MUSIC OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

(1750-1820)
The classical era, also called “Age of Reason”, is the period
from 1750-1820. The cultural life was dominated by the aristocracy,
as patrons of musicians and artists who generally influenced the
arts. Significant changes in musical forms and styles were made.
In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began to move
toward a new style in architecture, literature, and the arts, known as
Classicism. It was also pushed forward by changes in the economic
order and in social structure. Instrumental music was patronized
primarily by the nobility.
Important historical events that occurred in the West during this era
were the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the
American Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the American
Revolution.
The term “classical” denotes conformity with the principles
and characteristics of ancient Greece and Roman literature and art
which were formal, elegant, simple, freed and dignified.
The same characteristics may also describe the melodies of
classical music. Harmony and texture is homophonic in general. The
dynamics of loud and soft were clearly shown through the extensive
use of crescendo and diminuendo. A style of broken chord
accompaniment called, Alberti Bass was practiced.
The great composers of the period were: Franz Joseph
Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig Van Beethoven.
Sonata, Concerto, and Symphony are the instrumental forms
developed during this era while Opera Seria and Opera Buffa are
the two vocal forms.

COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD:

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)
Franz Joseph Haydn is one of the most prominent
composers of the classical period. His life is described as a “rags-
to-riches” story. He came from a poor family and his music led to his
rise in social status. He was hired by rich patrons and eventually
became a musical director for the Esterhazy family for 30 years. His
music reflects his character and personality: mainly calm, balanced,
serious but with touches of humor.
He was able to compose over 100 symphonies and developed them
into long forms for a large orchestra. He was named, “Father of the
Symphony” although he excelled in every music genre of the period.
Most of his symphonies have nicknames such as the “Surprise VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Symphony”, “The Clock”, and “The Military”. He also wrote chamber SONATA
piano music and choral works. A multi-movement work for solo instrument, Sonata came
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791) from the word “Sonare” which means to make a sound. This term is
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a child prodigy and the most applied to a variety of works for a solo instrument such as keyboard
amazing genius in musical history. At age five, he was already or violin.
playing the violin and the harpsichord; at six, he was recognized as 1. 1st Movement: Allegro – fast movement
an exceptional pianist and, at seven, he was already composing 2. 2nd Movement: Slow tempo: (Andante, Largo, etc.), mostly lyrical
excellent music. At age thirteen, he had written sonatas, concertos, and emotional.
symphonies, religious works, and operas and operettas. 3. 3rd Movement: Minuet: It is in three-four time and in a moderate
He experimented in all kinds of music and composed over or fast tempo.
700 works. Unfortunately, due to mismanaged finances he lived his SONATA ALLEGRO FORM
life in poverty, died young and was buried in an unknown grave. He The most important form that developed during the classical
composed wonderful concertos, symphonies and opera such as era consists of 3 distinct sections: Exposition, Development and
“The Marriage of Figaro” (1786), “Don Giovanni (1789), and “The Recapitulation.
Magic Flute” which became popular. 1. Exposition - the first part of a composition in sonata form that
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827) introduces the theme
Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany to a 2. Development is the middle part of the sonata-allegro form
family of musicians and studied music at an early age. He was the wherein themes are being developed
composer who bridged the late Classical era and the early Romantic 3. Recapitulation - repeats the theme as they first emerge in the
era. He was a talented pianist and composer. His famous opening exposition
compositions include 32 piano sonatas, 21 set of variations, 9 CONCERTO
symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 16 string quartets and choral Concerto is a multi-movement work designed for an instrumental
music. soloist and orchestra. It is a classical form of music intended
His works include the “Missa Solemnis” (1818-1823) and primarily to emphasize the individuality of the solo instrument and to
opera “Fidelio” (1805). His known symphonies are: Symphony No. exhibit the virtuosity and interpretative abilities of the performer. The
3 (Eroica), No. 5, No. 6 (Pastoral), No. 9 (Choral), which adds voices solo instruments in classical concertos include violin, cello, clarinet,
