Understanding French Noun Gender
Understanding French Noun Gender
What is a noun?
Les noms or les substantifs (nouns) are naming words: they refer to people (la fille), places (la
France), animals (le chat), objects (la table) and concepts (l’amour). A noun can be a subject or
an object in a sentence. They are often accompanied by an article and can be described
by adjectives. To avoid repetition, nouns can be replaced by pronouns.
Examples:
Mon chien aime les friandises. (animal) My dog likes/loves sweets.
L’amour rend aveugle. (feeling, concept) Love is blind.
J’ai appelé ma cousine hier. (person) I called my cousin yesterday.
Quel musée avez-vous visité? (place)Which museum did you visit ?
Le livre paraîtra en mai. (object) The book is coming out in May.
There are several categories of nouns in French: they can be proper or common, countable or
uncountable as well as abstract or concrete.
Like in English, nouns can be singular or plural in French, however, unlike English, French
nouns have gender: they can be masculine or feminine.
Examples:
l’homme – the man, le chien – the dog, le tableau – the board, le travail – the work, le
chêne – the oak tree (masculine)
la femme – the woman, la danseuse - woman – the dancer, la librairie – the bookshop, la
cuisine – the kitchen, la France (feminine) - France
Assister – To attend
In French, nouns can be singular (singulier) or plural (pluriel) depending on whether it refers to
one thing or more. The plural is generally formed by adding -s to the masculine singular form of
the noun, but there are many exceptions to this rule.
Examples:
J’ai acheté des pommes et des oranges au marché. (regular plural)
Marion crée des bijoux très originaux. (irregular plural: bijou → bijoux)
Examples:
Romain a acheté une veste et un pantalon. (singular) Romain bought two jackets and
three pairs of trousers.
Romain a acheté deux vestes et trois pantalons. (plural)
Like in English, common nouns can be countable (comptables) or uncountable (non comptables).
Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form.
Examples:
une pomme – an apple, un crayon – a pencil (countable)
lait - milk, eau – water (uncountable)
Examples:
beauté - beauty, bonheur - happiness(abstract)
robe - dress, assiette - plate(concrete)
A proper noun (un nom propre) refers to a specific and unique person, place or thing. They are
always written with a capital letter and usually have no plural form.
Example:
Romain habite à Lyon.
Romain habite en Provence.
Romain vient de Lyon.
Romain vient du Sri Lanka.
Romain vient de France.
Romain vient d l’Oman.
Romain vient des états unis.
Country names that don’t end in « e » are masculine.
Example
-e/-é le maître- the master, le résumé -the summary, le pré – the meadow
the cardinal
le nord, le sud, l’est, l’ouest, the north, the south, the east, the west
points
languages
-esse la maîtresse
-trice la traductrice
la pommade, la façade
-ade
exception: le stade
l’ambulance, l’essence
-ance/-ence
exception: le silence
l’arrivée, l’idée
-ée exceptions: le musée, le lycée, le trophée, l’apogée, le
mausolée
-elle la demoiselle
la géologie, la librairie
-ie
exception: l’incendie
-aille la trouvaille
la confiture, la culture
-ure
exception: le murmure
academic
la médecine, la philosophie, la chimie
disciplines
People/Animals
For people and animals, the gender of the noun usually corresponds to the biological gender.
Masculine Feminine
Certain animal nouns have a fixed gender and refer to both males and females. To specify the
animal’s biological gender, we add the word mâle (male) or femelle (female) before or after
the noun.
Example:
La souris mâle.
La femelle du crocodile.
However, there are also nouns that have one form for both the masculine and the feminine.
Example:
un/une touriste
Job titles
Certain job titles do not have a separate feminine form because they already end in -e.
Examples:
un/une journaliste
un/une libraire
un/une interprète
un/une ministre
Likewise, there are other job titles that only exist in the masculine form but refer to both men
and women.
Examples:
un/une ingénieur
un/une professeur
un/une chirurgien
un/une médecin
The majority of professions that were previously only associated with men now have their own
feminine form, except for those ending in -e or -eur. However, the use of these feminine forms
is not very common, not is it compulsory.
Examples:
Examples:
un plombier
un mécanicien
Likewise, there are some professions that only have a feminine form in French grammar:
Examples:
une sage-femme
Info
Some job titles only exist in the masculine because their meaning changes when they are used in
the feminine form.
Examples:
Examples:
la France
l’Allemagne
la Chine
la Bretagne
la Provence
All countries ending with a different vowel or a consonant are masculine.
Examples:
le Canada
le Pérou
le Maroc
le Japon
le Portugal
Le pluriel: plural nouns in French
grammar
How to form the plural of French nouns
Exceptions
The plural of compound nouns in French
Lingolia Plus French
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Learn how to use plural nouns in French grammar with Lingolia’s quick and easy examples, then
put your knowledge to the test in the exercises.
Example
les billets
les pièces
The plural of most nouns is formed by adding an -s to the end of the word. This -s is silent: it is
almost never pronounced aloud.
Example:
Plurals ending in -x
Example:
Examples:
Example:
Examples:
Example:
Examples:
Example:
If the compound noun includes an adjective, this always changes to agree with the plural.
Examples:
les grands-parents
les longues-vues
les saules-pleureurs
If the first word of the compound noun is grand, it only receives the plural -s in
the masculine plural form.
Examples:
les grands-pères
les grand-mères
If the compound noun includes a verb, adverb or preposition, this remains unchanged in the
plural.
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
the nouns monnaie (money) and vaisselle (dishes) are uncountable and refer to collectives,
meaning that they do not change in the plural
the word terre (earth) refers to the soil in which the potatoes grow, meaning that it is
uncountable and remains unchanged in the plural
In some cases, whether or not the words within the compound noun are singular or plural
depends on their meaning.
Examples:
The noun dents (teeth) is always used in the plural although the compound noun is singular. This
is because we brush all our teeth, not just one.
un chef-d’œuvre/des chefs-d’œuvre
The word œuvre refers to an abstact concept in this compound noun, meaning that it stays in
the singular.
Articles
When to use the indefinite article in French
When to use the definite article in French
What is the partitive article in French?
How to contract articles and prepositions in French
When to use no article in French
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What is an article?
In French, nouns are almost always preceded by an article or a determiner. This indicates
the gender of the noun (masculine or feminine) and its number (singular or plural). There are two
types of articles: definite articles (articles définis) (le, la, les) and indefinite articles (article
indéfinis) (un, une, des).
Learn how to use definite and indefinite articles in French with Lingolia’s quick and easy
examples then put your knowledge to the test in the free exercises.
Example
Example:
Info
The French indefinite article for the plural (des) is similar to the English “some”.
Example:
However, if there is an adjective before a plural noun, the indefinite article des becomes de.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Examples:
Il fait du foot.
Il joue de la flûte.
à à + le = au la glace au chocolate
à à + les = aux Fais attention aux enfants
de de + le = du parler du jeu
names of towns
Example:
Example:
Example:
Je suis né en juillet.
phrases with en + transport
Example:
Examples:
Examples:
Il est catholique.
but: C’est le catholique qui va tous les jours à l’église. → to talk about a specific person
to express quantities (except after bien, la plupart, une partie, la majorité and la moitié)
Example:
Example:
Examples:
Example
J'ai une copine. Elle est très gentille et je l'aime beaucoup. J'ai une guitare
et j'adore lui chanter des chansons. Vous ne les aimez peut-être pas mais elle seule
ne les oublie pas:
3rd person
elle elle la / l’ lui elle
(f)
3rd person
elles elles les leur elles
(f)
As its name suggests, the subject pronoun takes the position of the subject in the
sentence (who/what is performing the action).
