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UNIT 06
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views35 pagesTRE Highway Engg
UNIT 06
Uploaded by
Vaibhav SawantCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
\
Taobhic. Engineering and Conte!
Teathic engineering is thed- branch of cngineeaing whieh
deals with the improvement of tealtic performance of
aad Nelworke § Jesminals “This is achi¢ved by systemadic
troflic studies , scientific analysis Bengincering app) icadion
4 Road USer chavaderishtes
a) physica) characteshes
1) Vision, hearing 1 Strength § geneva) atachion te trathe
Sudtions
lithe. temporreany phy steal chavacleistics of dhe road
users attesting their efficiency axe febigue ,alcohal |
dnigs 4iness. Aly these atduce aldcdae al pr}ness
INerkase the weaclion Himes also affect the quality of
Judgement in some sialon ‘
4) Menta) chevaclevishes .
know ledge pskill, tell igence , exprmence el con ofteck
the voad WSer chavac}-erishes. .
Ps: chological factors
¢) dentiveness feat sangersimpalicace s general adi hide
apwards trattic & atqulations .
See System choraceastics faciiHes Jo the
te te ecaphesie conditions § he \ocal ity .
attic,
2. \ehiculay chara clev'shics
ajstalte charachrishes
a affects oad clesign are the dimensions ,
\ eight & mee-biining angle:
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner p a
icators
cafors aet inthetetm ¢ Faguide
h intecd black § whe a aps
bP oe iy to ddineake
1S gave}
» Roadway ind
Roadvay indi
posts 008 te Vom hig
with or withoud veflecto
the edges of “the crpadwiay -
wy Hazard Mavlers
Hazard Markers axe 12 high plates on pasts
either Sith abe acdattlectors or markers With
black§ Yellow ships ay 4g’ words cthe side of the
ebshuchon-
TObjeck markers
> obj eck maslcers Art cirewlas td attlec}ors
amanged on triangular OF meclanguier panels -
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Road Marking
Axe made of Vines, pattesns wwerds , symbe ls ot rch]—
eclors On the pavement kerb side of island ov on-the
Fixed objects Within ox near the wadway
“The various types of roar ings May be classified ag
Pave ment mat kings
a May be general y
bd yellow colour mast
seshichons §-for continuous Cenbst $ basries Vine
of white pal nt
Kings are used to indicabepavkine
markings.
OThe width of pedestrian cxpssing may be bet 24
4 depending Upon local wali vikal:
2) kerb maricings
The masleings on the leevb a7e rade with al}erna}
white $ blacle § whife line.
a) ReHector unit markings
Reflector navkers art used as hazard maskers §
guide masleers for sate daving during night - Hazard]
malcers aeHecking yellow light shoud be visible fom
dishince of about Isom:
4)Road Delineators
pre devices to outline the wadway to provide
visual agsisjance to drivers abou} the alignment
of vad ahead, especially ot nig h|
Thee types oF de\inealoys
are
May be used
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Type ot srrathe signal: -
The signals ave classifi ed into the following types
DT eattic Conbol signa)
a) Fixed hme signal
b) Manually operated signa]
©) Tratfic actuated Cautomatic) signal
ny Pedestrian signal
nis special Jwatic signal
Types of trafhie Signal syskm:-
iS Simultaneous system
i) Plternabe system
inpsimple. prngressive system
~W) Flexible pogressive system
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner By Troffic Signals
Advantages :-
They ponide orderly movement of traffic handling
capacity of most of the intersections al grade .
i) They retduee Certain types of accidents, notably the.
right angled collisions -
Ti) Wheathe signal system is pooperly co-ordinated , there
is reasonable Speed along the Prajor rood traftic.
IY) Pulomalie traffic signal may dorleaut to be.
€cenornical when Compared to manua) contro)
Disaduantages:-
The real end collisions may increase -
ii) ampeoper design Slocetion of signals may lead to
Niclatons of the contro) system
ii) Failuve of the Signal due to elechic Powry feuilure
£ any other detect may cause Confusion to the aad
oO
USess
mportant terms vrelahed to hrattic signal
cacle—The. pened ot Hine. required for one Complete
Sequence of Signal indications J's called cyele ;
phase:- P part of the Signal cycle allocated to a
dyattre movement ora combination of trattic nove ent
15 called phase
anterval | - Any of the division of the signal cycle
during Dhich signa) indications do nct chonge is CUled
the interval.
