SYLLABUS REVISION PROGRAM BY

ISLAMI JAMIAT TALBA, PULC

LLB PART 2

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

QUESTION NO 1:

EXPLAIN THE TYPES OF ADR AND OTHER SETTLEMENTS?

ANSWER:

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and other settlement mechanisms are processes that
provide parties in dispute an alternative to litigation:

1. Negotiation
o Direct Negotiation: Parties communicate directly to reach a mutual
agreement.
o Assisted Negotiation: A third party may facilitate the negotiation process
without actively resolving the dispute.

2. Mediation
o Facilitative Mediation: The mediator assists parties in finding a mutually
acceptable solution.
o Evaluative Mediation: The mediator provides an assessment of the strengths
and weaknesses of each party's case.

3. Arbitration
o Binding Arbitration: The arbitrator's decision is final and enforceable in
court.
o Non-Binding Arbitration: The arbitrator's decision is advisory and not
enforceable unless both parties agree.

4. Conciliation
o Formal Conciliation: Conducted under a specific legal framework with formal
procedures.
o Informal Conciliation: A more flexible and less structured process.
5. Mini-Trial

o Corporate Mini-Trial: Used by corporations to resolve business disputes

internally.
o Judicial Mini-Trial: Conducted under the supervision of a judge.

6. Early Neutral Evaluation

o Pre-Trial Evaluation: A neutral evaluator assesses the case early in the

litigation process.
o Post-Discovery Evaluation: Conducted after discovery to encourage
settlement.

7. Summary Jury Trial

o Advisory Verdict: A mock trial with a jury that provides a non-binding verdict.
o Settlement Tool: Helps parties assess the strengths and weaknesses of their
case.

8. Settlement Conferences

o Pre-Trial Conferences: Held before the trial to encourage settlement.

o Judicial Settlement Conferences: Conducted by a judge to facilitate
settlement discussions.

9. Collaborative Law

o Family Law: Common in divorce and custody disputes.

o Commercial Law: Used in business-related disputes.

10. Ombudsman

o Organizational Ombudsman: Works within an organization to resolve

internal disputes.
o Public Ombudsman: Handles complaints against government agencies or
public entities.

11. Mediation-Arbitration (Med-Arb)

o Sequential Med-Arb: Parties attempt mediation first, then proceed to

arbitration if unresolved.
o Simultaneous Med-Arb: Mediation and arbitration occur concurrently.

12. Arbitration-Mediation (Arb-Med)

o Arbitration First: Arbitrator makes a decision but withholds it while parties

attempt mediation.
o Mediation First: Parties mediate, and if unresolved, the arbitration decision is
revealed.

13. Expert Determination

o Binding Expert Determination: The expert's decision is final and enforceable.

o Non-Binding Expert Determination: The expert provides an advisory opinion.
14. Private Judging

o Rent-a-Judge: A retired judge is hired to hear the case and make a decision.
o Trial by Referee: A private judge conducts a trial and issues a binding
decision.

15. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)

o E-Mediation: Mediation conducted through online platforms.

o E-Arbitration: Arbitration conducted via the internet.
o Post-Discovery Evaluation: Conducted after discovery to encourage
settlement.
QUESTION NO 2:

EXPLAIN THE HISTORIC PERSPECTVE OF ADR IN INDIA AND

PAKISTAN?

ANSWER:
The history of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in India and Pakistan reflects their
shared cultural heritage, colonial history, and post-independence developments.

1. Ancient Traditions

• Village Panchayats: Local assemblies that resolved disputes within the community.
• Religious Institutions: Temples, mosques, and gurudwaras often mediated conflicts.

2. Medieval Period

• Mughal Era: Use of Qazi’s (judges) to resolve disputes under Islamic law.
• Customary Practices: Continued reliance on local customs and elders for dispute
resolution.

3. Colonial Influence

• British Legal System: Introduction of formal courts and codified laws.

• Integration of ADR: Recognition of arbitration in commercial disputes through acts
like the Indian Arbitration Act, 1899.

4. Post-Independence Legal Framework (India)

• Arbitration Act, 1940: Provided a comprehensive framework for arbitration.

• Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: Established Lok Adalat’s (people's courts) for
amicable dispute resolution.