Example:
Example:
Strong or stressed pronouns are also known as emphatic pronouns. They allow us to
emphasise the subject they refer to without using its name. We used stressed pronouns
in the following cases:
Example:
Example:
Lui, il est très gentil. / C’est lui qui est très gentil.
when the pronoun comes after que in a comparison
Example:
Example:
The object pronoun takes the position of the object in the sentence (who/what is the
direct receiver of the action). We differentiate between direct,
indirect, and stressed object-pronouns.
Direct object-pronoun
The direct object-pronoun (le pronom complément d’objet direct) replaces a noun that
comes directly after a verb without a preposition.
Examples:
Indirect object-pronoun
The indirect object-pronoun (le pronom complément d’objet indirect) replaces a noun as
well as the preposition à, which introduces the indirect object.
Example:
Stressed object-pronoun
Example:
The preposition à is an exception. Some verbs that are followed by à are used with the
stressed object-pronoun, but only if the preposition introduces a person and not a thing.
See the table below for a list of verbs and phrases with à that take the stressed object-
pronoun.
avoir affaire à
to deal with sb. Vous avez affaire à un expert. Vous avez affaire à moi.
qn
avoir recours à
to turn to sb. Pierre est avocat. Tu devrais avoir recours à lui.
qn
faire attention à to be careful with Les enfants d’Anne sont entre de bonnes mains, la baby-sitter
qn sb. fait toujours très attention à eux.
s’intéresser à to be interested
qn in sb. Tu t’intéresses à elle ? Si tu veux, je peux te la présenter.
tenir à qn to care about sb. Je ne veux pas qu’il parte. Je tiens beacoup à lui.
se fier à qqn to trust in sb. Je ne fais confiance à personne. Je ne me fie qu'à moi.
Learn all about possessive pronouns and determiners in French grammar with
Lingolia’s quick and easy examples, then put your knowledge to the test in the free
exercises.
Example
Je m’appelle Julie et je cherche mon chapeau. Mon papa dit qu’il y en a un dans le
placard, mais ce n’est pas le mien, c’est le sien. Ma maman aussi a un chapeau.
Regarde! Le chien porte le sien.
Examples:
Masculin
Person Feminine Plural
e
To Note
Before a vowel or a silent h, the determiners ma, ta, and sa become mon, ton, and son.
Example:
Je cherche ma amie.
Je cherche mon amie.
Example:
Singular Plural
Person
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
2nd person
le tien la tienne les tiens les tiennes
singular
Example
Je me regarde dans le miroir.
soi/lui/
Stressed Reflexive Pronouns moi toi nous vous eux/elles/soi
elle
Examples:
There are two types of reflexive pronouns in French: normal reflexive pronouns and
stressed or strong reflexive pronouns. Normal reflexive pronouns always appear
together with a verb; they cannot stand alone.
Examples:
Je me prépare.
Je me suis préparé.
Ne te prépare pas.
Stressed reflexive pronouns are used in the positive imperative of reflexive verbs. In this
case, the reflexive pronouns moi, toi and lui come after the verb and are connected with
a hyphen.
Example:
Prépare-toi.
Example:
Ne te prépare pas.
Example:
Example:
Example
Julien, qui roulait trop vite, a eu un accident avec la voiture que son père lui a prêtée. Il
ne sait pas ce qui s’est passé et ne se rappelle pas vraiment de ce qu’il a fait. Il a
raconté tout ce dont il se souvient.
Qui is used for the subject of the sentence. It corresponds to the English who.
Example:
Que is used for the object of the sentence. Watch out! In English, we can leave out who,
which or that in a relative clause. However, in French we can’t leave out que.
Example:
Il a eu un accident avec la voiture que son père lui avait prêtée.
Dont indicates possession or belonging (similar to whose) and is used with words that
take the preposition de.
Example:
Le père de Julien est content car il peut s'acheter la voiture dont il a toujours rêvé.
rêver de qqch
Où
The relative adverb où (where) is used with reference to place or time.
Example :
Exceptions
When the relative pronoun que comes before a mute h or a vowel, we use qu’ instead.
This is known as elision.
Example:
Example:
Est-ce que tu connais Julien avec qui j'ai acheté une nouvelle voiture?
Est-ce que tu as vu la voiture avec qui il a heurté un panneau?
If the relative pronoun que is used with a preposition, it becomes quoi.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Il nous a montré le panneau qu’il a heurté. Il nous a montré lequel il a heurté.
Il nous a montré la voiture qu’il a cassée lors de l’accident. Il nous a montré laquelle il a
cassée lors de l’accident.
Singular Plural
The relative pronoun lequel can be used with a preposition. When lequel is used
with à or de, the pronoun and preposition are usually combined into one word, as shown
in the table below.
Masculin Masc.
Preposition Feminine Fem. plural
e plural
with a preposition
Example:
Example:
Example:
Voici les deux nouveaux modèles de voiture entre lesquels vous avez le choix.
Voici les nouveaux modèles de voiture parmi lesquels vous avez le choix.
Dont and duquel
The relative pronouns dont and duquel are used with words that take the
preposition de, but in different cases:
We use dont with verbs, nouns and adjectives that are formed with de.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Il avait un petit appartement sur les murs duquel il y avait des moisissures.
The first words of the relative clause are sur les murs, not the relative pronoun
To learn about other French question words, go to our page on questions; to learn more
about interrogative pronouns, read on for easy examples, clear explanations and free
exercises to help you practise.
Example
Example:
Que fait-elle ?
À quoi pense-t-elle ?
Lequel
The interrogative pronoun lequel corresponds to the English which: It offers a choice between
members of a group of people or things that have already been mentioned. Lequel is variable and
must agree with the number and gender of the noun that it replaces.
Example:
The interrogative pronoun lequel can also be used after a preposition. When lequel comes
after à or de, the interrogative pronoun and the preposition are combined into one word.
Masculin Masc.
Preposition Feminine Fem. plural
e plural
Example:
Example
Singula
ce, cet celui celui-ci / celui-là
r
Masculine
Plural ces ceux ceux-ci / ceux-là
Demonstrative Demonstrative
Demonstrative
Person Pronoun Pronoun
Determiner
(simple) (compound)
Singula
cette celle celle-ci / celle-là
r
Feminine
Plural ces celles celles-ci / celles-là
Example:
Je parle de celui du milieu.
In French, there are also compound forms of the demonstrative pronouns: celui-
ci, celle-ci, celui-là, celle-là. The forms ending in -ci indicate something that’s
close to the speaker (from ici – here). The forms ending in -là indicate something
that’s farther away from the speaker (là-bas – there).
Example:
Lequel? Celui-ci ou celui-là?
Demonstrative determiners are used before a noun. Ce, cet, cette, ces are
different from normal articles in that they emphasise one specific thing.
Example:
Ce mouton est mignon.
Demonstrative determiners
Demonstrative determiners always come directly before a noun.
Example:
Ce mouton est mignon.
We only use the masculine singular form cet when the noun begins with a vowel or a
silent h.
Example:
Cet homme
If we’re using the compound form in this situation, the -ci/-là is attached directly to the
noun.