to the orchestra. He began to go deaf in 1796 but this did not bassoon, trumpet, horn and piano. A concerto has three
become a hindrance. He continued composing through the help of movements: fast, slow, and fast.
an assistant and hearing gadget. Some of his famous compositions 3 movements:
were made when he was deaf. 1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form with expositions of the
Characteristics of Beethoven’s works: orchestra and then by the soloist.
- His music veered toward larger orchestras. 2nd Movement: Slow: Has more ornamentation than the First
- Sound was centered on the violas and lower registers of the violins movement. 3rd Movement: Fast: Finale: usually in a form of rondo,
and cellos to give his music a darker mood. resembling the last movement of the symphony and usually a short
- All themes in a piece are tied together by one motif. cadenza is used.
- He developed musical themes and motifs extensively by means of SYMPHONY
modulation A multi-movement work for orchestra, the symphony is derived from
- He used more brass instruments and dynamics the word “Sinfonia” which literally means “a harmonious sounding
together”. It is a classical music for the whole orchestra, generally in
four movements.
4 movements of the symphony: orchestral accompaniment
1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form
Crescendo - gradually becoming louder
2nd Movement: Slow: gentle, lyrical – typical ABA form or theme and
variation Diminuendo - gradually becoming softer
3rd Movement: Medium/Fast: uses a dance form (Minuet or
Development - middle part of the sonata-allegro form wherein
scherzo)
4th Movement: Fast: typically Rondo or Sonata form themes are being developed
CLASSICAL OPERA
Exposition - the first part of a composition that introduces the
Opera is a drama set to music where singers and musicians perform
in a theatrical setting. The two distinct styles of opera, Opera Seria themes that will be developed through the piece
and Opera Buffa, were developed during the Classical Period. The
Homophonic - a melody accompanied by chords
Opera Seria (serious opera) usually implies heroic or tragic drama
that employs mythological characters, which was inherited from the Largo - a very slow tempo.
Baroque period. “Idomeneo” by Mozart is an example of Opera
Minuet - a slow, stately ballroom dance for two in triple time.
Seria. The Opera Buffa (comic opera) from Italy made use of
everyday characters and situations, and typically employed spoken Opera - a drama set to music
dialogues, lengthy arias and was spiced with sight gags, naughty
Opera buffa - opera in Italy that is full of fun and frivolity
humor and social satire. “The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”,
and “The Magic Flute” are examples of popular Opera Buffa by Opera comique - comic opera in France,
Mozart.
Opera Seria - an opera based on a serious plot that usually revolves
Glossary
Alberti Bass - a special type of broken chord accompaniment where around mythological beings such as gods and goddesses
the chord is played in this order: lowest note -highest note - middle Recapitulation - a part of a musical piece, found usually near the
note - highest note then repeats the pattern to create a smooth, end, that repeats the earlier themes
sustained, flowing sound Rondo - a musical form that alternates the main theme and its
Allegro - quickly, in a brisk lively manner contrasting themes usually found in the final movement of a sonata
Andante - in a moderately slow tempo or concerto
Cadenza - an improvised passage or ornamentation performed by Scherzo - a vigorous, light, or playful composition comprising a
a soloist or group of soloists that allows a display of virtuosity often movement in a symphony or sonata.
placed near the end of a piece. Singspiel - 18th century German musical comedy featuring
Cantata - a choral composition with instrumental accompaniment, songs and ensembles interspersed with dialogue.
typically in several movements. Sonata - any instrumental composition that has several movements
Classical era - the period from 1750-1820 called the Age of with variation in key, mood, or tempo
Reason. Symphony - a musical composition for the whole orchestra
Concerto - a major instrumental work for solo instrument with generally in four movements; also a sonata for orchestra.
 ARTS OF THE REINASSANCE PERIOD
Renaissance Period (1400-1600)
Renaissance was the period of economic progress. The period
stirred enthusiasm for the study of ancient philosophy and artistic
values.
Italian Renaissance began in the late 14th century. It was an era of
great artistic and intellectual achievement with the birth of secular
art. The focus was on realistic and humanistic art.
Renaissance art was characterized by accurate anatomy, scientific
perspective, and deeper landscape.
Renaissance painters depicted real-life figures and their sculptures
were naturalistic portraits of human beings.
Architecture during this period was characterized by its symmetry
and balance.
As the classical Greeks believed in the harmonious development of
the person through a sound mind, by the practice of athletics, the
Renaissance held up the ideal of the well-rounded man,