5. Post-Independence Legal Framework (Pakistan)

• Arbitration Act, 1940: Continued use of the pre-independence arbitration

framework.
• Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961: Introduced ADR mechanisms in family law
disputes.

6. Development of Lok Adalat’s (India)

• Establishment: Lok Adalat’s formalized in the 1980s.

• Functioning: Resolving a variety of disputes, especially those involving minor civil
and criminal matters.

7. Conciliation Courts (Pakistan)

• Establishment: Conciliation courts set up to handle small claims and minor disputes.
• Effectiveness: Played a significant role in providing quick and accessible justice.
8. Conciliation Courts (Pakistan)

• Establishment: Conciliation courts set up to handle small claims and minor disputes.
• Effectiveness: Played a significant role in providing quick and accessible justice.

9. Legal Reforms and ADR (India)

• Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996: Modernized the arbitration process,

incorporating UNCITRAL Model Law.
• Commercial Courts Act, 2015: Encouraged ADR in commercial disputes.

10. Legal Reforms and ADR (Pakistan)

• Arbitration Act, 1940 Amendments: Efforts to update and improve the arbitration
framework.
• Mediation Ordinance, 2021: Introduction of mediation as a formal dispute resolution
method.

11. Role of Judiciary (India)

• Judicial Support: Indian courts promoting ADR through judgments and directives.
• Case Management: Courts incorporating ADR in case management practices.

12. Role of Judiciary (Pakistan)

• Judicial Encouragement: Courts emphasizing ADR to reduce backlog and expedite

justice.
• ADR Centers: Establishment of ADR centers in major cities.

13. International Influence

• UNCITRAL Model Law: Adoption and adaptation of international ADR standards.

• Bilateral and Multilateral Treaties: Agreements promoting cross-border ADR
mechanisms.

14. ADR in Commercial Disputes (India)

• Institutional Arbitration: Growth of institutions like the Indian Council of

Arbitration (ICA).
• Sector-Specific ADR: ADR mechanisms in sectors like construction, finance, and IT.

15. ADR in Commercial Disputes (Pakistan)

• Trade Disputes Resolution: Establishment of bodies like the Karachi Centre for
Dispute Resolution (KCDR).
• International Arbitration: Participation in international arbitration bodies and
treaties.
QUESTION NO 3:

EXPLAIN THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ADR?

ANSWER:
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

- Quicker resolution compared to - May still take significant time for

1. Speed
court litigation complex disputes

- Delays if parties are not

- Reduces backlog in courts
cooperative
Costs can escalate in complex
2. Cost - Generally cheaper than litigation -
cases
- Possible need for multiple ADR
- Saves legal fees and court costs
sessions
- ADR proceedings are private and - Lack of public record can reduce
3. Confidentiality
confidential transparency

- May not set a public precedent for

- Protects sensitive information
similar cases
- Procedures can be tailored to the - Less formal structure can lead to
4. Flexibility
needs of the parties inconsistency

- Parties may exploit flexibility to

- More control over the process
delay proceedings
- Ability to choose an expert in the
- Limited availability of qualified
5. Expertise subject matter as the mediator or
neutrals in some areas
arbitrator

- Informed decision-making - Expert fees can be high

6. Preservation of - Less adversarial, promoting - Power imbalances can affect
Relationships amicable resolutions outcomes
- Useful in commercial and family - Poor mediation can worsen
disputes relationships

- Parties have more control over - Less formal structure can lead to
7. Control
the outcome inconsistency
- Voluntary agreements are more - Decisions in non-binding ADR are
likely to be honored not enforceable
- Less stressful than court
8. Reduced Stress - Parties may feel pressured to settle
appearances
- Informal setting can be more - Emotional disputes can still be
comfortable contentious

9. Procedural - Simpler procedures compared to - Lack of procedural safeguards can

Simplicity formal litigation be a disadvantage
- Easier for non-lawyers to - Can lead to perception of
navigate unfairness
10. Party - Parties can select the rules and - Imbalance of power can affect
Autonomy procedures fairness
- Customizable to suit specific - Can be undermined by lack of
needs enforcement mechanisms
- Binding ADR (like arbitration)
11. Finality results in a final, enforceable - Limited grounds for appeal
decision
- Avoids prolonged litigation and - Errors in decision-making may be
appeals hard to rectify