Example:
Ce mouton-ci est mignon.
Ce mouton-là est trop grand.
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns (les pronoms démonstratifs) stand alone — they do not
accompany a noun, they stand in its place.
Example:
Ce mouton est celui du berger.
Celui-ci est son mouton.
Example:
Les moutons dans le pré sont ceux du berger.
when a relative clause follows the demonstrative pronoun
Example:
Les moutons dans le pré sont ceux que garde le berger.
In all other situations, we use the compound form of the demonstrative pronoun.
Example:
C'est intéressant. Ce sont de bonnes nouvelles.
That’s interesting. This is good news.
Unlike in English, however, the French form ce is always used in the singular,
regardless of whether the verb is in the singular or the plural. We only use ce/c' with the
verb être.
Example:
C’est lui qui garde les moutons.
Ce sont eux qui sont gardés par le berger.
Beispiel:
Je trouve ça très intéressant.
Ceci and cela can be used with any verb including être. They are often used in written
French, but in spoken French we prefer to use ça or ce/c'.
Example:
Je trouve ceci très intéressant.
Cela est bien dit.
Examples:
Learn how to use the indefinite pronouns and determiners in French grammar with
Lingolia’s quick and easy examples, then put your knowledge to the test in the free
exercises.
Example
Avant, Juliette aimait aller chez le coiffeur. Elle aimait se faire couper les cheveux
par quelqu’un d’autre. Chaque coupe de cheveux était différente et toutes ses coupes
lui plaisaient beaucoup.
Mais plusieurs fois, la coiffeuse a raté sa coupe de cheveux. Tout le monde s’est
moqué d’elle et chacun lui disait que ses cheveux étaient horribles. Juliette n’a peut-
être rien dit mais depuis, elle ne laisse personne toucher à ses cheveux.
Maintenant, c’est elle qui se fait toutes ses coupes de cheveux. En fait, elle a découvert
qu’elle adore essayer diverses techniques pour se coiffer!
Example:
Example:
Example:
Some indefinite pronouns are invariable, such as personne, rien, quelque chose.
Example:
Example:
Tous ses amis aiment sa coiffure.
As an indefinite adjective, tout always comes directly before a noun and agrees
in number and gender with the noun it is modifying.
Singular Plural
Masculin
tout tous
e
If tout is not placed directly before the noun (but is separated from it by an article,
a demonstrative determiner, or a possessive determiner), it means “all” or “completely”.
Example:
Example:
As an indefinite pronoun, tout always stands alone — without a noun — and means
“everything”. In addition, tout as an indefinite pronoun has only three different
forms: tous/toutes (for people), tout (= everything).
Example:
Example
Le bus dépose les touristes sur le parking de l’hôtel. Il y est garé pour la nuit
et en repart chaque matin. Le guide a prévu une excursion par jour et la première ville à
visiter sera Lyon. Ils s’y rendront en bus et emporteront des sandwichs.
Chacun en recevra deux des mains de la cuisinière.
Les touristes ne restent donc à l’hôtel que pour y dormir. Ils se retrouvent le soir dans la
salle à manger aprés leur visite. Ils en parlent jusque tard le soir.
Example:
Example:
Le bus dépose les touristes sur le parking de l’hôtel. Il y est garé pour la nuit.
When to use en in French
The adverbial pronoun en:
Example:
Ils se retrouvent le soir dans la salle à manger pour parler de leur visite. Ils en parlent
jusque tard le soir.
has a partitive function; it divides elements within a group (of them, of which etc.)
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example
Marc est aussi rapide que Chloé. Amir est plus rapide que Marc. Amir est le plus rapide.
Amir est le coureur le plus rapide.
Example
Philippe et Justine sont les gentils maîtres de Felix. Félix est un chat blanc. Il est sur le
fauteuil jaune et dort. Il rêve du bon lait qu’il a envie de boire. Il a vraiment très soif et
pense à un grand bol de lait. Sur la boîte de sa marque préférée il y a une jolie vache.
Singular
The masculine form is the base form of the adjective.
Example:
Examples:
Examples:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
faux fausse
chanceux chanceuse
doux douce
public publique
grec grecque
franc franche
violet violette
inquiet inquiète
frais fraîche
gras grasse
The adjectives beau, vieux, nouveau and fou are special exceptions. They also change
their masculine form when the following word begins with a vowel or a silent h.
Masculine before a vowel or a
Masculine before a consonant Feminine
silent h
un bel enfant
un beau chat une belle femme
un bel homme
un vieil immeuble
un vieux chat une vieille femme
un vieil homme
un nouvel enfant
un nouveau chat une nouvelle femme
un nouvel homme
un fol enfant
un chat fou une femme folle
un fol homme
Plural
The masculine plural form is constructed by adding the ending -s.
Example:
Examples:
Examples:
Example:
Example:
Marc est aussi rapide que Chloé.
Amir est plus rapide que Marc.
Marc est moins rapide qu’Amir.
Example:
Amir est le plus rapide.
Amir est le coureur le plus rapide.
Chloé est la coureuse la plus lente.
Example:
inférieur à
postérieur à
supérieur à
antérieur à
Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms.
Irregular Comparative Forms
Positive Comparative Superlative
bon meilleur le meilleur
mauvais pire le pire
petit (a little, not
moindre le moindre
much)
plus petit le plus petit
but: petit (small)
Position of adjectives in French
grammar
Do French adjectives come before or after the noun?
Generally speaking, most French adjectives come after the noun they are describing.
However there are exceptions: some adjectives come before the noun, while there are
others that change their meaning depending on whether they come before or after.
Learn about the rules for adjective placement in French grammar with Lingolia’s quick
and easy examples, then put your knowledge to the test in the free exercises.
Example
Example:
le lac gelé
Colours also come after the noun.
Example:
le tableau noir
Short, often-used adjectives generally come before the noun (beau, bon, bref, grand,
gros, faux, haut, jeune, joli, mauvais, meilleur, nouveau, petit, vieux).
Example:
la jolie fleur
If a noun is accompanied by two or more adjectives, they are placed after the noun if
they are connected by a conjunction such as mais, donc, or, car, et, ou, ni … ni etc.
Example:
Example:
Examples:
un homme grand
un grand homme
mon ancienne
ancien old maison
former
une maison
ancienne
C’est un vrai
vrai real, actual true problème.
C’est une histoire
vraie.
Examples:
Il faut aérer les pièces humides.
Regarde ce petit chat!
L’adjectif attribut also describes the qualities and characteristics of a noun,
however it always appears together with a stative verb. The noun being
described is the subject of the sentence and the adjective comes after the verb.
The French stative verbs
are: être, paraître, sembler, devenir, demeurer, rester, avoir l’air, passer pour.
Examples:
Les élèves sont silencieux aujourd’hui.
Ce fauteuil a l’air confortable.
Adjectives describe nouns. They agree with the number and gender of
the noun they modify.
Example:
Examples:
Bon and bien are tricky words for learners of French to understand. Generally
speaking, bon is mostly used as an adjective (similar to the English good) while bien is
most commonly used as an adverb (similar to the English well). However, there are
exceptions. Take a look at the following situations to learn when to use bon and when to
use bien.
We use bon as an adjective to describe nouns (une bonne amie, un bon dessert…)
Example:
Les employés de cette société entretiennent de bonnes relations avec leur patron.
