High way Development- and Planning “Fransportation Engineering iS a branch ox basic , area of civil enginersing rshich deals with design » development pconstnetion § rnaintenance of roadways, vail ays pairporsts , harbours sdocks ,-kunnels 4 ben dges.. Me Role of transportation in the Development ef Nation Role of transportation is an essential accessory of development of nation for the following Puspase. Easy §& quick transportation of men, machines anim materials ¢ goods canbe made. ii) Aveas which ave connected by Proper nears of brane aan be developed fast: TiSRemote qveas and vura) areas hecome accessible. Communicable jf connected by Proper Means of vtranspe WV) Duving-the days of emergency eq: oars: etficient developed transportation system Plays a vital ole -for quick F easy twans portation of Soldiers food and aramanition- ‘ . YW Fransposladion treugh airways alse plays an mpe wle of cammunication to -the. peo plestaying incremote. aveas and alse helps -the people in diffialties during f 3K Scope. of oad t¥a nspostection Damaia ts a Nast County »-the econgmic Hh Be coasts depends opt Me jae cee reed transportation to the market Oras. I) The soads also play an ight role inthe det of ous courby as well as in cultura) progress. ii\ndia is a country of Vilage, butmore attention given to the wads of nabonal importance than -} dishict ow Vilage wads. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerevishable agricultural why of ‘the v) Large quantity © ae re ae ot deloy products of india goes 029 in weaching roavket J such things can be quoided by providing faster f axger tsansport tacilifes ID vrursa) areas - and povspenty of mountaineods o leet etn ass depends on pooper wa system: * Modes of -Ransposlehon syslem Medes of branspostation system ave — Jem [aader oF Franpeen PF L of faihoogs | Lap Merny | characlenistics of Road transport Roads ave used by Va ous types of wad Vehicles, -e passenger cass buses) tucks two 4-thsee wheeled tomobiles pedaleycles § animal drawn vehicles But alway tracks are USed only by wail locomot ves and ygons) water ways ave used by only ships Shoats, Road transport requires a relatively Srnall inves ent for the government: Motor vehicles are. mich iper-than other camlers Ike vrai) lpcomobives wea Nile. A nebvdorle @ scanned with OKEN Scanner§ wagons water § aiv casrievs constriction §Malnjerance of yoads is also cheaper than thal- of yall day tracks , deciles shor bours sai «pools HD Road -bra nspost offers a Complete freedom -to toad users -to transferthe vehicle fam one lane Jo another § frem one oad bo another accowding tn -the need Ff Convenience This flexibitihy of changes In location » divrection Speed and Himings of travel is not available to other Modes of teansport Wn paxkeular for short distance travel , road transport soves time-Frains stop ab junctions § main stalions for Comparatively longer time: DSpeed of movement is diveclly related with The severity of accident=The soad safely deoseases wrth iNeweasin: dispersion 19 Speed Road “anspor is subjected toa hgh degree of accidents dae to flexibi In of movements offeree to fhe voad USeTS: Devailment of vailway locornoti ves f aay erash of ay planes axe also not UNCcoMMeN “They axe in fact more disashous. aaa <>) Road ‘transport is the only means of stanspest tha offers ibself to the whole community adilce. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerK classfication of Roads Types of Roads '- . a diffrent-dypes of woads are classified intortso categories depencting en Whether they can be used during Afferent seasans of the year ) AN) weather soads il) Fay weather voads— Al weather yoads art thase which are negotiable during a\) weather, except at major viver Cadssings where interruption to halfic 15 Pesmissible upto a Ceytain extent, the road pavernent should be negotiable during all Weathers. Roads which art called faiy weather roads) On these toads the -balfic may be imtesrupled dusir Monsoon season at causeways where sheams May overflow — acwass the wad Based on the type of the Carriage woy ov-the voad pavers athe wads ase classified as Paved avads they ave