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner SS Informa Signs
“These signs are used te guidethe poad USeTS
along wpules , iMferm-them of destination & distance
& provide with infermalion 40 make travel easier,
sate § plesant
The inforrmbion signs ave grouped und er Following
Subheads
Dirtchon § place identification Sign
Ave oecha Aqua with hike bac karound sblack.
border 4 black wearrods fleters Include desbmabion
Sign diveclion sign ;roube Masker § place idenbificadi on
Sign -
> Facility intormationsign ' :
Reclangulgs in shape with blue background § Dhile]
pack leHers symbels Andlade publictelephene , petyel pump,
hospital First aid post etc.
ii} Paricing Signs
Ave. setup paralel tothe road usi ng Square
sign beard orth blue background ¢ White Coloured
letter 'P?
w) Flood gauge -siqn
showd be installed ab all Cause ways.
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner These. Signs ax to be locabed at sufticien} distance.
in advance of the hazard Warned against these distances
aye’
Class of Roads Distance,
NH)SH 120m
MPR Jom
ODR, 60m
NR 40m /
\
Right hand LetL- hand
Typical cas Yenary ave Curve
gn
sein Reverse Cypss Side wad
Har 7
‘ Road ight
bend tepe Pe PR OM
Toa
. ‘ Ne vo}
~T-inhersechion Majer road ahead, ; aye
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Vi) Compulsory pirecHon canbe] sign
AAndicale by avrows rthe appz wate discclions in
Which the vehicles ave obliged +0 proceed colhision 4iagram
“hese are dlagrams shooing the appoosimade. pal of
Vehicles § pedestrains \nsolved In the accidenk. They gre
ost useful +o compare the accident pattern before ¢
abler thevemedial measures have taken ,
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Parki studies ra
he studies ane seh to -evaluale ‘the faci) ities
available
«Various aspects to be investigaled during parking
studies are
D Packing demand.
The parkin demand may be evalualed by differen
methods.One of the methods by making cordon Counls
of the Selecled area 4 Vecording accumulation of
Vehides duaing the peak hours by subtracting the
outgoing tradfic. orn the traffic Volume enkeing the
cor dened arta /
one other methed 14 by counking the number of
arléed inthe Areq under study caving differen
-this method is use hu When the
than “the space available fox
Nehicles
pevieds of theday
Parking demond 15 1¢55
sFing
“ tnterview technique useful hen parking clemand is
high-
2 Parking choractensdies
3 Parking Space inventory.
Accident stadies
The Nevious objeclives of the accident-studies may be
Histed “ , dents
To Stud the causes of acciden to i
eaknest ob polenta leation. He *\gjsheonreshe
Ite evaluate existing designs.
iiiyTO Support: proposed desians
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner 1
yp Weban woads mid block etions
iid sigralized ‘intersections
ity Kerb parking es
“Fhe. Indian Road Congress has given sek of tenbalive
peo Values of eqivalency actors tor tural read =
a vehicle class Equivalency factors :
on
1 Passenger; Cavrtem po! 3
auborickshaw, agvicallural Lo
ctraclor
2 Bus, back jagricattiredl 30
traclor trailer unit
3 Motor Cycle iscock x § os
pedal ovele
4 cycle mckshawd rs:
Horse drawn Vehicles 40
¢ “smpa\\ bullock. cart np
& hand cart
Ee Large. ballocle cavt qe
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Passenger Cor vont cpcv) /
‘ wcackice to consider the 55enger
ay i6 common :
a " vehicle Unit to cenver the other
car asthe S Landa
his unit 15 Called passenger cor Unrt
vehicle classes $74
bx Pcu- .
“The PEW may be considered a8 4 MeaSVae of the
aelalive 5pace equivernent ofavehicle class compared to
thal of a passenger Co under aspecified Set of meadway ;
traffic Cather Conditions:
“The PCU Value of a Vehicle class may he considertd the
ratio of the capacity of arroadway Dhenrthere are passenger
hy of the Same woadiay When there,
carts only -to the Capaci
Are passenger cars only “lo -the capacity of the same
roa then there are Vehicles of thak class only
Capacity of voadway with passenger caronly
POU s Capacity of readw4y vith 4 parlicater class
vehicles only
Facors affecting POU Values
Nehicles chorraclevishics
iyFransverse § longitudinal gaps
ily Trathic sheam charadeistics
w) Roadway chasacheristies
y Requlation f contre | ot traffic
YS Environment §chmedic conditions
Based onthe above faders three sels of Pru Valy
have been Worked out tow ve
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Prachica\ Capaci
“Th is tray no of Vehicle
peiot ona jane or Tealway
srattic density being 50 grea} as to ca
delay snavard resbichon jocthe dvvers feeedorn to
TMrceuvye Conditions
This 15 also Kroon as design capacity:
tha} can pass a qive 9
daring an hour soithou!
to cause unveasonabl.