Bon is only used as an adverb after specific verbs such as sentir bon, faire bon…
Example:
Example:
Example:
bien/bon
What’s the difference between bien and bon?
Many French learners get bien and bon mixed up. Generally speaking, one is an adjective and
one is an adverb — although there are many exceptions!
Example
bon
In most cases, bon is an adjective similar to good; it describes a noun and usually refers
to something concrete and tangible (e.g., food, temperature, etc.).
Examples:
bien
Usually, bien is an adverb similar to well; it describes a verb.
Examples:
The expression c’est bon has different meanings depending on the context:
Examples:
mieux/meilleur
What’s the difference between mieux and meilleur?
The French adjectives mieux and meilleur are easy to mix up. The former is
the comparative of bien and the latter is the comparative of bon. It’s therefore important to know
the difference between bon and bien to avoid getting confused!
Example
Comme il s’entraîne tous les jours, Félix est devenu meilleur au foot.
Il s’est aussi acheté de nouvelles chaussures. Elles sont meilleures que les
précédentes et il peut mieux courir.
mieux
Mieux is the comparative form of bien. It is most often an adverb: it describes a verb,
an adjective or another adverb.
Examples:
Mieux can also be used as an adjective with the verb être to express a moral or
intellectual judgement, often about something more abstract.
Examples:
L’entraîneur de Félix lui dit : « Continue comme ça, c’est beaucoup mieux ! »
Examples:
Example:
Example
Hier, j’étais à un concert de rock avec des amis. Philippe et moi sommes
arrivés plus tard, les autres ont donc voulu nous attendre à l’intérieur. Ils
étaient déjà tout devant en face de la scène. Mais il y avait trop de monde là-
bas, alors Philippe et moi avons décidé de rester derrière. Nous avons bien fait.
Au début du concert les fans ont beaucoup chanté, ils ont quelquefois crié et
on ne comprenait pas grand chose. Je n’avais certainement jamais vu autant de
monde. J’aurais volontiers rejoint mes amis. Mais où étaient-ils? Nous
avons donc attendu la fin du concert et enfin nous les avons trouvés puis nous sommes
rentrés ensemble à la maison.
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place (les adverbes de lieu) allow us to answer the question where?. They
give information about the location where an action takes place. The most important
French adverbs of place are:
Example:
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of time (les adverbes de temps) answer the question when?. They give
information about the moment in which an action happened. The most important
adverbs of time in French grammar are:
aujourd’hui, après, aussitôt, autrefois, avant, bientôt, d‘abord, déjà, demain, encore, enfi
n, en même
temps, ensuite, hier, jadis, jamais, maintenant, quelquefois, parfois, puis, rarement, sou
dain, souvent, tard, toujours, tôt, tout à coup, tout de suite
Example:
Adverbs of Amount
Adverbs of amount (les adverbes de quantité) answer the question how much?. They
express a quantity. The most important French adverbs of amount are:
assez, aussi, autant, beaucoup, davantage, encore, environ, moins, peu, plus, presque,
seulement, tant, tellement, tout, très, trop, un peu
Example:
Causal Adverbs
Causal adverbs or adverbs of reason (les adverbes de relation logique) answer the
question why?. They express the cause behind an action. The most important causal
adverbs in French are:
Example:
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner (les adverbes de manère) answer the question how?. These
adverbs give information about the way in which an action is performed. The most
important French adverbs of manner are:
ainsi, bien, calmement, debout, d’habitude, doucement, ensemble, fort, gentiment, mal,
mieux, plutôt, surtout, vite
Example:
Modal Adverbs
Modal adverbs (les adverbes modaux) don’t refer to a specific part of the sentence,
instead they indicate the speaker’s opinion about the topic. The most important modal
adverbs in French are:
Example:
Adverbs of Affirmation
Adverbs of affirmation (les adverbes d’affirmation) can reinforce statements or can
soften the impact of a statement. The most important adverbs of affirmation in French
are:
Example:
Adverbs of Negation
Adverbs of negation (les adverbs de négation) are used to negate a sentence. These
adverbs are often phrases formed with ne. The most common adverbs of negation are:
Example:
Example:
Où étaient-ils?
Conjunctional Adverbs
Conjunctional adverbs (les adverbes de liaison) connect phrases together. They act
as conjunctions in a sentence, hence their name. The most important conjunctional
adverbs are:
ainsi, alors, certes, donc, en effet, ensuite, enfin, néanmoins, par contre, pourtant, puis
Example:
Nous avons donc attendu la fin du concert et enfin nous les avons trouvés.
Learn how to transform adjectives into adverbs in French grammar with Lingolia’s quick
and easy examples, then put your knowledge to the test in the free exercises.
Example
Charlotte était sagement assise sur une chaise et mangeait tranquillement une glace.
Elle venait de commencer à manger depuis seulement deux minutes et trouvait sa
glace réellement très bonne. Elle savourait vraiment sa glace.
Ainsi, Charlotte ne vit l'araignée qui descendait lentement derrière elle que trop tard.
L'araignée descendait apparemment le long d'un fil. Au début, Charlotte
eut énormément peur et elle réagit confusément. Mais ensuite elle vit que l'araignée se
conduisait bien et qu'elle ne lui ferait certainement pas de mal. Elle décida donc de
réagir gentiment et de ne pas chasser l'araignée. Finalement Charlotte continua de
manger sa glace et l'araignée de descendre le long du fil.
Example:
seul, seule → seulement
Charlotte venait de commencer à manger sa glace depuis seulement deux
minutes.
Adjectives that end in -ant and -ent construct their adverbs with -amment and -
emment.
Examples:
apparent → apparemment
L’araignée descendait apparemment le long d’un fil.
constant → constamment
L’araignée descendait constamment le long d’un fil.
Exceptions
Some adjectives whose masculine form ends in -e construct their adverb with -
ément.
Example:
énorme → énormément
Charlotte eut énormément peur.
Some adjectives whose masculine forms do not end in -e also construct their
adverb with -ément.
Example:
confus, confuse → confusément
Charlotte réagit confusément.
Some adverbs are not constructed using the feminine form of the adjective.
Example:
vrai, vraie → vraiment
Elle savourait vraiment sa glace.
Two exceptions ending in -ent do not construct their adverb with -emment.
Examples:
lent, lente → lentement
Charlotte ne vit pas l’araignée qui descendait lentement le long du fil.
présent, présente → présentement
Charlotte ne vit pas l’araignée qui descendait présentement le long du fil.
Some adjectives have completely different adverb forms.
Masculine Feminine
Adverb
Adjective Adjective
gentil gentille gentiment
bref brève brièvement
bon bonne bien
mauvais mauvaise mal
Comparative forms of adverbs
What are comparative and superlative adverbs?
We use the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs to make comparisons
between two or more people or things (see also: comparative and superlative
adjectives).
Read on to learn how to form comparative and superlative adverbs and use them
correctly in a sentence. Don’t forget to test your knowledge in the free exercises.
Example
Examples:
Example:
Exceptions
However, there are a few exceptions:
Base
Comparative Superlative
Form
Learn to position French adverbs correctly with Lingolia’s quick and easy examples,
then put your knowledge to the test in the free exercises.
Example
Hier, Annabelle est allée dans un magasin de sport pour acheter une raquette de
tennis. Il y avait réellement beaucoup de choix et comme elle n'y
connaissait pas vraiment grand chose, elle a demandé conseil au vendeur.
