TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE

ISO 9001:2015 CIP Grade1 (Outstanding)

COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics
Unit 2 HEAT

Course Code: UD11T5102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2021 – 2022

Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

1
 Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Mr. A. L. Pawar
Area-: Mechanical Engineering
TMI India
Lecture-1

2
3
 CONDUCT IN CLASS ROOM
&
LEARNING PROCESS

CONDUCT IN CLASS ROOM

•NO CROSS TALKING

•GENTAL MAN LIKE BEHAVIOR
•PUNCTUALITY
•ROLE OF CR

4
 LEARNING PROCESS
TEACHER WILL ‘HELP’ IN LEARNING

INVOLMENT AND MENTAL PRESENCE

WIDER SPECTRUM OF LEARNING

(External component)

MAKE OWN NOTES

 4
14

24
34
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 40
54
61 62 64
74 77
84
94
 MIND MAP

A Spider Web,

A Root System
or
The Branches of a Tree.
 Unit 2 Heat
Heat : Heat is a form of energy
in transit due to
temperature difference.
Symbol Q , Units J
 Outline Unit 2 Heat
2.01 Introduction to heat, thermal expansion of liquids. Real and apparent
expansion. Application to liquid cargoes. Anomalous expansion of water.
Three primary gas laws : Charles' Law, Boyle's Law and Avogadro's Law

2.02 Explain specific heat and latent heat. Explain change of state. Effect of
pressure and salinity on the boiling and freezing point of water

2.03 Describe the thermodynamic scale . Explain the relationship between

celsius, kelvin and fahrenheit scale.

2.04 Thermodynamics- introduction to mollier diagram and simple

refrigeration circuit (overview).

2.05 Explain basic formation of “superheated steam”, its applications,

Hazards and precautions.

15
Textbooks/Reference Books

❖Textbooks
Applied Science- Physics 1 IMU

A Text of Engineering Physics- R. K.Gaur &S.L.Gupta

Reference Books
Heat & Thermodynamics-Brijlal Subrahmanium

16
Why this

topic is very important for you?

Because -----
18
19
20
 QUESTION BANK

QUESTION BANK

21
22
Describe the construction of a liquid-in- glass thermometer

23
24
 QUESTION BANK
Q1. Explain, how to determine the value of a by
dilatometer method. (5 Marks)

Q. 2.What is anomalous expansion of water? How is it

useful for aquatic life? (7 Marks)

Q 3 .What is meant by anomalous expansion of water?

Explain how fishes and other aquatic animals can
Survive even in frozen pond? (7 Marks)

Q 4. Explain the Anomalous (unusual) expansion of water

(5 Marks)
25
QUESTION BANK

26
QUESTION BANK

27
QUESTION BANK

28
 QUESTION BANK

Q5. Explain the different modes of heat transfer? (7 Marks)

Q6.Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of 50 g of copper from 10 oC to 60 oC the

specific heat capacity of copper is 0.39 J/g oC (7 Marks)

Q7. Can the specific heat of a gas be infinity? (1 Marks)

29
 QUESTION BANK

Q 8. Explain the phenomenon of transfer of heat by means of

conduction, convection and radiation.

Calculate the quantity of heat conducted through 2 m2

of a brick wall 12cm thick in 1 hour if the temperature

on one side is 80C and the other side is 280C .

(The thermal conductivity of brick=0.13 W/m/K

(7 Marks)

30
 QUESTION BANK
Q9. Derive the relation , where signs have
their usual meanings. (5 Marks)

Q10. One end of a 0.25 m long bar is in steam and the other
end is in contact with ice. Calculate the thermal
conductivity of metal if kg of ice melts per
minute.