- ADR is more accessible in

12. Accessibility - Quality of ADR services can vary
remote or underserved areas
- Can be conducted online or via - Technological barriers in ODR
telephone (Online Dispute Resolution)

13. Voluntary - Parties can voluntarily agree to - One party can withdraw,
Nature participate undermining the process
- Encourages mutually satisfactory
- Participation may not be genuine
outcomes
- Suitable for a wide range of - Not suitable for all types of cases,
14. Range of
disputes, including commercial, especially those requiring a legal
Disputes
family, and community conflicts precedent or public scrutiny

- Complex legal issues may require

- Adaptable to different contexts
formal litigation
- Arbitration awards are
- Mediation agreements may not be
15. Enforcement enforceable in court under various
legally binding
international conventions
- Legal frameworks support ADR - Enforcement can be challenging
awards across jurisdictions
QUESTION NO 4:

EXPLAIN THE ROLES OF COURTS AND LEGISLATURE IN PROMOTION

OF ADR?

ANSWER:

Roles of Courts in Promotion of ADR

1. Judicial Encouragement
o Case Management: Courts encourage ADR during case management
conferences.
o Pre-Trial Orders: Judges may order parties to attempt ADR before proceeding
to trial.

2. Integration into Court Procedures

o Court-Annexed Mediation: Incorporating mediation programs within the
court system.
o ADR Referral Programs: Referring cases to ADR as part of the judicial
process.

3. Training and Education

o Judicial Training: Training judges in ADR principles and practices.
o Public Awareness: Educating the public about the benefits of ADR.

4. Enforcement of ADR Agreements

o Recognition of Awards: Courts enforce arbitration awards and mediated
settlements.
o Support for Compliance: Providing mechanisms for the enforcement of ADR
agreements.

5. Judicial Precedents
o Landmark Judgments: Issuing rulings that encourage or mandate the use of
ADR.
o Setting Standards: Establishing standards for fairness and due process in
ADR.

6. Monitoring and Evaluation

o Performance Review: Monitoring the effectiveness of ADR programs.
o Feedback Mechanisms: Collecting feedback from parties and practitioners to
improve ADR processes.

7. Court-Connected ADR Centers

o Establishment of ADR Centers: Setting up centers within court premises.
o Support Services: Providing administrative support and resources for ADR.

Roles of Legislature in Promotion of ADR

8. Legislative Framework
o Enactment of Laws: Passing laws that establish and regulate ADR
mechanisms.
o Amendments and Updates: Updating legislation to reflect best practices and
international standards.
9. Funding and Resources
o Budget Allocation: Providing funding for ADR programs and infrastructure.
o Resource Distribution: Ensuring resources are available across regions,
including remote areas.

10. Institutional Support

o Establishment of ADR Institutions: Creating bodies like mediation centers
and arbitration tribunals.
o Accreditation and Regulation: Setting standards for the accreditation and
regulation of ADR practitioners.

11. Public Policy

o Promotional Campaigns: Running campaigns to raise awareness about ADR.
o Incentives for ADR Use: Offering incentives for parties to use ADR, such
as tax benefits or fee reductions.

12. International Cooperation

o Treaty Implementation: Ratifying and implementing international treaties on
ADR.
o Cross-Border Dispute Resolution: Facilitating ADR in cross-border disputes.

13. Standardization
o Uniform Rules and Procedures: Establishing uniform rules and procedures
for ADR.
o Quality Control: Ensuring the quality and consistency of ADR services.

14. Research and Development

o Commissioning Studies: Funding research on the effectiveness of ADR.
o Policy Development: Using research findings to develop policies that
enhance ADR.

15. Access to Justice

o Legal Aid for ADR: Providing legal aid and support for low-income
individuals to access ADR.
o Inclusive ADR Programs: Designing ADR programs that are accessible to
all segments of society.

Collaborative Roles

16. Public-Private Partnerships

o Collaborative Initiatives: Partnerships between government and private
sector to promote ADR.
o Innovation and Technology: Encouraging the use of technology in
ADR through joint ventures.

17. Capacity Building

o Training Programs: Joint training programs for ADR practitioners,
judiciary, and legal professionals.
o Workshops and Seminars: Conducting workshops and seminars to promote
best practices in ADR.
QUESTION NO 5:

EXPLAIN THE TYPES OF DISPUTES TO BE SOLVED UNDER PUNJAB

ADR ACT 2019?