Example:
Elle a bien testé une raquette.
Adverbs that refer to an entire sentence usually come at the very beginning or at
the end of the sentence in question, and only very rarely in the middle.
Examples:
Hier, elle est allée dans un magasin de sport.
Elle est allée dans un magasin de sport hier.
(rarely: Elle est allée hier dans un magasin de sport.)
When an adverb is placed before the verb in a declarative sentence, we usually
put this adverb after the second part of the negation (pas) in negative sentences.
Exceptions are : certainement, généralement, peut-être, probablement, sans
doute.
Examples:
Elle a bien testé la raquette.
→ Elle n’a pas bien testé la raquette.
Elle a probablement testé la raquette.
→ Elle n’a probablement pas testé la raquette.
Watch out! The adverb vraiment can be placed before or after the second part of
the negation, however, the meaning of the sentence changes.
Examples:
Elle n’y connaissait pas vraiment grand chose. → She didn’t
understand much about it.
Elle n’y connaissait vraiment pas grand chose. → She didn’t
understand anything about it.
Adverbs that describe an infinitive come after the infinitive.
Example:
Le vendeur proposa de lui montrer tranquillement plusieurs modèles.
Adverbs that refer to adjectives or to other adverbs are placed before
the adjective or adverb in question.
Example:
Il y avait réellement beaucoup de choix.
Ensemble always comes after the verb to which it refers.
Example:
Ils jouent ensemble au tennis.
Sûrement and certainement are never placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Examples:
Il serait sûrement facile de choisir.
Sûrement il serait facile de choisir.
Elle préférerait certainement une raquette.
Certainement elle préférerait une raquette.
In French, there are simple prepositions (à, chez, etc.) as well as longer prepositional
phrases (d’après, près de etc.).
Example:
Unfortunately, prepositions often can’t be translated literally. The only solution is to look
them up in a dictionary, read a lot in French, and learn important prepositional phrases
by heart. Read on for tips, tricks and examples of how to use French prepositions
correctly, then test yourself in the free exercises.
Example
Heureusement que les clés sont là! Simon peut rentrer à la maison!
Examples:
à + le = au la glace au chocolat
de + le = du parler du jeu
Avant and devant are often both translated into English as “before”. In French, however,
these prepositions have two different meanings — avant is used when referring to time
and devant when referring to space (similar to “in front of”).
Examples:
Examples:
Il a pris froid.
Examples:
Prepositions – Time
French English Usage Example
après 8 heures
après after after a certain event or time
après le cours
avant 8 heures
avant before before a certain event or time
avant le cours
dans in in… (how long until something happens) dans une heure
du lundi au jeudi
depuis 1980
since, starting at a certain point and continuing until
depuis
for now
depuis 2 ans
dès 8 heures
starting at a certain point and continuing until
dès since
now
dès lundi
months en février
in
en en été, en automne, en
all seasons except for spring
hiver
in years en 2008
il y a
Although not strictly a preposition, the prepositional phrase il y a (= ago) is useful for
locating past events in time.
Example:
à la bibliothèque, au
buildings
cinéma
à in, to
city names à Paris
à travers la porte
action that reaches the other side of
à travers through
sth.
à travers la France
hors out of, outside of outside the limits of sth. Il habite hors de la ville.
le gâteau au chocolat, la
[describing a material, purpose
machine à laver
à purpose or
material], by
travel by foot, by bicycle aller à pied, à vélo
Grâce à Emilie/mon
with the help of
grâce à thanks to ordinateur, j’ai terminé plus
someone/something
vite.
Sentence Structure
Types of sentences in French grammar
French syntax or sentence structure (la syntaxe or la construction de la phrase française) varies
according to the type of sentence or clause we are dealing with.
There are numerous types of clauses in French grammar: declarative sentences, negative
sentences, questions, relative clauses, and indirect sentences and questions. Conjunctions allow
us to connect clauses or elements of text.
Example
Le chien attrape la balle.
In French, just like in English, it is impossible to change
the position of the subject (the dog) and the object (the
ball) without completely changing the meaning of the
sentence.
Sandrin
a montré le chemin à ses amis.
e
However, if the direct object has a relative clause attached to it, then the indirect object
usually comes first.
Direct/Indirect Objects
The object of a sentence is the recipient of the action expressed by the verb. There are
two kinds of objects; direct and indirect.
A direct object (complément d’objet direct) is an object that receives the action of
the verb directly. It is never preceded by a preposition. A direct object responds to the
questions who? or what?.
An indirect object (complément d’objet indirect) is separated from the verb by the
prepositions à or de. We can identify an indirect object via the questions to whom?, with
whom?, to what? etc.
To avoid repetition, we can replace objects with object pronouns. In this case, the object
pronoun comes before the verb.
Example:
Whether the direct object or the indirect object comes first depends on the pronoun. In
order to get the order right, we just need to look at the following diagram of object
pronouns:
The most common way to create emphasis is with c’est/ce sont … qui / que / dont …
This places the element we want to emphasise at the beginning of the sentence.
Use c’est/ce sont … qui … to emphasise the subject: c’est/ce sont + subject + qui
Example:
These structures are followed by the stressed subject pronouns (moi, toi, lui, elle, nous,
vous, eux, elles).
Example:
Je t’ai appelé hier soir. → C’est moi qui t’ai appelé hier soir.
je becomes moi
The verb that follows c’est/ce sont … qui … is conjugated according to the subject
being emphasised.
Example:
Tu m’as appelé hier soir ? → C’est toi qui m’as appelé hier soir ?
The second option is slightly longer and places the element we want to emphasise
towards the end of the sentence.
Use ce qui …, c’est/ce sont when you want emphasise the subject: ce qui + verb + …,
c’est/ce sont + subject
Example:
Ces chaussures plaisent beaucoup à Julie.
Place the 1st and 2nd person stressed pronouns (moi, toi, nous,
vous) before the subject and the 3rd person pronouns (lui, elle, eux, elles) after the
subject. Always place the stressed pronoun between commas.
Examples:
Adverbs
Adverbs and adverbial phrases can come at the beginning of a sentence, in the middle,
or at the end.
Example:
Adverbs are placed in a sentence according to their importance. If they are put at the
end of a sentence, their importance is emphasised.
Example:
Sentence structure can change in some circumstances. If a sentence begins with aussi,
à peine, peut-être, or sans doute, the verb comes before the subject.
Example:
Read on for everything you need to know about negation in French grammar, then test
out your new knowledge in the free exercises.
Most negative sentences in French are formed with the ne … pas construction.
The conjugated verb comes between the two parts: ne + verb + pas
Indirect
Subject ne Conjugated Verb pas Participle Direct Object
Object
If the objects are replaced by object pronouns, the same rule applies as with declarative
sentences:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
When any is used in the negative sense (not any, no), it’s translated into French as
either aucun or pas de (de = partitive article). As an adjective, aucun agrees with
the noun it is modifying (aucun, aucune, aucuns, aucunes). Aucun makes the negation
stronger.
Example:
intonation questions
questions with est-ce que
questions with inverted word order
We also differentiate between yes-no questions (l’interrogation totale) and question-
word questions (l’interrogation partielle).
Learn how to ask questions in French with our easy overview, then test out your new
knowledge in the free exercises.