knowledgeable in a number of fields such as philosophy, science,
arts, including painting and music – and who applies his knowledge
to productive and creative activity.
The Renaissance was a period of artistic experimentation. It brought
man into a full view just like the human figure in Greek Art.
Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval
period to the early modern age. In many parts of Europe, Early
Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art. By
1500, the Renaissance style prevailed.
The greatest cathedral building of the age was the rebuilding of St.
Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Mythological figures- creatures, Gods
and animals in the Mythology
FAMOUS RENAISSANCE ARTWORKS AND ARTISTS
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. He
was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever
since then he was considered as one of the greatest artists of all
time. A number of his works in paintings, sculpture, and architecture
rank among the famous in existence. Among his outstanding works
as sculptor were the following: Pieta, Bacchus, Moses, David, Dying
Slave, Dawn and Dusk. Two of his best known works, The Pieta and
David, were sculpted before he turned thirty.
He also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the works were: The Sistine Madonna, The School of Athens, and The
history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and Transfiguration.
the Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. The Transfiguration was Raphael’s last painting on which he worked
In Pieta, Michelangelo approached the subject which until then had on up to his death. Commissioned by Cardinal Giulio de Medici, the
been given form mostly from north of the Alps, where the portrayal late Pope Clement VII, the painting was conceived as an altarpiece
of pain had always been connected with the idea of redemption as for the Narbonne Cathedral in France. The painting exemplifies
represented by the seated Madonna holding Christ’s body in her Raphael’s development as an artist and the culmination of his
arms. Michelangelo convinces himself and his spectators of the career. The subject is combined with an additional episode from the
divine quality and the significance of these figures by means of Gospel in the lower part of the painting.
earthly and perfect beauty, but of course, these are human Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) (1386- 1466)
standards. Donatello was one of the Italian great artists of the period. He was
Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci (1452- 1519) an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence. He is known for
Leonardo Da Vinci was a painter, architect, scientist, and his work in bas- relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture. His works
mathematician. He was popularized in present times through the included the following statues and relief: David, Statue of St.
novel and movie, “Da Vinci Code.” He is known as the ultimate George, Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata, Prophet Habacuc,
“Renaissance man” because of his intellect, interest, talent and his and The Feast of Herod.
expression of humanist and classical values. He is widely Renaissance art is the art of calm and beauty. Its creations are
considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps perfect-they reveal nothing forced or inhibited, uneasy or agitated.
the most diversely talented person to have ever lived. Each form has been born easily, free and complete. Everything
His well-known works were: The Last Supper (the most reproduced breathes satisfaction, and we are surely not mistaken in seeing in
religious painting of all time), and the Mona Lisa (the most famous this heavenly calm and content the highest artistic expression and
and most parodied portrait.) His other works were: The Virtruvian spirit of that age.
Mar, The Adoration of the Magi, and the Virgin of the Rocks. Baroque Art (1600-1800)
(Wikipedia) The term Baroque was derived from the Portuguese word “barocco”
“Mona Lisa” stems from a description by Renaissance art historian which means “irregularly shaped pearl or stone.” It describes a
Giorgio Vasari, who wrote, “Leonardo undertook to paint for complex idiom and focuses on painting, sculpture, as well as
Francesco del Giocondo the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.” Mona, architecture.
in Italian, is a polite form of address originating as Madonna- like After the idealism of Renaissance, and the slightly forced nature of
Ma’am, Madame, or My Lady in English. This became Madonna and “mannerism”, Baroque art above all reflects the tensions of the age
its contraction Mona. The title of the painting, though traditionally notably the desire of the Catholic Church in Rome to reassert itself
spelled “Mona”, is also commonly spelled in Modern Italian as in the wake of the Protestant Reformation which is almost the same
“Monna Lisa”. with Catholic- Reformation Art of the period.
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) (1483-1520) Although always in conflict with the simple, clear, and geometric
Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High concepts of classicism, the Baroque existed in varying degrees of
