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 Chemical Reaction & Equation

Assess Yourself

Q. 1. What happens when a chemical reaction occurs?

Answer: When a chemical reaction occurs:

i. New substances are formed by breaking and making of new bonds.

ii. Some gases may evolve during the reaction.

iii. Change in smell.

iv. Change in colour.

v. Change in state (liquid, solid or gaseous)

vi. Change in temperature.

Q. 2. What happens when hydrogen combines with oxygen in the presence of an

electric current?

Answer: When hydrogen reacts with oxygen in the presence of an electric current,
formation of water takes place which conducts electricity.

At the cathode, the electrons and the hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to make
water.

The reaction takes place is given as:

2H2 + O2→ 2H2O

Q. 3. Give an example of a double displacement reaction.

Answer: The reaction in which there is an exchange of ions between the reactant takes
place is called double displacement reaction.
For example:

Na2SO4 + BaCl2→ BaSO4 + 2NaCl

Sodium Barium Barium Sodium sulphate chloride sulphate chloride

In the above reaction, the exchange of ions (SO42- and Ba2+) takes place. The white
precipitate of BaSO4 is formed by the reaction of SO42- and Ba2+. The other product
formed NaCl remains in the solution.

Q. 4. “We need to balance a skeletal chemical equation.” Give reason to justify

this statement.

Answer: Balanced chemical equation: A chemical equation in which the number of

atoms of reactants are equal to the number of atoms of products is called a balanced
equation.

We need to balance a skeletal chemical equation because:

i. According to the law of conservation of mass, mass (or atoms) are neither created nor
destroyed in chemical reactions.

ii. It means the total mass of the products formed in chemical reaction must be equal to
the mass of reactants consumed.

Q. 5. Giving an example list two information which make a chemical equation

more useful (informative).

Answer: Chemical equations can be made more informative by the following

characteristics:

Physical state
There are three different states which are solid, liquid and gaseous. If the substance
exists in solid state, it is represented by (s).

If the substance exists in aqueous state, it is represented by (aq).

If the substance exists in gaseous state, it is represented by (g).

For example:

Evolution of gas

If the gas is liberated in a reaction, it is indicated by an arrow upward and its physical
state is shown by (g).

For example:

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)↑

Q. 6.A. Write a balanced chemical equation for process of photosynthesis.

Answer: Photosynthesis reaction: CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Balanced equation: 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Step 2: Compare the number of atoms of reactants with the number of atoms of
products.

Step 3: Now, first we consider the element having unequal no. of atoms on both sides.
Thus, first let us consider carbon atom. If we multiply 6 in the reactant (in CO 2), we will
get the equal number of atoms as in product (in C6H12O6)
Step 4: Write the resulting equation:

6CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Step 5: Now check whether the equation is balanced or not by comparing the atoms

We find that the equation is not balanced yet. As the number of

Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are unequal on the two sides.

First balance the hydrogen atom.

Step 6: If we multiply 12 in the reactant (in H2O) and 6 in the product (in H2O), we will
get the equal number of hydrogen atoms both sides.

Step 7: Write the resulting equation:

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 + 6H2O

Step 8: Now check whether the equation is balanced or not by comparing the atoms.

We find that the equation is not balanced yet. As the number of oxygen atoms are
unequal on the two sides.
Step 9: Now, we consider oxygen atoms. If we multiply 6 in the product (in O2), we will
get the equal number of atoms as in reactants (in 6CO2 and 12H2O)

Step 10: Write the resulting equation:

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

We find that the equation is balanced now.

Step 11: Write down the final balanced equation:

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Q. 6.B. When do desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform

photosynthesis?

Answer: In deserts, the weather is very hot and the amount of rainfall is very low.
Hence, if desert plants take CO2 during day, large amount of water can be lost. To avoid
this water loss, some of the desert plants take CO2 during night.

Q. 7. Zinc liberated hydrogen gas when reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid,
whereas copper does not. Explain why?

Answer:
As you can observe in the above series that zinc is more reactive than the hydrogen
whereas copper is less reactive than hydrogen.

More reactive the metal is, more easily it will displace hydrogen atoms. Hence,

i. When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it liberates hydrogen gas (hydrogen is
displaced)

Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

ii. On the other hand, when copper reacts with hydrochloric acid, it is unable to displace
the hydrogen gas. As a result, no hydrogen gas is liberated.

Cu + HCl → No reaction

Q. 8. Identify the reducing agent in the following reactions:

(a) 4NH3 + 5O2→ 4NO + 6H2O

(b) H2O + F2→ HF + HOF

(c) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

(d) 2H2 + O2→ 2H2O

Answer: Reducing agent: A reducing agent is an element that loses electrons.