Example
Intonation Questions
The simplest kind of question is an intonation question. The word order doesn’t change
— we keep the subject – verb – object order the same as in a declarative sentence. The
only difference is the rising intonation, which shows that it’s a question.
Example:
To Note
When the question is asking about the subject of the sentence (using qui or que), we
have to add est-ce qui instead of est-ce que.
Example:
Yes-No Questions
Questions without question-words are those we can answer with yes or no. This is
known as l’interrogation totale in French.
The subject pronoun and the conjugated verb switch positions and are connected using
a hyphen. All other parts of the sentence (object, time, place, etc.) remain in the same
position as in a declarative sentence.
Example:
Example:
Vont-ils au cinéma ?
→ Les enfants vont-ils au cinéma ?
If the conjugated verb ends with a vowel and the subject begins with a vowel, we put
a t in between.
Example:
Question-Word Questions
Question-word questions are known as l’interrogation partielle in French. The question-
word comes right at the beginning of the sentence.
Example:
Example:
Où se trouve le cinéma ?
Example:
Où sont-ils allés ?
→ Où les enfants sont-ils allés ?
If the question-word is que or qu’, we do not use a subject pronoun in addition to
the noun like in the example above.
Example:
Example:
Où est la gare ? –
où where place (location) Tout près d’ici.
to where place (direction) Où allez-vous ? –
Nous allons à la gare.
Lequel and quel change forms to match the gender and number of the noun they are
modifying.
Example:
Example:
Examples:
Je ne sais pas, …
Il demande, …
Je ne comprends pas, …
Pouvez-vous me dire, …?
Je ne te dis pas, …
Voici …
Voilà …
Transforming a direct question into an indirect question brings about several changes to
the grammar and punctuation of the sentence. Read on for tips and tricks to help you
correctly form indirect questions in French grammar, then test yourself in the free
interactive exercises.
Example:
The conjugated verb and the subject only switch places if the subject is a noun (and not
a pronoun) and when the verb is not followed by an object.
Example:
Example:
Before the personal pronouns il and ils, we write s’ instead of si. This is known as
elision.
Example:
Example:
Example:
→ Elle demande à son collègue s’il veut manger à la cantine avec elle.
if necessary, change the time and place
Example:
If the verb in the introductory clause is in the présent (e.g. il demande), the tense
remains unchanged in indirect speech. In some cases, however, we still need to change
the verb form (1st person singular → 3rd person singular).
Example:
If the introductory clause is in the past tense (e.g. il a demandé), the tense of the
indirect speech must be shifted back (see table).
présent imparfait
passé composé/passé
plus-que-parfait
simple
imparfait/plus-que-
imparfait
parfait
Example:
Purpose
Adverbial clauses can express a purpose, objective or intention. In French these are
known as les subordonnées circonstancielles de but. They are introduced by the
following conjunctions, all of which take the subjunctive.
pour que, afin que, de sorte que, de façon à ce que, de manière à ce que, de peur
que … (ne), de crainte que … (ne)
Example:
J’ai fermé les volets pour qu’il ne fasse pas trop chaud dans l’appartement.
Adverbial clauses of purpose can be replaced with the following structures that have the
same meaning:
Example:
Examples:
Le professeur a écrit son nom au tableau afin que tous les élèves puissent le lire.
Main clause subject: le professeur – subordinate clause subject: tous les élèves
parce que, comme, puisque, étant donné que, du fait que, vu que, du moment
que, d’autant que
Example:
It’s possible to replace an adverbial clause of reason with the following grammatical
constructions, which always take the indicative.
Alternative Example
grâce à + noun/pronoun Merci pour ton aide! Grâce à toi, mon ordinateur fonctionne de
(positive reason) nouveau parfaitement.
(Instead of: Puisque tu l’as réparé, mon ordinateur fonctionne de
nouveau parfaitement.)
Merci pour ton aide! Je n’aurais pas pu m’en sortir toute seule.
pour + noun
(Instead of: Je the remercie parce que tu m’as aidé.)
Concession
Some adverbial clauses express a concession: they show a contradiction between two
things that depend on one another and indicate that an expected consequence has not
taken place. These are referred to as les subordonnées circonstancielles de
concession in French. They are introduced by the following conjunctions:
même si + indicative
quoique / bien que + subjunctive
Example:
Bien que tu aies ouvert la fenêtre, il fait toujours aussi chaud dans le bureau.
Other ways of expressing a concession
Alternative Example
Condition
A conditional clause (la subordonnée circonstancielle de condition) expresses that an
action can only take place if a certain condition is met. These clauses are typically
introduced by the following conjunctions:
Conditional clauses with si can express a real or unreal condition. The tenses in
the main clause and the subordinate clause change depending on the type of condition.
For a more exhaustive overview of this topic, go to conditional sentences in French
grammar.
Example:
We don’t always have to use a conditional clause to express a condition; the following
grammatical structures have the same meaning:
Alternative Example
Result
Some adverbial clauses express a result (les subordonnées circonstancielles de
conséquence). They are introduced by the following conjunctions:
Mathilde a passé plusieurs heures devant l’ordinateur sans faire de pause, si bien que
ses yeux sont maintenant tout rouges.
We don’t always have to use an adverbial clause to express a result; the following
structures also have the same meaning:
Alternative Example
Opposing
Opposing adverbial clauses (les subordonnées circonstancielles d’opposition) express
opposite ideas, things or situations. They are typically introduced by the following
conjunctions:
Instead of an opposing adverbial clause, we can also use the following structures to
express an opposition:
Alternative Example
Time
Adverbial clauses of time (les subordonnées circonstancielles de temps) answer the
question when?. Common conjunctions that introduce adverbial clauses of time are:
quand, lorsque, au moment où, pendant que, après que, depuis que + indicative
avant que, jusqu’à ce que, en attendant que + subjunctive
Example:
In addition to adverbial clauses, there are many other ways of expressing time in French
grammar:
preposition + noun
Example:
au moment où au moment de
preposition + infinitive
If the main clause and the subordinate adverbial clause have the
same subject we must use this construction.
Example:
au moment où au moment de
the gérondif (en + present participle). As above, we can only use this construction when
the main clause and the subordinate adverbial clause have the same subject.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Fiona n’aurait pas pu faire son gâteau si elle n’avait pas acheté de lait.
However, in some cases this order is reversed; the subordinate clause can sometimes
come at the beginning of the sentence followed by the main clause. When this happens,
the clauses are separated by a comma (,). We mostly use this structure for conditional
clauses as well as adverbial clauses of concession.
Example:
Si elle n’avait pas acheté de lait, Fiona n’aurait pas pu faire son gâteau.
Learn all about conditional clauses in French grammar with Lingolia, then put your
knowledge to the test in the free interactive exercises.
Example
Example:
If we are referring to a specific time in the future (such as in the example above), we
have to use the futur in the main clause.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example
Le sèche-cheveux étant tombé en panne, Suzanne sécha ses cheveux avec une
serviette.
Participle clauses can be constructed with the participe présent, the participe passé and
the participe composé.
We use the participe présent to express simultaneous actions: two actions taking place at the
same time. It can also express a cause and effect relationship between two actions. We can
reformulate these phrases with the conjunction parce que.
Example:
Tenant le sèche-cheveux dans la main gauche, Suzanne coupa ses cheveux de la main droite.