Renaissance period. His work was admired for its clarity of form and intensity, from a simple animated movement of lines and surfaces to
ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the interpreting a rich and dynamic wealth.
the Divine and incorporating Christian doctrines. Together with Baroque was a period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion,
Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he formed the traditional trinity drama, tension, and grandeur. The style started in Rome, Italy and
of great masters of that period. His main contributions to art were spread to most of Europe.
his unique draftsmanship and compositional skills. His famous The Roman Catholic Church highly encouraged the Baroque style
to propagate Christianity while the aristocracy used Baroque style
for architecture and arts to impress visitors, express triumph, power, “Ecstasy of St. Teresa” was his greatest achievement and the
and control. Colonade of the Piazza of St. Peter’s Rome.
Baroque painting illustrated key elements of Catholic dogma, either Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 1640)
directly in Biblical works or indirectly in imaginary or symbolic work. Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter. He was well known for his
The gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures: less ambiguous, paintings of mythical and figurative subjects, landscapes, portraits,
less arcane, and mysterious.
and Counter- Reformation altarpieces. His commissioned works
Baroque sculpture, typically larger than life size, is marked by a
similar sense of dynamic movement, along with an active use of were mostly religious subjects, history paintings of magical
space. creatures, and hunt scenes. His famous works were Samson and
Baroque architecture was designed to create spectacle and illusion. Delilah, Landscape with a Tower, Portrait of Helene Fourment, and
Thus, the straight lines of the Renaissance were replaced with The Three Graces
flowing curves.
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669)
FAMOUS BAROQUE ARTWORKS AND ARTISTS
Rembrandt was a brilliant Dutch realist, painter and etcher. He is
Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da Caravaggio (1571- 1610)
He was better known as Caravaggio. He was an Italian artist who generally considered as one of the greatest painters and
wanted to deviate from the classical masters of the Renaissance. printmakers in European art. He followed no faith but was interested
He was an outcast in his society, because of his own actions and in spiritual values and often chooses religious subjects. Rembrandt
the lack of modesty and reverence for religious subjects in his own shares with Rubens the revolution whereby painting came to depict
paintings. Perhaps he started out as a specialist in his paintings of the more personal aspects of the painter: his own home and his
still life, especially of fruits. Studies of single figures followed, but family. No artist has painted himself as often as did Rembrandt. His
they are clumsier than the fruit which gives their savor of originality
concept of himself continued to deepen in grasp and subtlety, while
and charm. Caravaggio’s models at this period were either himself
or young persons who have an air of being promising but wicked. his technique grew more daring. His well- known work was his “Self-
Among his famous paintings were Supper at Emmaus, Conversion portrait in Old Age”.
of St. Paul, and Entombment of Christ. Rembrandt had produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings,
and 2000 drawings.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
Bernini was an Italian artist and the first Baroque artist. He practiced
Diego Velasquez (1599- 1660)
architecture, and sculpture, painting, stage design, and was also a
playwright. He was also the last in the list of the dazzling universal Velasquez of Spain developed out of the Baroque. He was one of
geniuses. As a prodigy, his first artworks date from his 8th birthday. the finest Master of Composition and one of the most important
Among his early works were: The Goat Amalthea with the Infant painters of the Spanish Golden Age. He worked out solutions to
Jupiter and a Faun, Damned Soul, and the Blessed Soul. He made pictorial problems of design that transcend the style of any period.
a sculpture of “David” was for Cardinal Borghese which is strikingly Velasquez was the case of a painter who discovered his avocation
different from Michelangelo’s David because it shows the almost at the very start of his career. The passion for still life
differences between Renaissance and the Baroque periods. He was
frequently emerges in Velasquez’s art. His famous works were: The
the greatest Baroque sculptor and architect as seen in his design of
the Piazza San Pietro in front of the Basilica. It is one of his most Surrender of Breda, Las Meninas (The maids of honour), Los
innovative and successful architectural designs. The famous Barachos (The Drinker), and Maria Theresa.
 SOCIAL DANCES AND DANCE MIXERS
Social dances and dance mixers are dances intended primarily to