(5 Marks)

31
 QUESTION BANK
Q 11. Arrive at the mayers relation( )
(7 Marks)
Q 12. Explain Mollier diagram in detail. ( 5 Marks )

Q 13. 10 g of ice at 0 0C are added to 100g of water at 20 0C

If the final temperature of mixture is 10.9 0oC.Find
the latent heat of fusion of ice. Specific heat of
water is 4200 J/Kg oC. ( 5 Marks )

32
 QUESTION BANK
Q 14. A 200 g mass of a certain metal at 83 0C immersed in
300g of water at 230C . The final temperature is 330C .
Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal.(5 Marks)

33
 QUESTION BANK
Q.15 A piece of metal 400 g. is heated to 100 0C and then

quickly transferred to copper calorimeter of mass 200g and

of specific heat capacity 380j/kg0C containing 250 g of water

at 250C . The final temperature is found to be 400C . Find the

specific heat capacity of the metal?.specific heat capacity of

water is 4200j/kg0C (5 Marks) (Two times asked)

34
 QUESTION BANK

Q.16 A copper calorimeter of mass 120g has the specific heat

capacity of 420j/kg. 0C What is heat capacity? 80g of water

at 15 0C are poured in the calorimeter and it is heated to

550C .Calculate the total heat supplied

Specific heat capacity of water is 4200j/kg0C . (5 Marks)

35
 QUESTION BANK
Q 17. State Principal of calorimetery 20 gm of steam at 1000C
is passed in to a mixture of 10g of ice and 100 g of water
at 00C . Find the final temperature .
Given
Latent heat of ice :80cal/gm
Latent heat of steam :80cal/gm (5 Marks)

36
THANK YOU

37
38
 TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE
ISO 9001:2015 CIP Grade1 (Outstanding)

COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT
Lecture-2

Course Code: UD11T4102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2020 – 2021

Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

1
 Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Mr. A. L. Pawar

Area-: Mechanical Engineering

TMI India

Lecture-2
2
3
 Unit 2 Heat
Heat : Heat is a form of energy
in transit due to
temperature difference.
Symbol Q , Units J
 TRASMISSION OF HEAT

6
 DNS IMU QUESTION BANK

Q1. Explain the different modes of heat transfer? (7 Marks)

Q 2. Explain the phenomenon of transfer of heat by means of

conduction, convection and radiation with example.

Calculate the quantity of heat conducted through 2 m2

of a brick wall 12cm thick in 1 hour if the temperature
on one side is 80C and the other side is 280C .

(The thermal conductivity of brick=0.13 W/mK

(7 Marks)
Q.3 Describe different modes of heat transfer with suitable
examples. (5 Marks)

7
 2.4 TRASMISSION OF HEAT

In general heat travels from one point to another

whenever there is a difference in temperatures

Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to

the body at lower temperature.

Heat is transferred or propagated by three

distinct processes:
1. Conduction
2. Convection and
8 3. Radiation
9
 2.4.1 Conduction

It is a process of transmission of heat from

particle to particle,
In the direction of the decrease of temperature
Without any visible movement of the particles themselves
is known as conduction .

10
 HOW DOES HEAT CONDUCTION
TAKES PLACE?

HOW HEAT IS
TRANSFERRED
IN THE
MOLECULES OF
AN OBJECT

11
12
 Conduction example

Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the heat is

conducted from the iron to the clothes.

Heat is transferred from hands to ice cube resulting in the melting of an

ice cube when held in hands.

Hold one end of an iron rod and heat the other end .

In the beginning the end which is held in the hand is not

warm as it is at the room temperature,

but soon this end becomes warmer and warmer till we

are unable to hold the rod.

13
 Good and Bad conductor of heat

Good conductor of heat

The substances through which heat is easily conducted or
For which the rate of conduction is large are good conductors of heat.

Bad conductor of heat

The bad conductors do not have free electrons ,there for

,they cannot conduct heat .Whatever little heat they can
Conduct is by vibrations of the molecules substances.

14
 Figure 2.6 : Comparison of Thermal
Conductivities

15
 Convection example

Convection in Liquids

16
 2.4.2 Convection

It is a process by which liquids and gases are heated.

It is a process of transmission of heat through the

substance by the heated particles moving bodily
from place to place.