Suzanne held the hairdryer in her left hand and simultaneously cut her hair with her right
hand.
alternatively: Because Suzanne was holding the hairdryer in her left hand, she cut her
hair with her right hand.
We use the participe passé to express that the action in the participle clause took place before
the action in the main clause. These clauses often actually contain a participe composé but
the verb être is left out.
Example:
First Suzanne washed her hair. Then she picked up the hairdryer and the scissors.
The participe composé – similarly to the participe passé – also expresses an action that occurred
prior to the main clause. The participle clause indicates the reason behind the action in the main
clause.
Example:
Example:
« les cheveux de Suzanne » is the subject of the verb commencer = main clause
If the participle doesn’t have its own subject, i.e. its subject is the same as the one in the main
clause, the participle is not part of a participle clause.
Example:
Tenant le sèche-cheveux dans la main gauche, Suzanne coupa ses cheveux de la main droite.
« Suzanne » is the subject of both verbs tenir and couper.
a relative clause
Example:
Elle n’a pu rendre les ciseaux empruntés à son amie. (participe passé)
Suzanne ayant observé le coiffeur peut maintenant se couper les cheveux toute seule. (participe
composé)
Examples:
Tenant le sèche-cheveux dans la main gauche, Suzanne coupa ses cheveux. (participe présent)
Suzanne ayant observé le coiffeur peut maintenant se couper les cheveux toute seule. (participe
composé)
Example:
Suzanne se lava les cheveux. Puis elle saisit le sèche-cheveux et les ciseaux.
Example:
Example:
La coiffure finie…
We construct the participe composé by using the participe présent of avoir or être and
the participe passé.
Example:
Tips on the usage of the participe passé and the participe composé
Since both the participe passé and the participe composé indicate an action prior to the main
clause, sometimes both forms can be correct in the same context. In the following cases,
however, the participe composé has to be used instead of the participe passé.
for verbs in the active voice without a direct object (intransitive verbs), and more
generally for verbs that form their participe composé with avoir
Example:
Suzanne ayant réfléchi, le vendeur lui redemanda si elle voulait acheter ce
nouveau sèche-cheveux.
with the verb aller
Example:
Suzanne étant déjà allée chez le coiffeur, son amie lui avait conseillé de se
couper les cheveux toute seule cette fois-ci.
Conjunctions that indicate time are omitted in a participle clause, because we
can tell from the participle itself whether the action takes place before (participe
passé or participe composé) or at the same time as (participe présent) the action
in the main clause.
Example:
Pendant que/Comme le sèche-cheveux soufflait de l’air très chaud, les cheveux
de Suzanne commencèrent rapidement à sécher.
→ Le sèche-cheveux soufflant de l’air très chaud, les cheveux de Suzanne
commencèrent rapidement à sécher.
Après que les cheveux furent lavés, Suzanne saisit le sèche-cheveux et les
ciseaux.
→ Les cheveux lavés, Suzanne saisit le sèche-cheveux et les ciseaux.
or → Ayant lavé ses cheveux, Suzanne saisit le sèche-cheveux et les ciseaux.
Example
Elle veut voir le coucher de soleil, c'est pourquoi elle est sur la plage.
Coordinating Conjunctions
The French coordinating conjunctions (les conjonctions de
coordination) are car, donc, et, mais, ni, or, ou. They connect two independent clauses
or two nouns.
Example:
There’s an easy trick to remember the French coordinating conjunctions, just ask
yourself:
This little question contains all the coordinating conjunctions in one. But remember –
don’t confuse the conjunction ou (or) with the adverb où (where), the accent makes all
the difference! Likewise, don’t mix up the conjunction et with the
3rd person singular of être, est.
car because Les magasins sont fermés car aujourd’hui est un jour férié.
mais but Ce professeur est intéressant mais il ne parle pas assez fort.
neither …
ni … ni Kévin n’aime ni les haricots, ni les épinards.
nor
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions (les conjonctions de subordination) and conjunctional
phrases (les locutions conjonctives) link an adverbial clause to a main clause. While
coordinating conjunctions simply connect, subordinating conjunctions often offer more
information relating to time, reason, purpose etc.
There are many subordinating conjunctions in French grammar, such as que, comme,
lorsque, quand, quoique, si, puisque etc.
Example:
Elle a pris cette décision lorsqu’elle a trouvé des billets bon marché.
Common conjunctional phrases include afin que, parce que, avant que, bien que, dès
que, pour que etc.
Example:
Elle passe ses vacances au bord de la mer du Nord parce qu’elle aime la mer.
de façon à ce
soleil guérisse.
que
Christine plante
de manière à ce
son parasol
purpose) que
dans le sable de
de peur que …
manière à ce
(ne)
qu’il ne s’en
de crainte que …
vole pas.
(ne)
reason puisque indicatif Christine aime
(adverbial parce que la mer parce
clause of comme que l’air est
reason) vu que agréable.
étant donné que Elle est
du fait que heureux du
du moment que moment qu’il y
d’autant que a du soleil.
concessio
n
Elle nage très
(adverbial même si indicatif after même si
vite quoiqu’elle
clause of quoique subjonctif after quoique,
ait mal à la
concessio bien que bien que
jambe.
n)
solaire pour
que les enfants
des voisins
puissent aussi
en utiliser.
time avant que subjonctif for anteriority Elle dit au revoir
jusqu’à ce que (when the action in à la plage avant
(adverbial lorsque the main clause takes que nous
clause of quand place before the action prenions le
time) aussitôt que in the dependent clause) train.
sitôt que indicatif for simultaneity Dès qu’elle voit
dès que and posteriority (when un coquillage,
après que the action in the elle le met dans
pendant que main clause takes place sa poche.
tant que during or after the action
in the dependent clause)
opposition alors que indicatif Christine est en
(opposing tandis que sans que is used with vacances tandis
adverbial sans que the subjonctif que Michel
clause) travaille.
Examples:
Remember!
If the number un (1) refers to a feminine noun, we use the feminine version: une.
Example:
un chien
une table
Tens
Les dizaines are numbers that are divisible by ten (20, 30, 40, etc.). When
the number un (1) follows a ten, we connect them using et (and). Note: we do not use
hyphens in this case.
Examples:
21 – vingt et un
131 – cent trente et un
The numbers 81 and 91 are exceptions. Here, we use hyphens instead of et.
Examples:
81 – quatre-vingt-un
91 – quatre-vingt-onze
Examples:
101 – cent un
Be careful with the following numbers. Their form can be tricky for English speakers.
71 – soixante et onze
72 – soixante-douze
73 – soixante-treize
74 – soixante-quatorze
75 – soixante-quinze
76 – soixante-seize
77 – soixante-dix-sept
78 – soixante-dix-huit
79 – soixante-dix-neuf
91 – quatre-vingt-onze
92 – quatre-vingt-douze
93 – quatre-vingt-treize
94 – quatre-vingt-quatorze
95 – quatre-vingt-quinze
96 – quatre-vingt-seize
97 – quatre-vingt-dix-sept
98 – quatre-vingt-dix-huit
99 – quatre-vingt-dix-neuf
Hundreds
Les centaines are numbers divisible by one hundred (200, 300, etc.).
The hundreds from 200 to 900 are written in plural by adding an -s to cent: cents.
However, this is only in the case for the whole hundreds; when cent is followed by
another number it does not take an -s.