provided with a hord pavement Course which should be atleast a waky hound macedam tayer: ii Unpaved soads. =1f they axe not provided wrth a hard pavement course of adleast a WAM layer thus eaxth voads } gravel roads reay, be called unpaved voads Based on the ype of pavement surfacing poovided 5 the road types ave divided as: iSarface oads Which ave provided witha biuminiods or Cement conceete Susfacing- i) Unsurfaced avads Which axe not provided @ scanned with OKEN Scannerx uc Prynee ning The art of aasiqning, constaredi ng 4 maintaining public wads +> of Read & tyme? Reman rnale —o-Tresaguh ansbuction we bitord construction » Macadam construction Daman Teads wert elaborate constriction They were boil straight weqareiless of gradients the -trlal thickness od the eensbracbion was o7s-ham Heavy foundakion stones were placed better of the construe lion Pierre Fresaquet (1716-1796) developed om improved. metre Thickness of constmichion was heavy 30cm subgrad: moisture Conditin & drainage of surface water also r ae elorrd begins his woslke 1% igh cent cfeundation stones above “the He also believed in Using heavy the se) subgrade 4ichn macadam Cryse-1836) put forward 40 entirely method ef Toad construction as compared to a\\ previous methods The importance oF subgrade Asainage § compact a vt recognised so subgsade was compached § was rcpered with tuilable crvnss slope The pavement Surface per Cr095 slope tow chrainage was alse prepara With a of water This is the heal aelhed based on scientits i < thinking te opleased thad the shess due to wheel load of trate gets decreased a} the lower layer of pavement fheeclore it 1s Pet Necessary to provide large heme Fon siress ad the bottom ner @ scanned with OKEN ScannerWits | Highway Develepment in “india Deller Phe Frest world wart -the moter Vehicles incr 4zlhis demanded 0 heer voad neurorle “the existence woods were vt wvable for mired teablic Conditions. ~ynNian road developm ent committee was appeinted by the government wrth MR Tlayakar a8 © het Sia “They sabenvl lhe repo by the year 192.8 14 iedeoided 0 Lealox on petal trom Toad Users +o develope a wad develapment- fund cadled Corea Road rand (crF] 31 was decided to form 0 semi official ; dechnicad body Frown as sindian Rood Congress LIRCI. TRC 1934 CRF —> 15 moech 1929 Moler Vehicle Ack» 1939 Cte conte! to croad traffic’) (It is tevised in 193.8) central goad TeSearch institute [eRRT] — 1950 (New Delhi Nationa) Highway fict 21456 Highway Research Beard [HRB] 1973 Nagpur Read plan (1943-1963) :~ First aeyear road development plan. Roads are divided into HSH PDR: ODR, VR: planned to construct 200000 k of woads acwmssthe County Road density lekms] loo sq: kw Pombo Road Plan (1961-1931) tela length targeted Jo lakchiems. Rural voads was qivei due allention scientific method wa pooposed Road density 3akms / lookm> lo impose an er @ scanned with OKEN ScannerLucknow Road Plan (hasy- aoe) 2 TolaY avad length farnyetlecl 12 Web Fen “Road densrly soy ms) too mom Energy conservadion envirnnmental qalidy of woads qanad sabely reas VES Were Wen due IMporance f Roads natrrehion Based on onal of \Nahived Credh send cheapest hype of spad ts used ol the places Where ehyaPic 16 Mowe The pavemen| . Up of so) available, abate tthe pe upon the etlec sbuchase 19 totally made lovmance of these woads anainy depend Nive Maintenance car bhend mele dooacl s made hy compac ing HY Gravel a ~Thes ave inleimediale b) Je 1004 of -these aac “The Caovieg he Carved A mixthise of grovel & earth IR leankeaw 9 kankae fone Hard Variely of impure form of him Jean \eay WAY as string as stones, but so44 vonely max, he veny weal” The avad having pavement layer oF kankay a7 Jermed 5 voad as kankay vadds Prattic conyying . Ae capaclty of thr is depend onthe type ef anteay used ja constuction. W)Meerum roads Mooram is obtained due to Aisintegrechion of tqneany endres tn this road the oun meh ny ofthe dalfic way 7S conshucte d from Moowm 7 of soad is also cv low cost type of voad is fo the grave) d kan ear road in performance . @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner yocks by weathering a4 type auivtder