Since the particles in a solid are not free to move,

therefore, transmission of heat by convection in solids

is not possible.
Free convection is the heat transfer process driven by natural fluid
motion due to temperature and density gradients,

while forced convection involves artificially induced fluid movement

using external devices like fans or pumps

17
 Forced convection and Natural convection fig.1-4

Forced convection: If the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external means
such as a fan, pump, or the wind.

Natural (or free) convection: If the fluid motion is caused

by buoyancy forces that are induced by density
differences due to the variation of temperature in the
fluid. 18
19
20
 Radiation of heat

Heat can be transmitted whit out the intervening

medium(Which is not heated if it is present)
This process of transmission of heat is known as Radiation

21
 Electromagnetic waves

Transmission of energy by radiation takes place in the form of

electromagnetic waves
These waves can travel in vacuum and travel with the speed of light(3 x 108
ms-1).This heat is known as the radiant heat or thermal radiation)

22
23
 Absorption and reflection

24
THANK YOU

25
26
 TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE
ISO 9001:2015 CIP Grade1 (Outstanding)

COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Course Code: UD11T4102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2020 – 2021

Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

1
 Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Mr. A. L. Pawar
Area-: Mechanical Engineering
TMI India
Lecture-3

2
2.1.Objectives.

1 .Describe
the real and apparent expansion of liquid.

2.Define the coefficients of expansion of

liquid and derive the relations between
them.

4
 2.1. Objectives.

3.Discuss The anomalous behavior of water using

Hope’s experiment

5
2.1. Objectives..
4.Define Specific heat and latent heat,
and
5.Describe the method for determining
them.

6
2.2 THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID

What is fluid ?.

The substance which is capable of flowing is called a fluid.

Both liquid and gases are fluids.

They do not have any definite length and surface area.

What happens when we heat them?

7
 2.2 THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID

1. On heating liquids,
2. They can under go cubical expansion only,
3. They under go change in volume only
4. But when we heat a liquid,The container also expands.
Thus, we get expansion of both the container and
liquid.

8
Real and Apparent Expansion

9
10
 Real and Apparent Expansion

Apparent expansion:
If we measure the increase in
the volume of liquid without
considering the expansion of
container, then the observed
increase in volume of the
liquid is called the apparent
expansion.

11
 Real and Apparent Expansion

Real expansion:
If we take in to consideration the
expansion of the container also,
then the increase in volume is the
real expansion of the liquid.

12
13
14
15
Relative Expansion of Different Liquids
A number of liquids are taken up to the same level in identical flasks. The volumes of the
liquids are the same. The flasks are put in a common water bath in which the constant
temperature is maintained above room temperature.
Now the levels of the liquids are observed. They are found to be different. This shows that
for the same rise in temperature the different liquids expand by different amounts, i.e.
different liquids have different coefficients of expansions.

16
17
THANK YOU

18
19
 TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE
ISO 9001:2015 CIP Grade1 (Outstanding)

COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT
Lecture-4

Course Code: UD11T4102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2020 – 2021

Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

1
 Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Mr. A. L. Pawar

Area-: Mechanical Engineering

TMI India

Lecture-4
2
Anomalous(Unusual)Expansion of Water

Q. 2.What is anomalous expansion of water? How is it

useful for aquatic life? (7 Marks)

Q 3 .What is meant by anomalous expansion of water?

Explain how fishes and other aquatic animals can
Survive even in frozen pond? (7 Marks)

Q 4. Explain the Anomalous (unusual) expansion of water

(5 Marks)

4
Anomalous expansion of water
ANSWER : STEP 1 Draw Graph

5
 Anomalous expansion of water
ANSWER

1.If we go on cooling water then we find that its volume decreases till it reaches 4 oC

But as it is cooled below 4 oC It volume is increases instead of decreasing.

This expansion of water when it is cooled below 4 oC is known as the Anomalous

expansion of water
6
Let us consider an experiment for anomalous expansion of water using “Hope’s apparatus

7
Q. Explain how fishes and other aquatic animals can Survive even in frozen pond?
‘OR’
How is it useful for aquatic life?