ANSWER:
The Punjab Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Act 2019 aims to provide an effective
mechanism for resolving various types of disputes through ADR processes like mediation,
conciliation, and arbitration.:

1. Family Disputes

• Marriage and Divorce: Issues related to dissolution of marriage, alimony, and

maintenance.
• Child Custody: Custody and visitation rights of children.

2. Commercial Disputes

• Contractual Disputes: Breach of contract, interpretation of contract terms, and

performance issues.
• Partnership Disputes: Conflicts between business partners regarding the operation or
dissolution of a partnership.

3. Property Disputes

• Land Disputes: Ownership, boundary issues, and land use conflicts.

• Tenancy Disputes: Disputes between landlords and tenants regarding rental
agreements and property maintenance.

4. Employment Disputes

• Employer-Employee Relations: Issues related to employment contracts, wrongful

termination, and workplace harassment.
• Labor Disputes: Conflicts between labor unions and employers, including strikes and
lockouts.

5. Consumer Disputes

• Product Liability: Issues arising from defective products and services.

• Service Disputes: Conflicts between consumers and service providers regarding the
quality and delivery of services.

6. Banking and Financial Disputes

• Loan Disputes: Issues related to loan agreements, repayments, and interest rates.
• Investment Disputes: Conflicts arising from investment contracts and financial
products.
7. Insurance Disputes

• Claim Settlement: Disputes regarding the settlement of insurance claims.

• Policy Interpretation: Issues related to the interpretation and terms of insurance
policies.

9. Construction Disputes

• Contractual Issues: Conflicts over construction contracts, project delays, and cost
overruns.
• Quality Disputes: Issues regarding the quality of work and materials used in
construction projects.

11. Community Disputes

• Neighborhood Conflicts: Disputes between neighbors over property boundaries,

noise, and nuisance.
• Community Projects: Issues related to community development projects and
resource allocation.

12. Healthcare Disputes

• Medical Malpractice: Claims of negligence and malpractice against healthcare

providers.
• Patient Rights: Conflicts regarding patient treatment, consent, and confidentiality.

13. Education Disputes

• Institutional Conflicts: Issues between educational institutions and students or staff.

• Academic Disputes: Conflicts over academic performance, grading, and disciplinary
actions.

14. Public Sector Disputes

• Government Contracts: Disputes related to government procurement and contract

execution.
• Administrative Decisions: Conflicts arising from administrative decisions and actions
of public authorities.

15. Miscellaneous Disputes

• Inheritance and Succession: Issues related to wills, inheritance, and succession.

• Miscellaneous Civil Disputes: Various other civil disputes not specifically categorized
but eligible for ADR under the Act.
QUESTION NO 6:

EXPLAIN THE SETTLEMENTS OF INTERNATONAL DISPUTES UNDER

ADR?

ANSWER:
Settlement of international disputes under Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) involves
mechanisms like mediation, arbitration, and conciliation to resolve conflicts between states,
corporations, and other international entities.

1. Diplomatic Mediation

• State Mediation: Mediation by neutral states or diplomats.

• Third-Party Mediation: Mediation by international organizations or eminent
persons.

2. International Arbitration

• Institutional Arbitration: Arbitration conducted under the auspices of institutions

like the ICC, ICSID, and PCA.
• Ad Hoc Arbitration: Arbitration conducted independently, without institutional
support.

3. Conciliation

• State Conciliation: Conciliation between states facilitated by a neutral third party.

• International Organizations: Conciliation facilitated by bodies like the United
Nations or regional organizations.

4. Negotiation

• Bilateral Negotiation: Direct negotiations between the disputing parties.

• Multilateral Negotiation: Involving multiple parties and often facilitated by
international organizations.

5. Good Offices

• UN Involvement: Use of the United Nations’ good offices to facilitate negotiation

and dialogue.
• Regional Organizations: Efforts by regional organizations like the EU, AU, and
ASEAN to offer good offices.

6. Mediation by International Organizations

• United Nations: Mediation efforts by UN special envoys or the UN Secretary-

General.
• Regional Bodies: Mediation by regional bodies such as the OSCE, OAS, or
Arab League.
7. Judicial Settlement

• International Court of Justice (ICJ): Resolution of disputes through

binding judgments.
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): Settling maritime disputes.

