ nk’kZfud rdZ laHko gS \ ppkZ dhft,A 2019
Can there be a philosophical argument to support violence in the name of religion? Discuss.
(10)

lHkh le; uSfrd fdl dkj.k cuk jgs] bl ckr dks iw.kZ:is.k lek/kku /keZfujis{k uSfrdrk ugha fudky ldrh gSA 2019
ijh{k.k dhft,A
Secular ethics cannot fully resolve as to why one should be moral all the time. Examine. (15)

orZeku oSKkfud vkSj izkS|ksfxdh; fodkl ds lEeq[k */keZ* ds egRo dh foospuk dhft,A 2020
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Discuss the significance of ‘Religion’ vis-à-vis the present scientific and technological development.
**********

TOPIC NO. -9
/kkÆed 'kqfprk ,oa ije lR;rk dh leL;k
(Religious Pluralism and the Problem of Absolute Truth)

/kkÆed vusdRookfn;ksa ,oa /kkÆed O;korZokfn;ksa (religious exclusivists) ds chp cgl dk eqík D;k gS\ bl lanHkZ esa 2004
os vius er ds leFkZu esa tks rdZ nsrs gSa mudk foospu dhft,A (What is the central issue in the debate between
religious pluralists and religious exclusivists? Discuss in this context the arguments they advance in support of
their views.)

cgqyoknh lekt esa] /kkÆed cgqyokn dk fdl çdkj ls vuqlj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA (In a pluralistic society how can 2008
religious pluralism be practised? Point out distinction among.)
¼d½ loZ/keZleUo; (Sarvadharmasamanavaya)
¼[k½ loZ/keZleHkko vkSj (Sarvadharmasamabhava and)
¼x½ loZ/keZln~Hkko (Sarvadharmasadbhava)
Ds chp vFkZ&foHksnksa dks crkb,A
^^iw.kZ lR; ugha gksrs gSa] lHkh lR; v/kZ lR; gksrs gSaA mudksa iw.kZ lR; ekudj pyus dh dksf’k’k djuk gh nkuo cuk 2009
nsrk gSA**(There are no whole truths; all truths are half truths. It is trying to treat them as whole truths that plays the
devil.”)

;g rF; fd fofHké /keks± dh mRifÙk fofHké LFkkuksa ij vkSjk fofHké 'krkfCn;ksa esa gqbZ Fkh] lkfcr djrk gS fd /keks± dk 2010
vusdRo Hkh ,d rF; gSA ;g dguk dgk¡ rd lgh gksxk fd lHkh vko’;d :I ls ,d gh gS\ ppkZ dhft,A
The fact that different religious originated at different places and in different centuries proves that plurality of
religions is a fact. How correct would it be to say that all religions are essentially the same? Discuss. (200 words).

^^/keZ u dsoy vlR; gS] og gkfudkjd Hkh gSA** ppkZ djsAa (“Religion is not just false, it is harmful.” 2011
Disucss (15 Marks)

D;k fofy;e tsEl dk ;g dguk lgh gS fd /kkÆed fopkj lkSUn;Z cks/k ds fookn ds leku gksrs gSa\ ppkZ djsaA 2011
(Is William James right in holding that religious disputes are like conflicts in aesthetic appreciation? Discuss.
(20 Marks)

D;k /kkÆed fl)kUr ,oa fookn lR;kiuh; gS\a ppkZ djsAa 2011
(Are religious doctrines and debates verifiable? Discuss (20 Marks)

bl /kkj.kk dh ppkZ djsa ftlds vuqlkj /kkÆed fl)kUr ^Nn~e&oSKkfud* fl}kUr u gksdj thou 'kSyh dk çfrfuf/kRo 2011
djrs gSaAExamine the view that, religious doctrines are not ‘quasi-scientific’ doctrines. But represenet a form of life.
(20 Marks)

lR; ds bl fl)kUr dh ppkZ djsa % ^^,d lr~ foçk% cgq/kk onfUrA** 2011
Explain the notion of truth as “Ekam Sat Viprah Bahudha Vadanti” (Truth is one, the learned interpret it
differently. (20 Marks).

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D;k fujis{k lR; dk fopkj vlfg".kqrk ,oa /kkÆed fooknksa dks mRié djrk gS\ ppkZ djsaA 2011
(Does the notion of absolute truth give rise to intolerance and religious conflicts about truth be resolved? Discuss.
(20 Marks).
lR; ds laca/k esa /kkÆed fooknksa dk lek/kku fdl çdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ppkZ djsAa 2011
How can religious conflicts about truth be resolved? Discuss (20 Marks.)
D;k fujis{k lR; ¼,sClksY;wV VªFw k½ ds vfHkçk; dks rkÆdd vk/kkjksa ij mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA 2012
Can the notion of absolute truth be justified on rational grounds? (12 Marks.)
D;k cgqrRroknh ¼IyqjfyLV½ n`f"Vdks.k fujis{k lR; dh izfrj{kk dj ldrk gSa \ 2014
Can pluralist perspective vindicate Absolute Truth ? (10 Marks )
D;k izfrc) /kkfeZd O;fDr lkekftd uSfrdrk ds fo:) vkpj.k djrk gS \ uSfrd n`f"V ls foospuk dhft,A 2017
Does a committed religious person go against social morality ? Discuss from the moral perspective.