The reducing agent means to loose electrons; it is said to have been oxidized.

The element which undergoes oxidation (gets oxidized) is called reducing agent.

a) NH3 is reducing agent

4NH3 + 5O2→ 4NO + 6H2O

In the given reaction, nitrogen is oxidized to NO by gaining oxygen atom. Thus, NH3 is
reducing agent as it undergoes oxidation.

b) F2 is reducing agent

H2O + F2→ HF + HOF

In the given reaction, F2 is oxidized to HOF by gaining hydrogen atom. Thus, F2 is

reducing agent as it undergoes oxidation.

(c) CO is reducing agent

Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

In the given reaction, CO is oxidized to CO2 by gaining oxygen atom. Thus, CO is

reducing agent as it undergoes oxidation.

(d) H2 is reducing agent

2H2 + O2→ 2H2O

In the given reaction, 2H2 is oxidized to 2H2O by gaining oxygen atom. Thus, 2H2 is
reducing agent as it undergoes oxidation.

Q. 9. You might have noted that when copper powder is heated in a china dish,
the surface of copper powder becomes coated with a black colour substance.

(a) How has this black coloured substance formed?

(b) What is that black substance?
(c) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.

Answer: (a) When copper powder is heated in the presence of air (oxygen), cooper
reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide. The copper oxide formed is black in colour.
The black colour is formed because the oxidation of copper takes place.

(b) The black substance formed is copper oxide.

(c) The chemical equation of the reaction that takes place is given below:

2Cu + O2→ 2CuO

Q. 10. Identify the oxidising agent (oxidant) in the following reactions:

(a) Pb3O4 + 8HCl → 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O

(b) 2Mg + O2→ 2MgO

(c) CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4

(d) V2O5 + 5Ca → 2V + 5CaO

(e) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

(f) CuO + H2→ Cu + H2O

Answer: Oxidizing agent: An oxidizing agent is an element that gains electrons. Since,
the oxidizing agent means to gain electrons; it is said to have been reduced.
The element which undergoes reduction (gets reduced) is called oxidizing agent.

(a) Pb3O4 is reducing agent

Pb3O4 + 8HCl → 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O

In the given reaction, Pb3O4 loses oxygen and reduces to PbCl2.

Thus, Pb3O4 is an oxidizing agent as it undergoes reduction.

(b) O2 is oxidizing agent

2Mg + O2→ 2MgO

In the given reaction, O2 is reduced by losing oxygen atoms. Thus, O2 is an oxidizing

agent as it undergoes reduction.

(c) CuSO4 is oxidizing agent

CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4

In the given reaction, CuSO4 is reduced to Cu by losing oxygen atoms. Thus, CuSO4 is
an oxidizing agent as it undergoes reduction.

(d) V2O5 is oxidizing agent

V2O5 + 5Ca → 2V + 5CaO

In the given reaction, V2O5 is reduced to V by losing oxygen atoms. Thus, V2O5 is an
oxidizing agent as it undergoes reduction.

(e) H2O is oxidizing agent

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

In the given reaction, H2O is reduced to H2 by losing oxygen atoms. Thus, H2O is an
oxidizing agent as it undergoes reduction.

(f) CuO is oxidizing agent

CuO + H2→ Cu + H2O

In the given reaction, Cu is reduced to Cu by losing oxygen atom. Thus, CuO is an

oxidizing agent as it undergoes reduction.
Q. 11. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following equations for the
following reaction and identify the type of reaction in each case.

(a) Nitrogen gas is treated with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst at 773K
to form ammonia gas.

(b) Sodium hydroxide solution is treated with acetic acid to form sodium acetate
and water.

(c) Ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in presence of
conc. H2SO4.

(d) Ethene is burnt in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and
releases heat and light.

Answer: (a) When nitrogen gas is treated with hydrogen gas in the presence of a
catalyst at 773K to form ammonia gas. The following reaction takes place:

The above reaction is a type of combination reaction.

Combination reaction is reaction in which two reactants combined together to form a

product.

(b) When sodium hydroxide solution is treated with acetic acid to form sodium acetate
and water. The following reaction takes place:

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

The above reaction is a type of neutralization reaction/ double displacement reaction.

A neutralization reaction is a reaction in which base (NaOH) and acid (CH3COOH) react
together to form a salt (CH3COONa) and water.

(c) When ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in presence of
conc. H2SO4. The following reaction takes place:

The above reaction is a type of esterification reaction/double displacement reaction.

An esterification reaction is a reaction in which alcohol (C2H5OH) and Carboxylic acid
(CH3COOH) react together to form a sweet-smelling substance called ester
(CH3COOC2H5)

(d) When ethene is burnt in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and
releases heat and light. The following reaction takes place:

C2H4 + 3O2→ 2CO2 + 2H2O + heat + light

The above reaction is a type of combustion reaction.