8
Fishes and aquatic life survives
due to anomalous nature of water,
ice being lighter than water
floats and insulates the water below it
from freezing.

9
In a lake or sea, as water is cooled from, higher temperature to 4
deg Celsius it becomes denser and sinks to the bottom
but as it cools from 4 to freezing point, its density reduces as it
expands and it rises to the top and eventually forms ice.

The floating ice acts as insulation preventing the freezing of water

below it, ensuring that life survives.

10
SAQ 1
(a) A glass flask with volume 200 cm3 is filled to the brim with mercury at 20oC. How much
mercury overflows when the temperature of the system is raised to 100oC? The coefficient
of the volume expansion of glass is 1.2 × 10– 5 K– 1 and the coefficient of volume expansion
of mercury is 18 × 10– 5 K– 1.

11
(b) A one litre flask contains some mercury. It is found that at different temperatures, the
volume of air inside the flask remains the same. What is the volume of mercury in flask?
Given that coefficient of cubical expansion of glass = 27 × 10– 6 C– 1 and coefficient of
volume expansion of Hg = 1.8 × 10– 4 C– 1.

12
(c) The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 49 × 10– 5 oC– 1. What is the
fractional change in the density for a 30oC rise in temperature?

13
(d) The density of mercury is 13.6 g cm– 3 at 0oC and if its coefficient of cubical expansion is
1.82 × 10– 4 oC– 1, calculate the density of mercury at 50oC.

14
THANK YOU

15
16
 TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE
ISO 9001:2015 CIP Grade1 (Outstanding)

COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Course Code: UD11T4102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2020 – 2021

Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

1
 Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Mr. A. L. Pawar
Area-: Mechanical Engineering
TMI India
Lecture-4

2
The Gas Laws
Introduction: What are the Gas Laws?
The gas laws are a group of laws that govern the behaviour of gases by
providing relationships between the following:
• The volume occupied by a gas.
• The pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container.
• The absolute temperature of the gas.
• The amount of gaseous substance (or) the number of moles of gas.
The gas laws were developed towards the end of the 18th century by numerous
scientists (after whom, the individual laws are named). The five gas laws are:

4
• Boyle’s Law, which provides a relationship between the pressure and the volume
of a gas.
• Charles’s Law, which provides a relationship between the volume occupied by a
gas and the absolute temperature.
• Gay-Lussac’s Law, which provides a relationship between the pressure exerted by
a gas on the walls of its container and the absolute temperature associated with
the gas.
• Avogadro’s Law, which provides a relationship between the volume occupied by a
gas and the amount of gaseous substance.
• The Combined Gas Law (or the Ideal Gas Law), which can be obtained by
combining the four laws listed above.
Under standard conditions, all gasses exhibit similar behaviour. The variations in
their behaviours arise when the physical parameters associated with the gas
(such as temperature, pressure, and volume) are altered. The gas laws basically
describe the behaviour of gases and have been named after the scientists who
discovered them.
We will look at all the gas laws below and also understand a few underlying topics.

5
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law gives the relationship between the pressure of a gas and the volume of the gas at a constant temperature. Basically, the volume
of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of a gas at a constant temperature.

Boyle’s law equation is written as:

V ∝ 1/P
Or
P ∝ 1/V
Or
PV = k1
Where V is the volume of the gas, P is the pressure of the gas and K1 is the constant. Boyle’s Law can be used to
determine the current pressure or volume of gas and can be represented also as; 6
P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law-Related Problem
An 18.10mL sample of gas is at 3.500 atm. What will be the volume if the
pressure becomes 2.500 atm, with a fixed amount of gas and temperature?
Solution:
By solving with the help of Boyle’s law equation
P1V 1 = P 2V 2
V 2 = P1V 1 / P2
V2 = (18.10 * 3.500atm)/2.500atm
V2 = 25.34 mL

7
Charle’s Law
Charle’s law states that at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (in Kelvin) in a
closed system. Basically, this law describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of the gas.