get to know other people in attendance to a certain social function.
They are also called ballroom dances. They are usually performed
in pairs, male and female, but may also be performed in groups.
Social dances are classified into two major classifications namely
the Latin American Dances and the Modern Standard Dances.
Social Dances are communal dances performed in social
gatherings in any given space. They are synonymously referred to
as ballroom dances, but the former is performed in balls or formal
social functions.
Latin American Dances include the salsa, mambo, meringue,
swing, cha-cha-cha, rumba, samba, jive, boogie, and paso doble.
They are called Latin American dances because most of them are
from the Latin-American countries. While the Modern Standard
Dances include the slow waltz, tango, Viennese waltz, foxtrot, and
quickstep. Latin dances distinguish themselves by the costumes
worn by performers. They are somewhat revealing, tight-fitting, sexy
yet sophisticated in nature. They are also distinguished by the
nature of the movements. They are freer and can be performed in
close or open hold. Standard dances on the other hand, wear
formal, ankle-length gowns for females and coat-and-tie for males.
Most of the time, movements in these are restricted to close
ballroom position with partner.
Social or ballroom dances are different from Dance Sport because
the latter is freer in nature and are primarily intended to widen one’s
social horizon, for recreation, and fitness. The former is performed
in competitions and are referred to as competitive ballroom dancing.
The required athleticism has established rules of different levels of
difficulty and is limited to five
dances per category only. They are the cha-cha-cha, rumba, samba,
paso doble and jive for the Latin category and slow waltz, tango,
Viennese waltz, foxtrot, and quickstep for the standard category.
Dance mixers, on the other hand, are social dances which allow
group of performers to change partners periodically while dancing to
allow chance to get to know other members of the performing group.
Its primary function is to maximize the social dimensions of dancing.
There are specific dance mixers that are performed in social events,
but ballroom or social dance can be converted into dance mixers by
expanding it from a pair-dancing to group dancing activity with
exchange of partners periodically while dancing.
 WHAT TO WEAR PERSONAL GROOMING
ATTIRE GENTLEMEN LADIES DURING THE DANCE
Formal Tailcoat, Tuxedo Ball Gown, Evening ❖ Check your grooming periodically
Coat, Regular Gown, Dinner ❖ Freshen up and towel off periodically in the bathroom
Coat, Bow Tie or Gown, Cocktail ❖ Carrying an extra shirt is advisable for men in case they
Regular Necktie, Gown need to change
Black Trouser BEFORE THE DANCE
Semi-Formal Dress Shirt and ❖ Shower and use a deodorant
Tie, Vest or Dinner Dresses, ❖ Brush your teeth and use mouthwash/breath mint
Sweater that shows Flowing Pants ❖ Abstain from foods that produce strong odor
the Tie ❖ Don’t smoke, it causes foul mouth and clothing odor
Dressy Casual Anything that ON THE DANCE FLOOR
(Practices, Solid Color T-shirts, displays a ❖ Line of Direction (Counterclockwise)
Workshops, Turtleneck, Polo conservative, ❖ While on the Floor (Avoid colliding with other pairs)
Dance Lessons) Shirt, Cotton Slacks toned-down ❖ Be Polite (Thank or Compliment your Partner)
appearance ❖ Accompany your Partner back to her Seat
Latin Button-up shirt, Sexy Outfits and ❖ Don’t do aerial choreography yourself. They require training
Solid T-shirt, Long Slit skirts, by a qualified instructor. They may eat up space and disturb
Turtleneck, Dress Low Necklines and other dancers
Slacks, Bright Exposed Midriffs ❖ or cause injuries with other dancing pairs in the dancefloor.
Colorful Outfits are are Popular NO-FAULT DANCING
Accepted ❖ Never blame a partner for missed execution of figures
❖ Dance to the level of your partner
DON’Ts IN TERMS OF OUTFITS and DANCE SHOES: ❖ The show must go on, say “sorry” to your partner if
❖ Do not wear sneaker or any shoe with rubber or spongy sole. something went wrong
They can stick to the dance floor during turns and spins that DEMEANOR
may cause knee and ankle injuries. Always wear dance ❖ Be personable, smile and make eye contact with partner.
shoes. ❖ Project a positive image on the dance floor even if it’s not
❖ Avoid sleeveless shirts and strapped dresses. It’s not your personal style.
pleasant to have your partner touch your damp skin ❖ Dance at the level of your partner
❖ Avoid shaggy, baggy, low armpit upper shirt. Partner’s hand ❖ If you don’t know the dance, be honest, refuse promptly if
may get caught in the baggy sleeves. asked to danc
❖ Avoid accessories like big rings, watches, brooches,
loose/long necklaces and big belt buckles. They can be
dangerous. They can catch in partner’s clothing, causing
scratches and bruises.
❖ Long hair should be put up or tied in a pony tail. It is difficult
to get into closed dance positions when the lady has long
flowing hair. They might get caught in partner’s hands or
may even hit your partner’s face.
 PREVENTION OFSUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE
(DRUG SCENARION IN THE PHILIPPINES)