Combustion reaction is a reaction which takes place in the presence of oxygen to form
carbon dioxide.

Q. 12. Complete the missing components/variables given as x and y in the

following reactions:

(a) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2Kl(aq) → PbI2(x) + 2KNO3(y)

(b) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + x

(c) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(x) + H2(y)

(d) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

Answer: (a) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2Kl(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Hence, x is (s) and y is (aq) (s) means PbI2 exists in solid state and (y) means that
KNO3 exists in aqueous/liquid state.

(b) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Hence, x is Ag(s) In the above reaction, Ag gets replaced by Cu.

(c) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Hence, x is (aq) and y is (g) (aq) means copper sulphate formed exists in aqueous
state. (g) Means hydrogen gas is liberating.

(d)

Hence x is heat
When CaCO3 is heated in the presence of oxygen, it forms calcium oxide (CaO) and
carbon dioxide.

Q. 13. Identify the type of chemical reaction taking place in each of the following:

(a) Barium chloride solution is mixed with a copper sulphate solution and a white
precipitate is observed.

(b) On heating copper powder in the air in a china dish, the surface of copper
powder turns black.

(c) On heating, green coloured ferrous sulphate crystals, reddish brown solid is
left and a smell of a gas having an odour of burning sulphate is experienced.

(d) Iron nails when left dipped in blue copper sulphate solution become brownish
in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate fades away.

(e) Quick lime reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount of heat.

Answer: (a) Double displacement and precipitation reaction

When barium chloride solution is mixed with copper sulphate solution and a white
precipitate is observed.

In double displacement reaction, a precipitate is formed which settles down at the

bottom. Any reaction that produces a precipitate is called a precipitation reaction.

BaCl2 + CuSO4→ BaSO4 (↓) + NaCl White ppt.

Note: A precipitate is a substance which is insoluble in water.

(b) Oxidation reaction

On heating copper powder in air in a china dish, the surface of copper powder turns
black because copper undergoes oxidation in the presence of air.

2Cu +O2→ 2CuO Black

(c) Thermal decomposition

On heating green coloured ferrous sulphate crystals, reddish brown solid is left and
smell of a gas having odour of burning sulphate is experienced.
In the above reaction, ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) decomposes to ferric oxide (Fe2O3)

(d) Displacement reaction

Iron nails when left dipped in blue copper sulphate solution become brownish in colour
and the blue colour of copper sulphate fades away.

Fe + CuSO4→ FeSO4 + Cu

As we know that displacement reaction is a reaction in which one element displaces

other element from its compound and takes its place there in.

In the above reaction Fe replaces Cu and form a new compound.

(e) Exothermic reaction

Quick lime reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount of heat:

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + heat

In the above reaction, the heat is released. Hence, it is an exothermic reaction.

Exothermic reaction is a reaction in which heat is released when reactants changes into
products.

Q. 14. Seema likes sugar apple which is a multipurpose, an all-rounder fruit. It can
be used by athletes as high calorie fruit for high energy. The powdered of its
seeds is an effective pesticide in agriculture and horticulture and also used to
remove head lice. Its leaves have anti-diabetic properties. The alcoholic extract of
its leaves and stems can treat tumours. This extract is an antidepressant. Fruits
are sweet and increase the haemoglobin, cooling and act as sedative. Seeds are
insecticides. Its roots are powerful purgatives and used in dysentery.

(a) Why is sugar apple used by athletes?

(b) Why should we use it as a pesticides and insecticides instead of chemicals?

Which value is associated with its use?

(c) Which metal is present in haemoglobin?

Name one more fruit which is rich in iron?

(d) Why should people take fruits rich in iron?

(e) What values are possessed by Seema who uses this multipurpose fruit
instead of junk food?
Answer: (a) Sugar is used by athletes because:

i. It is a multipurpose, an all-rounder fruit.

ii. It can be used by athletes as high calorie fruit for high energy.

iii. It increases the flow of blood in the whole body.

iv. It increases haemoglobin too.

(b) We should use sugar apple as a pesticides and insecticides instead of chemicals
because:

i. Chemicals can harm plants and can stop their growth.

ii. On the other hand, the powdered seeds of sugar apple do not cause any harm to
plants as they are purely natural.

(c) Iron is present in our haemoglobin. Iron is an important element for the formation of
blood in the body. The lack of iron in body can cause too many problems. The other
fruits which is rich in iron is banana.

(d) People take fruits rich in iron because iron increases the production of blood in the
body. It increases the haemoglobin which keeps us fit from top to bottom

(e) Seema is health-conscious, aware and knowledgeable too.