D;k /keZ ije lR; dh xakjVh iznku djrk gSa \ /kkfeZd cgqyokn ds lnaHkZ esa foospuk dhft,A 2017
Does religion guarantee the absolute truth ? Discuss in the context of relgions pluraslism.

Lkekftd jhfr;ksa dh xSj&/keZ’kkL=h; iz.kkyh esa ije uSfrd ewY;ksa dk izkf/kdkj vkSj Lohd`fr D;k gksxh \ ppkZ dhft,A 2017
What will be the authority and acceptance of the absolute ethical values in the non-theological system of social
practices ? Discuss.

D;k 'kk’or ekus tkus okys /kkfeZd vkn’kksZ]a fl)kUrksa vkSj jhfr;k¡] vkfn ds ckjs esa dksbZ /kkfeZd O;fDr yphyk n`f"Vdks.k 2017
viuk ldrk gS \ D;k ;g /keZ dks izxfr’khy cuk,xk ;k mlds izzkf/kdkj dks /oLr dj nsxk \ leh{kkRed foospuk
dhft,A
Can a religious person take an elastic view about religious ideals, principles and practices, etc, which are supposed
to be eternal ? will it make the religion progressive or will it demolish its authority ? Discuss critically.

fofHkUu /keksZ ds ijLij&fojks/kh lR;rk nkoksa ds laca/k esa vuU;rk] lekosf’krk vkSj cgqrÙookn ds chp foHksnu dhft,A 2018
Distinguish between Exclusivism, Inclusivism and Pluralism with regard to the conflicting truth-claims of different
religious.

**lR; ,d gSa] fQj Hkh yksx bldks vyx&vyx :Ikks esa vuqHko djrs gSaA** vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ dks /;ku esa j[krs 2018
gq, bldk lekykspukRed ewY;kdau dhft,A
“Truth is one, yet people perceive differently.” Critically evaluate by considering the present Indian context.
D;k /kkfeZd thou iz.kkyh esa fu"Bkoku~ izfrc)rk euq"; dks lkekftd uSfrdrk ls iFkHkz"V dj nsrh gS ijh{k.k dhft,A 2019
Does a devoted commitment to a religious way of life make man go astray from social morality
? Discuss. (10)

vfgr ,oa vifo= dh vo/kkj.kk,¡ /keZ dks etcwr uhao iznku djus esa D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSa \ 2019
What role do the concepts of evil and profane play to provide a firm foundation to religion ?
(15)

/kkfeZd cgqrÙookfn;ksa ,oa /kkfeZd vuU;rkokfn;ksa ds chp okn&fookn esa dsUnzh; leL;k dks izfrikfnr dhft, vkSj Li"V 2019
dhft,A
Expound and explain the central problem in the discussion between religious pluralists and
religious exclusivists. (20)
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D;k ;g Lohdk;Z gS fd /keksaZ dk bfrgkl la?k"kksaZ dk bfrgkl gS \ foospuk dhft,A 2020
Is it acceptable that the History of Religions is the History of Conflicts? Discuss.
,d cgqlkaLd`frd cgqyoknh lekt esa /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk dk D;k egRo gS\ vius mÙkj dks U;k;ksfpr fl) dhft,A 2020
What is the importance of religious tolerance in a multicultural pluralistic society ? Justify your answer.

D;k vki Lohdkjrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa Kku] deZ vkSj Hkfä eks{k izkfIr ds lk/ku gS\a foospuk dhft,A 2020
Do you accept that Knowledge, Action and Devotion are the means to attain liberation in Indian
tradition? Discuss.
**********

TOPIC NO. -10

/kkÆed Hkk"kk dh çÑfr % lkn`’;ewyd ,oa çrhdkRed] laKkuoknh ,oa fuLlaKkuoknh
(Nature of Religious Language : Analogical and Symbolic, Cognitivist and Non-cognitive)

/kkÆed Hkk"kk ds fofHké fl)kUrksa dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dhft, vkSj muesa ls fdlh ,d ds çfr viuh ilUn ds fy, 1991
;qfDr nhft,A (Critically explain the various theories of religious language, giving your reasoned preference for
one of them.)