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner 3) reallic Capacily shidies
Drs no.ct Vehides meng ina specified die?
ona given lane oF road Way thal Pass a given peink.
daring specitied unit of Hime} is expressed a4
Vehiclesfhy or Vehicles day.
Traftic density
Airs the no. ot vehides occupying a unit length’
of lane of read Woy ab agqiven inslant=t is expressed
asvehicles/Em Traftic volume is the product of traffic
density § traffic Speed.
Traffic Capaci
Traftic Capacity isthe ability cfa radway +o
accommodate tratHic Volume gt 13 expressed a8 vehicles
prs hour per \ane-
Basic arecy
TH is the Max. no of vehicles that: Can pass a given
point ona lane or Toadway ducing one hour under the
roost nearly idea) roadway & bathic conditions @hich
can possibly be abjained. The basic capacily isthe
theoretical capaci ty
“Tivo roads having The Same physica) feahyres wi) '
have the Same basic Capacity inrespechive of draffre
Condittons -
issib)e Ca acihy
* Tis ve max-no- of Vehicles tha} Can pass q
given point ona lane er WadWay during ahelene-
under prevailing weadway 4 tealhie condi Tons.
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner “30 §& Dtables :-
of D tables are prepared showing number of
rips behoeen Ailferem! zones -
ii) Destine Ving :-
ay Are Shraight Vines Connecling +he omigin points
wrth destinalion .
bythe Width of such desise lines is drawn Prepon Honal
do number of hips tn both Alacctions.
Ay op bs he
my Pie charts: -
Diarel}rx of drcles ave. propar onal +o number of
tips.
iY) @ntour lines: -
“The Shape of the Contours would indrcake the. - =
genera) hraftic need of he oven.
by Peathic How chorachrvish'cs
’
DTime headway 4 we
the time intrrva) beboeen the passage of )
gaccessive Vehicles movin inthe Same lane .
measured from head tohead asthey pass apeint =
pn the vad in Known as the Time headway. 7
Wyspace head way
“the distance belween Successive vehicles moving
inthe ame lane cneasured from head aba ny inshanie
Jn the space headoay, -
Max-Ho® or Capacity How 15 attained abthis
Spe eq When thetime headway is Minimum.
4 2s
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner wy License plate method .
“This method is quite easy quick as far asthe
fierd Work 15 Concerned The Method hedever invelves a,
lok of office complilalions in wacing the tps ‘brpugh q
nehwoork of Stalions This Method is quite advantageous
When Jhe arta under Consideration i3 Smal) like intersection
iii) Retuin post card method :
The method js suitable hese the trate ts heavy.
wyTag on Cat method
Pr poecoded card is sluck on the vehicle ag i} enlexs
+the deca undes shidy This methed is useful Where
“the baftic is heavy 4moves Continuously The. rnethod
given only inieemation wegarding “the points of en
Sexit SHmetateen to Havevse the rea hy
Home intervie method :
“The problem ot Stopping vehicle § consequent Att;
cudlies are avoided together. BAditional data includ in
gocio-economi'c fothey delails may be: co)lecled So 'as
Jo be usefut for forecasting traffic 4 transportahron
grputh . :
Vi) Work spot inteyview method
The teanspostation needs of wore bipscan be
Planned by collecking the 04D dala at Lerk spots
Jitceotfices , Fachon- s, educational inshhihons ele
“by personal inherviews . ,
Presentahion of O€D dala! -
The date ave presented ‘ay in the Fellowing foums i-
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner HS Plan the Schedule of different modes of transportation
sor the trip demand of commuters -
The 04) shidies of Vehictlar traffic delermines
thely mo-y-their omigin destination in each zone under
sshidy - :
‘The Various applications of oF studies may be d
Summed Wp as Follows
DTD judge the adequacy of existing aukesd-o vse 19
planning new Nelwork of soads
bYT® plan Jwanspos}ation syslem4 mass toansit facihities
incites including aoutess schedules of operation .
aT locale expetsswWay or Major wules along the
desive lines. :
Ay establish prrrcntial routes fos Various cabegories
of Vehicle including by pass
To locale new bridge as per teathic demand -
fS\Te locate derminals ¢4o plan terminal facilities.
There are number of methods for collecting 0 g .
D data. seme of the methods ave -
D Road side injervied method
The data 5 Collected quickly in shor} duration g
the field organization is simple $ the team can be.
frained quictely.