9. Specialized International Dispute Mechanisms

• Trade Disputes: Settlement through the World Trade Organization’s Dispute

Settlement Body.
• Investment Disputes: Resolution through ICSID arbitration.

11. Peacekeeping Operations

• UN Peacekeeping: Deployment of peacekeeping forces to stabilize situations and

support ADR processes.
• Regional Peacekeeping: Efforts by regional organizations to deploy peacekeeping
missions.

12. Track II Diplomacy

• Non-Governmental Mediation: Efforts by NGOs, academics, and private individuals

to mediate disputes.
• Backchannel Negotiations: Informal negotiations that complement official
diplomatic efforts.

14. Settlement in Specific Sectors

• Environmental Disputes: Resolution through mechanisms under treaties like the

Paris Agreement or the Convention on Biological Diversity.
• Human Rights Disputes: Resolution through bodies like the European Court of
Human Rights or the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Conclusion

16. Integration of ADR in International Law

• Treaties and Conventions: Incorporation of ADR clauses in international treaties.

• Customary International Law: Recognition of ADR practices as part of
customary international law.
QUESTION NO 7:

EXPLAIN THE ARBITRATION ACT 1940?

ANSWER:
The Arbitration Act 1940 was a key legislative framework governing arbitration in India and
Pakistan until it was replaced by newer legislation in both countries.

1. Introduction and Background

• Historical Context: Enacted during British rule to consolidate and amend the laws
relating to arbitration.
• Objective: To provide a comprehensive legal framework for arbitration proceedings.

2. Scope and Applicability

• Jurisdiction: Applied to the whole of India and Pakistan (pre-partition context).

• Subject Matter: Governed arbitration agreements, proceedings, and awards.

3. Arbitration Agreement

• Definition: Agreement between parties to submit disputes to arbitration.

• Validity: Required to be in writing and signed by the parties.

4. Appointment of Arbitrators

• Number of Arbitrators: Parties could agree on the number of arbitrators.

• Procedure for Appointment: In the absence of an agreement, the court could
appoint arbitrators.

5. Powers and Duties of Arbitrators

• Conduct of Proceedings: Arbitrators were empowered to decide the procedure.

• Decision-Making: Required to act impartially and make a reasoned award.

6. Interim Measures

• Court Intervention: Courts could grant interim relief, such as injunctions, to preserve
the subject matter of arbitration.
• Arbitrator's Powers: Arbitrators had limited powers to order interim measures.

7. Arbitral Proceedings

• Commencement: Proceedings commenced upon notice to the other party.

• Evidence and Witnesses: Arbitrators could summon witnesses and require evidence.
8. Making of Award

• Form of Award: Required to be in writing, signed by the arbitrators, and delivered to

the parties.
• Time Limit: Arbitrators were required to make an award within a specified time
frame, usually four months.

10. Grounds for Setting Aside Award

• Misconduct: Awards could be set aside for misconduct by arbitrators.

• Error on the Face of Award: Awards could be challenged for apparent errors in the
decision.

11. Appeal and Revision

• Limited Grounds for Appeal: Appeals were allowed only on specific grounds, such as
misconduct or procedural irregularities.
• Court's Role: Courts could intervene to correct errors and ensure fairness.

12. Arbitration in Special Cases

• Government Contracts: Special provisions for arbitration in disputes involving

government contracts.
• International Arbitration: Limited provisions for international arbitration, with
reliance on domestic law.

13. Role of Courts

• Supervisory Role: Courts had a supervisory role to ensure proper conduct of

arbitration.
• Assistance to Arbitration: Courts could assist in the appointment of arbitrators,
granting interim relief, and enforcing awards.

14. Advantages and Criticisms

• Advantages: Provided a structured framework for arbitration, promoting an

alternative to litigation.
• Criticisms: Seen as court-centric, with significant judicial intervention and procedural
delays.

Conclusion
• Legacy of the Act: Despite its limitations, the Arbitration Act 1940 played a crucial
role in establishing arbitration as a viable dispute resolution mechanism in India and
Pakistan.
• Evolving Arbitration Landscape: The enactment of new laws reflects the evolving
needs of arbitration, promoting efficiency, and aligning with global standards.
QUESTION NO 8:

EXPLAIN NEGOTIATION, ITS SCOPE, CHARACTERISTICS AND

ELEMENTS?