Mathematically, Charle’s law can be expressed as;

V∝T
Where, V = volume of gas, T = temperature of the gas in Kelvin. Another form of this equation can be written as;
V1 / T 1 = V2 / T 2

8
Charle’s law problem
A sample of Carbon dioxide in a pump has a volume of 21.5 mL and it is at
50.0 oC. When the amount of gas and pressure remain constant, find the new
volume of Carbon dioxide in the pump if the temperature is increased to
75.0 oC.
Solution:

V2 = V1T2/T1

V2 = 7,485.225/ 323.15

V2 = 23.16 mL

9
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s law states that if the gas is an ideal gas, the same number of
molecules exists in the system. The law also states that if the volume of
gases is equal it means that the number of the molecule will be the same
as the ideal gas only when it has equal volume. This above statement can
be mathematically expressed as;
V / n = constant
Or
V 1 / n 1 = V 2 / n2
Where V is the volume of an ideal gas and n in the above equation
represent the number of gas molecules.

10
Problems related to Avogadro’s Law
At constant temperature and pressure, 6.00 L of a gas is known to contain
0.975 mol. If the amount of gas is increased to 1.90 mol, what new volume
will result?
Solution:
V1 = 6.00 L
V2 = ?
n1 = 0.975
n2 = 1.90 mol
According to Avogadro’s law
V∝n
V/n = constant
V 1 / n 1 = V 2 / n2
V2 = V1n2/n1
V2 = (6 x 1.90)/ 0.975 = 11.69 L

11
BOYLE'S LAW | Animation
https://youtu.be/YQmv272-4yU

CHARLES' LAW | Animation

https://youtu.be/twCcSsHmMgI

AVOGADRO'S LAW | Animation

https://youtu.be/QafV2Zms_Nw

12
THANK YOU

13
14
 TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE
ISO 9001:2015 CIP Grade1 (Outstanding)

COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT
Lecture-6

Course Code: UD11T4102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2020 – 2021

Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

1
 Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Mr. A. L. Pawar

Area-: Mechanical Engineering

TMI India

Lecture-6
2
 2.3 MEASUREMENT OF HEAT
Units of Heat

The commonly used units of heat is kilocalorie(kcal).

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kilogram of water through 1 oC
(from14.5 oC to 15.5 oC)
In CGS system the unit of heat is calorie and is defined as the
quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram
of water through 1 oC

4
MEASUREMENT OF HEAT

1 kilocalorie=1000 calories

Sometimes, heat is measured in mechanical or work

units known as joule (J)

1kcal= 4200J
Or
1 calorie= 4.18J

5
MEASUREMENT OF HEAT

Heat capacity

The heat required to raise the temperature through 1 oC

depends upon the mass and also on the material of the

substance.

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature

through 1 oC is called its heat capacity(or thermal capacity)

The units of heat capacity are: kilocalorie per oC (kcal/ oC )

Calorie per oC (cal/ oC ) in physics joule per oC (J/ oC ) 6

 Specific heat capacity

Different materials must have a property by virtue of

which the same mass when heated through the same range

of temperatures would absorb different quantities of heat.

This thermal property of the substance is called the

specific heat capacity of the substance.

It is also called the specific heat of the substance.

7
 Specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat energy required to raise

the temperature of a unit mass of a substance through 1 oC . and it is denoted by C

Units of Specific heat are Kilocalorie per kg per oC (kcal/kg oC)

calorie per gm per oC (cal/gm oC)

And joules per kg per oC (J/kg oC) in physics

8
For example, if the specific heat capacity of a substance is C, it means that one kg
of that substance requires C joules to raise its temperature through 1oC. Therefore,
if m gram of the same substance is heated to raise its temperature through 1oC,
then the amount of heat required is ‘mC’ J. But by definition, this is the heat
capacity of a substance of mass m.