The maindsawhack of the method is that He
vehides ave slepped for intervicwd there Is delay
+o the vehicul ay MoveMen}.
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner due to seatic signals § at level Cx0SSi M45.
operational delays & caused by the inkvtorence of hratfic
movements ach a$ Hrrning vehicles , parking § Unpatking
yrehicles ipedestriance ete. 4 by inlernal friction in the
tratfic Stream due to high trottic: Volume, insuficient
Copacity -
“There ave Various methods of carrying dub speed
delay std 4 ‘
DAloading cas method or Rading check methed
A-tesT vehicle is dviven over a Jiven course of:
brave) abappooximatelythe average speed of the »
Sheam.
Th this mephod the delailed informahon is oblained
Gncerning all phases of Speed Fdelay including local
Adoration Scauses of delay . * 4 “ve
W)The Vicense plate ov uehicle number method
The method does not give Important delails
suchas Causes cf delay § the durahten § number of
delays within the test secon,
iD) Dntewiew technique
WW) Elevated observation
4) Pho}ographic technique
S)onigin § peshi nebicn shudies (0 8p)
TH is Cawied out rrain\y-to
i>plan the wad neboork § other Facilities for Vehicular
dractic ‘
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner This is knew as Safe speed Jimit
3) Modal Average: -
A Feequene dishsbubon Curve of pot speed is
ploHed with ope cd of vehicles of Wevage Values of
each epeed group of vehides on The x ayi's $ the
Percentage of Vehicles in that group on the ¥ axis.
This raph is called the Speed diskibukon Casve This
CUTYE Wi) have a definite peak Value of travel speed
a ; ‘ ; r
(a5 the secon & this spred is denoled as model speed
Tv
Ss Ab
z
icles
Obs:
3
3
Pexcenhage of vehi
5 68
tt '
Ip 29 30 4o Se 6070 SO Jo
speeds Cm)hy)
iy Speed 3 dela study te
-the Speed ¢ Vo “sludias gives The mri opeeds,
elay
overa) \ apceds fee) JaHons iA speeds 8 the
hehoren }Oo atalions ef avad spaced for apart.
we the information Such a8 Omount ,
Th \s0 ge
lovee duvahion Frequency g, Gases ot the delay in,
th tathic Ss skm.
aie Salies are. uh}ized in tind Ing the tra vel
time § in benefit Cost analysis
fixed delay occ ss PYirmonly ab inktysechons
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Presentation of Seed data. -
D Average speed of vehidles:—from The spol speed data
of The Sleched samples i Prequency disbihukan tables doe
prcpared by arranging the data in gxbups covering Various
Heed aanges $ The pamber of Nehides in such range the
avthmelic mean is taleen as }he-average Speed The table
gives the geneval information of the Speeds maintained’
on the sechion & alse regarding the speed distnbwiog
Paltern.
XScumulative Speed of vehicles:
peo
3
a
Zl
3
l
a
Pescen) vehicles et below speed
10 ¥° Feed Cempnye 3
cumulalive Speed dishibubion
A qsaph is pitied with the averge values of each
spre) gydup on the x axis the cumulative pereen} of
vehicles fravelled al-or below the different speed on
the Y axis. ;
from this graphy 85 "percentile speed is thak
Speed cx or below Which $57) of the Vehicles are passing
tix poioton the highany or 15 percent of he Vehicles
the peed a} that spot-
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner ) spot speed. study :-May beusetul in any ef the
Follow in, aspecs of frac eng inet vin
to use in planning trettic conho) ¥ in trathic equal ions :
b)to use in geome bic design by
oO) be Use jn acciden}- design :
4) to shidy the bathe Capacity
oto decide the speed trends
4) to Compare Vive vse ‘type 5 of-dmvers § Vehicles undey
Aecitied condiions
The spot speeds are allecled by physica teahises of the
goad like povernent width shucse, sight distance 1 grad len
§ vo04 side developments sother factors aftech
Speed arc.
» Environmental conditions
» Extorceren t
3S trattic Conditions
4) Driver wehicle § malive of travel
spot speed is objained by
» Eno scope
ii) Rodas speedometer:
il Graphic wecorcer
7) €leclyonic meler
VW photo elechic meter
Ww Speed meter
wi) pholographic methods ,
ng spot
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner ity Vardalion chavs :
showing host iy doily Feasona) Vasiahons / .
hese help in eciding rhe facilities Foequlahi on necded
daving peate Lathic perieds é
is) Trathc How maps
V) Volume flow diagram
Ni) Thivelh highest hour) Nolume
TH is the hourly volume Thad cil! he exceeded only
29 Himes ina year