ANSWER:
1. Definition of Negotiation

• Concept: Negotiation is a dialogue between two or more parties aimed at reaching a

consensus.
• Purpose: To resolve differences, allocate resources, or agree on a course of action.

2. Scope of Negotiation

• Business Negotiations: Contract discussions, mergers, acquisitions, and sales.

• Diplomatic Negotiations: Treaty agreements, peace talks, and international
relations.
• Legal Negotiations: Settlement of disputes, plea bargains, and contract terms.
• Personal Negotiations: Conflict resolution in relationships, purchases, and daily
interactions.

3. Types of Negotiation

• Distributive Negotiation: Focused on dividing a fixed amount of resources (win-lose

scenario).
• Integrative Negotiation: Aimed at finding mutually beneficial solutions (win-win
scenario).

4. Characteristics of Negotiation

• Voluntary Process: Participation is voluntary, and parties can choose to withdraw.

• Interdependence: Parties rely on each other to reach a satisfactory outcome.
• Dynamic Interaction: The process involves continuous interaction and adjustment of
positions.
• Flexibility: Requires adaptability and willingness to explore various solutions.

5. Stages of Negotiation

• Preparation: Identifying objectives, gathering information, and setting goals.

• Opening: Initial proposals and setting the tone for the negotiation.
• Bargaining: Exchange of offers, counteroffers, and concessions.
• Closing: Reaching an agreement and formalizing it.
• Implementation: Ensuring the agreed terms are executed.

6. Preparation for Negotiation

• Research: Understanding the context, interests, and positions of the parties

involved.
• Strategy Development: Formulating negotiation strategies and tactics.
• Goal Setting: Establishing clear, achievable objectives.
7. Negotiation Strategies

• Competitive Strategy: Aimed at maximizing one’s own gains.

• Collaborative Strategy: Focused on achieving mutual gains and maintaining
relationships.
• Compromise Strategy: Finding a middle ground where each party gives up
something.
• Avoidance Strategy: Delaying or avoiding negotiation when not advantageous.

8. Communication in Negotiation

• Verbal Communication: Clarity in expressing interests, offers, and responses.

• Non-Verbal Communication: Body language, eye contact, and tone of voice.
• Active Listening: Paying attention, reflecting, and understanding the other party’s
perspective.

9. Bargaining Techniques

• Anchoring: Setting a reference point for negotiation.

• Concessions: Making concessions strategically to gain leverage.
• Packaging: Bundling multiple issues for trade-offs.
• Deadline Pressure: Using time constraints to influence the negotiation.

10. Role of Power in Negotiation

• Leverage: The ability to influence the other party’s decisions.

• Sources of Power: Information, expertise, positional authority, and resources.
• Balancing Power: Strategies to equalize power dynamics between parties.

11. Ethics in Negotiation

• Honesty: Being truthful and transparent.

• Integrity: Maintaining ethical standards and fairness.
• Respect: Acknowledging and respecting the other party’s interests and positions.

12. Common Challenges in Negotiation

• Miscommunication: Misunderstandings and lack of clarity.

• Emotional Barriers: Anger, frustration, and anxiety.
• Cultural Differences: Variations in negotiation styles and expectations across
cultures.
• Deadlocks: Situations where parties cannot reach an agreement.

13. Conflict Resolution in Negotiation

• Identifying Issues: Clarifying the points of contention.

• Finding Common Ground: Seeking areas of agreement and shared interests.
• Mediating Differences: Involving a neutral third party if needed.
 14. Elements of Successful Negotiation

• Preparation and Planning: Thorough groundwork and strategic planning.

• Effective Communication: Clear, concise, and respectful dialogue.
• Flexibility and Adaptability: Willingness to adjust positions and explore alternatives.
• Problem-Solving Attitude: Focus on finding solutions rather than winning.

15. Post-Negotiation Actions

• Formalizing Agreements: Documenting the terms and ensuring mutual

understanding.
• Monitoring Implementation: Ensuring that the agreed terms are followed through.
• Reflecting and Learning: Reviewing the process and outcomes for future
improvement.

Project Head: Sharjeel Ahmad Hashmi

Prepared by: Hassan Malik (Team Head)

A Project by Islami Jamiat Talba, Punjab University

Law College

Best of Luck from Team IJT, PULC