Heat Capacity = mC
or Heat Capacity = Mass × Specific Heat Capacity

Since, the heat required to raise the temperature of mass m by 1°C is mC, the heat
required (Q) to raise the temperature by θoC is given as
Q = mC . θ
or Q = Heat Capacity × Rise in Temperature
or Q = Mass × Specific Heat Capacity ×Rise in Temperature

Let us apply this formula to solve a problem.

9
Example 2.1
Calculate the amount of heat given out when 2 kg of water
cools from 60°C to 10°C. For water, C = 4200 J/ kg°C.

Solution
Heat lost or gained is given as = mC θ
= 2 × 4200 × 50 = 420000 J.

The instrument used for measuring the specific heat capacity is

called the calorimeter. You may like to find out, what is a
calorimeter, how it used? 10
Latent heat

The latent heat of a substance may be

Defined as the quantity of heat required to change the unit mass of the
substance completely from its one state to another at constant
temperature.
The unit of latent heat is J kg-1 in SI unit
2.5 CHANGE OF STATE

You know that one and the same substance can

exist in three different states

Solid, Liquid and Gas.

For example,
Ice is the solid state,
Water is the liquid state and
Steam is the gaseous state of the same substance.

14
15
 Temperature :The degree of hotness of a body is called
its temperature.

Specific Heat: It is defined as the amount of heat required

to raise the temperature of the unit mass of the
substance through 1 0C (or 1 K).

Latent heat
The latent heat of a substance may be
Defined as the quantity of heat required to change the unit
mass of the substance completely from its one state to
another at constant temperature.
The unit of latent heat is J kg-1 in SI unit
16
17
 We generally observe that when heat is supplied

to a substance its temperature increases and

when heat is withdrawn from a substance, its

temperature decreases.

What do you observe when you heat ice or

water? Ice melts into water and water turns into

steam.
18
The supply of heat to a substance produces

a change from the solid state to the liquid state

or from the liquid state to the gaseous state.

19
Conversely the withdrawal of heat from a substance

causes it to change from the gaseous state to the

liquid state

or

from the liquid state to the solid state.

20
Fusion or Melting or Liquefaction.

The change from the solid to the liquid state is known

as fusion or melting or liquefaction.

Solidification or Freezing.

The change from the liquid to to the solid state is

called Solidification or Freezing.

Vaporization And Condensation.

The change from liquid to vapour is known as

vaporization and the reverse process as Condensation.

21
Melting point

The constant temperature at which a substance changes

from solid to liquid state is called its melting point

22
 Boiling point

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which

the substance boils, or enters a state of rapid evaporation

For water this is 100° C or 212° F.

What is The Effects of Pressure on Boiling Point
Temperatures?

At standard atmospheric pressure (1 atmosphere = 0.101325 MPa),

water boils at approximately 100 degrees Celsius. That is simply
another way of saying that the vapor pressure of water at that
temperature is 1 atmosphere.

At higher pressures (such as the pressure generated in a pressure

cooker), the temperature must be higher before the vapor pressure
reaches the surrounding pressure, so water under pressure boils at a
higher temperature.

Similarly, when the surrounding pressure is lower (such as at high

altitudes), the vapor pressure reaches that pressure at a lower
temperature.
Effect of pressure and salinity on the boiling and freezing
point of water

Pure water freezes at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C (212

°F) under normal pressure conditions. When salt is

added, the freezing point is lowered and the boiling

point is raised. The addition of salt also lowers the

temperature of maximum density below that of pure

water (4 °C [39.2 °F]).

How does pressure affect the boiling and freezing point of

water?

Lowering the vapor pressure of a substance has an

obvious effect on boiling point; the boiling point goes up.

The BP increases because more energy is required for

the solvent's vapor pressure to reach the external

pressure. ... Another consequence of lowered vapor

pressure is a decrease in freezing point.