/kkÆed Hkk"kk dh O;k[;k ds eq[; fl)kUrksa dk foospu dhft,A (Discuss the main theories of the interpretation of 1992
religious languge).

jgL;kRed vuqHko dh vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa /kkÆed Hkk"kk dk Lo:i&fVIi.khA 1993

(The nature of religious language as expression of mystical experience – Short Notes.).
D;k /kkÆed Hkk"kk vFkZghu gksrh gS\ ;Fks"V rdZ nsdj vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A 1995
(Is religious language meaningless? Justify your answer by adequate arguments).
fVIi.kh & ^^euq"; ds ije lk/; dh vfHkO;fDr dsoy çrhdkRed gks ldrh gS D;ksafd dsoy çrhdkRed Hkk"kk gh mldks 2004
O;Dr djus esa l{ke gS tks fd ije gS**& iky fVfypA (Notes – “Man’s ultimate concern must be expressed
symbolically, because symbolic language alone is able to express the ultimate.”) – Paul Tillich.
^^/kkÆed fo’okl rRor% (profoundly), vfHkF;hÑr (unfalsiable), vfHkxzgksa (assumptions) dk la?kVu gS tks O;fä dh 2006
vU; lHkh ekU;rkvksa (beliefs) dk lapkyu djrk gSA** & vkj-,e-gsvj ¼fVIi.kh½A
(“Religious faith consists of a set of profoundly unfalsiable assumptions that govern all of a person’s other beliefs”.
- R.M. Hare (Short Notes).
D;k /kkÆed Hkk"kk çrhdkRed gksrh gS\ ppkZ dhft,A (Is religious language symbolic? Discuss.) 2009
/kkÆed Hkk"kk dk;Z djus ds fy, lkn`’; vkSj çrhd ds fy, çkÑfrd Hkk"kk ij vkfJr gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa /kkÆed Hkk"kk 2010
dks rkjçs"k.kh Hkk"kk dh Hkk¡fr] ,d fo’ks"khÑr Hkk"kk ds :i esa D;k ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,\
(Religious language is dependent on natural language for an analogy and a symbol to work. Why not then treat
religious language as a specialized language like telegraphic language? Discuss (200 words.)
/kkÆed Hkk"kk dh çÑfr ds laKkukFkZd fooj.k ij ppkZ dhft,A 2012
(Discuss the cognitivist account of the nature of religious language) (20 Marks)
ikWy fVfyd ds bl dFku dk fo’ys"k.k dhft, fd ^^dsoy çrhd Hkk"kk gh pje rRo dh vfHkO;fä djus esa l{ke gSA** 2012
(Analyse Paul Tillich’s statement that symbolic language along is able to express the ultimate.” (20 Marks).
**/kkfeZd Hkk"kk xSj&laKkukRed gSA** bl dFku dk D;k vk’k; gS \ 2013
What is meant by saying that religious language is non-cognitive ? (15 Marks)
D;k /kkfeZd Hkk"kk dks lR;kiu&;ksX; dgk tk ldrk gS \ 2013
Can religious language be said to be verifiable ? (15 Marks)

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D;k laKkukRedrkoknh >wB ij vk/kkfjr vkifÙk dk leqfpr mÙkj ns ikrs gSa \ 2013
Do cognitivists provide a cogent answer to the objection based on falsifiability ? (20 Marks)
/kkfeZd Hkk"kk dk vki fuLalKkukRed ¼ukWu~&dkWx~fufVo½ :Ik esa fdl izdkj fu:i.k djrs gSa \ 2014
Can it be self-contradictory to accept the ‘idea’ of God but deny the ‘existence’ of God. (15 Marks)
/kkfeZd Hkk"kk dks fdl izdkj lR;kfir fd;k tk ldrk gS \ D;k ;g dguk lgh gS fd /kkfeZd Hkk"kk lR;kfir gksrh gSa] 2015
D;ksafd bls feFk;kfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSa \ foospuk dhft,A
How can the religious language be verified ? Is it correct to say that religious language is verified because it cannot
be falsified ? Discuss. (20 Marks)
/kkfeZd Hkk"kk ls lEcf/kar fofHkUu ds e/; dkSulk fopkj vf/kd fopkj vf/kd larks"k tud gSaA 2016
Among the different views of religions language. Which one is more satisfactory and why ? (15 Marks)
D;k lkn`’;ksa dh Hkk"kk vf/kd laHkzkafrdkjh vkSj izrhdksa dh Hkk"kk vf/kd vcqf}xE; ugha gksrh gS \ /kkfeZd Hkk"kk ds ekeys 2017
esa bldk ewY;kadu dhft,A
Is not the language of analogies more confusing and the language of symbols more unintelligible ? Evaulate it in
the case of a religious language.
fdl vFkZ es]a Hkk"kk dk /keZfujis{k mi;ksx Hkk"kk ds /kkfeZd mi;ksx ls fHkUu gSa \ ppkZ dhft,A 2018
In what sense is the secular use of language different from the religious use of language ? Discuss.
/kkfeZd Hkk"kk dh czsFkosV dh vlaKkukRed fFk;ksjh dk lekykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A 2018
Critically examine Braithwaite’s non-cognitive theory of religious language.
/kkfeZd] izrhdksa ds oSf’k"V~; ds fo’okrhr lUnHkZ ds :Ik esa egRo dks LIk"V dhft,] tks lkLad`frd] vkdk’kh; o ikfFkZo 2018
txr esa e/;LFkrk LFkkfir djrs gSaA
Explain the significance of religious symbols as transcendent referent that mediates into the cultural, spatial and
temporal world.
D;k /kkfeZd Hkk"kk esa laKkukRed fo"k;&oLrq gksrh gS\ foLrkjiwod
Z lqLi"V dhft,A 2020
Does religious language carry cognitive content ? Elucidate in detail.

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