Common Concepts in Drug Education

The following are the usual words you will encounter in studying
substance use and abuse:
❖ Drugs are any substances or chemicals which when taken
into the body either though nasal, oral, transdermal, or
intravenous way have psychological, emotional, and
behavioral effects on a person.
❖ Drugs of abuse are drugs commonly abused by users. In
the Philippines the three drugs of abuse are shabu,
marijuana and inhalants.
❖ Drug dependence is a cluster of physiological, behavioral,
and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity in which the
use of a drug takes on a high priority thereby creating a
strong desire to take the substance.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE

The Dangerous Drugs Board listed three major drugs of abuse in
the Philippines. These are methamphetamine hydrochloride or
“shabu”, cannabis sativa or “marijuana” and inhalants better known
as “solvents”. These drugs of abuse are included in the six
classifications of drugs.
1. Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are legal drugs
that a non-drug user might try, which can lead him/her to more
dangerous drugs such as marijuana and shabu. Teenagers who
engage in early smoking and early drinking have a higher chance of
using and experimenting with dangerous drugs of abuse.
2. Depressant drugs
Depressant drugs slow down a person’s central nervous system
(CNS). The Central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord,
and nerves. Doctors commonly prescribe depressant drugs to help
certain persons to be less angry, less stressed or tensed.
Depressant drugs relax muscles and nerves. These drugs also
make patients feel sleepy and light-headed. Depressant drugs
include alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers.
3. Stimulant drugs
Stimulant drugs speed up a person's central nervous system.
Stimulant drugs have the opposite effect of depressants. Stimulants
make a person’s energy high. Negative effects of stimulants include
depression and tiredness. Stimulants include amphetamines which B. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the School
include shabu, caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine.
4. Narcotics
Narcotics are drugs which relieve pain and induce sleepiness. In ❖ Poor academic performance
medicine, these drugs are administered in moderation to patients
with mental disorders and those in severe pain like
cancer. Narcotic drugs include cocaine, heroine and marijuana. ❖ Increased rate of absenteeism and tardiness
These drugs are illicit and dangerous if taken.
5. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are drugs which distorts reality and facts. It affects all ❖ Increased incidence of school fights
senses and makes a user see, hear, and feel things that don’t exist
in the time being. The name hallucinogen came from the word
hallucination which is to perceive illusions. Hallucinogens include ❖ Low academic achievement rate
lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin obtained from mushrooms and
mescaline.
6. Inhalants are found in ordinary household chemical products and ❖ Incidence of disrespect to school authorities
anesthetics. Continuous use and abuse lead to delusions, brain
damage, liver damage, coma and death. Examples of household
products used as inhalants are acetone, rugby or solvent, ordinary C. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the Community
and spray paint, cleaning fluids and air conditioner fluids (Freon).

A. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the Family ❖ High incidence of crime which includes stealing, robbery, and

❖ Broken and unhappy family ties

snatching
❖ Ignored duties and responsibilities

❖ High incidence of accidents

❖ Financial constraint due to drug dependence and addiction

❖ Affected economy due to low manpower production

❖ High cost of drug treatment and rehabilitation

❖ Loss of government funds due to drug-related operations,

❖ Family dishonor and embarrassment treatment, and rehabilitation.

❖ Separation of family members