How does changing the salinity of water affect the freezing
and boiling point?
As you add salts to seawater, you also change some other
properties. Incidentally, increasing salinity increases the
boiling point and decreases the freezing point. Normal
seawater freezes at -2˚ C, 2˚ C colder than pure water. ...
Water expands when it freezes making it less dense than
the water from which it freezes.
How does salinity affect the boiling point of water?

When salt is added, it makes it harder for the water

molecules to escape from the pot and enter the gas

phase, which happens when water boils, Giddings

said. This gives salt water a higher boiling point, she

said. ... "The temperature of saltwater will get hotter

faster than that of pure water,"

THANK YOU

29
30
 TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE
ISO 9001:2015 CIP Grade1 (Outstanding)

COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT
Lecture-7

Course Code: UD11T4102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2020 – 2021

Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

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 Applied Science
Physics 1
Unit 2 HEAT

Mr. A. L. Pawar

Area-: Mechanical Engineering

TMI India

Lecture-7 2
How does salt affect the freezing process of water?

Answer
Salt molecules bond with water molecules, making it more difficult for ice to
form. The result is a solution with a lower freezing temperature. For example, a
10% salt solution freezes at 20°F (-6°C), while a 20% salt solution freezes at 2°F
(-16°C).

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(b) Discuss construction, working of Liquid in glass thermometer.
(5 marks)
b) liquid in glass thermometer: (5 marks)
A Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer is a glass capillary
tube having a liquid filled bulb present at one end.
This device is used for measuring temperature due to
its accuracy and the fact that it does not require any
other equipment except the human eye.

The liquid in glass thermometer, is the most

commonly used device to
measure temperature and it is inexpensive to make
and easy to use. ... The
principle used to measure temperature is that of the
apparent thermal
expansion of the liquid. (3m)
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Thermodynamic scale; Relationship between Celsius, Kelvin and
Fahrenheit scale;

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THANK YOU

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COURSE NOTES
COURSE: Applied Science
Physics
Unit 2 HEAT

Lecture-8
Course Code: UD11T5102 Prepared for Academic Year: 2021 – 2022
Compiled by: Mr.Ankush Lahu Pawar Reviewed by:Mr.Mukesh Jagannath Umbarkar

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2.2.1 Simple Vapour Compression Réfrigération System
It consists of the following essential parts:
Compressor ,Condenser ‘Receiver ,Expansion Valve ,Evaporator
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2.2.1 Simple Vapour Compression Réfrigération System
It consists of the following essential parts:
Compressor ,Condenser ‘Receiver ,Expansion Valve ,Evaporator
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Q.Write a short note on the mollier chart and its construction
Q.Write a short note on the (h-S) chart and its construction

Fig.: Enthalpy-Entropy chart for steam (Mollier diagram for steam)

Fig.: Enthalpy-Entropy chart for steam (Mollier diagram for
steam)
The mollier diagram has the following lines
•Dryness fraction lines
•Constant pressure lines
•Isothermal lines (constant temperature lines)
•Isentropic lines
•Throttling lines
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Enthalpy-Entropy chart ( Mollier Chart) :
This is the graph plotted between enthalpy (total heat) as ordinate
and entropy on abscissa which gives the values of properties of
steam during process
The portion of the chart below the dry saturation line is the wet
steam area. While the area above the line represent the superheated
steam.
The constant pressure lines are plotted over whole chart, are
straight line is wet region and curve lines in superheated region.

Constant dryness fraction lines are plotted in wet area find

constant temperature line in superheated region.
Isentropic expansion or compression :is shown by a vertical
line on H-S chart.
Throttling process will be represented by a horizontal line on
H-S chart enthalpy remains constant during this process.

The final condition after isentropic expansion may be directly

obtained from the chart. Similarly enthalpy drop can be
measured from the chart on reading the value.
Explain basic formation of “superheated steam”, its applications,
hazards and precautions.

Steam and Its Properties

Steam is the gaseous phase of water. It utilizes heat during the
process and carries large quantities of heat later.

Hence, it could be used as a working substance for heat engines.

Steam is generated in boilers at constant pressure.
THANK YOU

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