Examples:
100 – cent
Examples:
1 000 – mille
Examples:
In French, we separate groups of three numbers with a space, not with a comma or
decimal point like in other languages.
Examples:
Example:
1er étage
Take a look at the table below to learn the written forms of French ordinal numbers.
vingt-
2e deuxième 12e douzième 22e 40e quarantième
deuxième
vingt-
3e troisième 13e treizième 23e 50e cinquième
troisième
vingt-
4e quatrième 14e quatorzième 24e 60e soixantième
quatrième
vingt- soixante-
5e cinquième 15e quinzième 25e 70e
cinquième dixième
vingt- quatre-
6e sixième 16e seizième 26e 80e
sixième vingtième
vingt- quatre-vingt-
7e septième 17e dix-septième 27e 90e
septième dixième
vingt-
8e huitième 18e dix-huitième 28e 100e centième
huitième
dix- vingt-
9e neuvième 19e 29e 1000e millième
neuvième neuvième
Examples:
deux – deuxième
huit – huitième
When the cardinal number ends in an -e, this disappears before we add the ordinal
ending.
Examples:
quatre – quatrième
seize – seizième
un – premier
une – première
To make the number cinq into an ordinal number, we add a -u before adding the ordinal
ending.
cinq – cinquième
To make the number neuf into an ordinal number, we transform the final -f into a -
v before adding the ordinal ending.
neuf – neuvième
Royal titles
Like in English, French also uses Roman numerals for the titles of monarchs. However,
unlike in English if we write the French titles in letters, we use cardinal
numbers (Premier is an exception to this).
Examples:
The date
Unlike in English, we actually use cardinal numbers to express the date in French. The
exception to this is the 1st of the month, which is always expressed with the
ordinal number premier.
Examples:
Fractions in French
French Fractions
We use fractions (les fractions) to talk about parts of a whole. They are not just used in
mathematics, but also in other day-to-day contexts such as recipes (e.g., ½ litre d’eau).
1/
un demi 1/10 un dixième
2
1/
un tiers 1/20 un vingtième
3
1/
un quart 1/100 un centième
4
1/
un cinquième 1/1000 un mllième
5
When demi comes before a noun, we connect the two with a hyphen. In this
context, demi does not change; it does not agree with the noun in terms
of number or gender.
Examples:
When demi comes after a noun, we place the conjunction et between the two. If the
noun is feminine, we use demi in its feminine form (demie). Demi has no plural form; it
agrees with the noun in terms of gender but not in terms of number.
Examples:
une heure et demie
Plural fractions
If the numerator is higher than 1 and the denominator is higher than 2, we use
the plural form of the denominator.
Examples:
Formal Informal
Example:
However, with the minutes 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 we often say the upcoming hour first,
followed by the minutes remaining until that time. This is similar to the English 'minutes
to'.
Example:
When telling the time in French, the word heures is always plural. The only exception to
this is if we use the number une to refer to 1 o’clock: here, the word heure remains in
the singular.
Example:
Info
It is not possible to combine the formal and informal ways of telling the time.
Example:
Dix-huit heures et demie.
either:
or:
In contrast to English, days and months are not capitalised in French, they are written
with a lowercase letter.
janvier January
février February
mars March
avril April
mai May
juin June
juillet July
août August
septembre September
octobre October
novembre November
décembre December
lundi Monday
mardi Tuesday
mercredi Wednesday
jeudi Thursday
vendredi Friday
samedi Saturday
dimanche Sunday
Examples:
The day of the week comes after le and before the date.
Example:
We introduce the months with the preposition en or the phrase au mois de.
Examples:
Example:
On est en 2009.
Example:
Example:
Examples:
These words also act as adjectives to describe things and concepts from a certain
place. French country adjectives are written with a lowercase letter.
Examples :
le Liechtenstein Liechtensteinois,
Liechtenstein
Liechtensteinoise
Luxembourgeoise
la Nouvelle-Zélande Néozélandais,
New Zealand Néozélandaise oder
Néo-Zélandais, Néo-Zélandaise
United Arab Emirates les Émirats arabes unis (m. pl.) Émirien, Émirienne oder
(UAE) Émirati
*This list has been compiled using the official demonym for a country or territory. In
some cases, inhabitants may prefer to identify themselves via an ethnonym (i.e. the
name given to their ethnic group) instead of the name listed in the table above.
Confusing Words
Commonly confused words in French
There are some words in French that are easily mixed up; maybe they have a similar meaning, a
similar pronunciation or maybe they are false friends with another language.
Example
Monsieur Beauchat vient d’arriver à l’hôtel.
Il a une jolie chambre.
Il ne sait pas encore où poser sa valise.
Il se demande : « Dois-je commencer par vider mon sac ou ma valise ? »
Mais il oublie bien vite ses bagages. Tout ce qu’il veut, c’est aller à la plage.
Homopho
Meaning Meaning
nes
Example: Examples:
Example:
Example:
Isabelle et Charlotte sont mes
est - et
Il est tard. meilleures amies.
Example: Example:
On va manger au restaurant ce
Example:
soir ?
Mes grands-parents ont une belle
maison dans le Sud de la France. ont - on Tip: we can’t
replace on with avaient, but
Tip: try
we can replace it with
replacing ont with avaient to see
another pronoun like il or elle.
if the sentence still makes
(Il va manger au restaurant
sense. (Mes grands-
ce soir ?)
parents avaient une belle maison
dans le Sud de la France.)
Masculine demonstrative pronoun (= Reflexive pronoun (3rd person
this/these). singular). Se always comes before a
verb.
Example: ce - se
Demonstrative pronoun ce + est (3rd person c’est - Reflexive pronoun se + est (3rd person
singular of être in présent). s’est singular of être in présent).
Example: Example:
C’est incroyable ! Gaëtan s’est couché tard.
Homopho
Meaning Meaning
nes
Tip: in the
negative, c’est becomes ce n’est Tip: in the
Example: Example:
Example: Example:
en pleine campagne.
Tip: la always comes
Tip: we can replace notre with before nôtre.
another possessive
like ma or mon. (Ma voiture est
tombée en panne en pleine
campagne.)
Preposition (= on). Adjective (= sure).
Example: Example:
J’ai posé le courrier sur la table. Es-tu sûr de vouloir venir avec
sur - sûr moi ?
Tip: we can replace sur with its
opposite sous. (J’ai posé le Tip: we can
courrier sous la table.) replace sûr with certain. (Es-
tu certain de vouloir venir
avec moi ?)
Subordinating conjunction (= although). Expression (= whatever).
Example: Example:
Exemple :
Pronunciatio
Homonyms
n
air aire
Examples: Example:
aire ère
amande amende
almond a fine
Example: Example:
ancre encre
anchor ink
Example: Example:
autel hôtel
Pronunciatio
Homonyms
n
altar hotel
Example: Example:
balade ballade
Example: Example:
boulot bouleau
cane canne
Example: Example:
Pronunciatio
Homonyms
n
censé sensé
chant champ
song a field
Example: Example:
compte comte
comte conte
Example: Exemple :
cour cours
Example: Example:
cours court
Example: Example:
dessin dessein
Example: Example:
différend différent
Example: Example:
foi foie
Example: Example:
foie fois
gène gêne
héraut héros
Example: Example:
lacer lasser
lait laid
milk ugly
Example: Example:
maire mère
mayor mother
Example: Example:
mère mer
Example: Example:
mal mâle
Example: Example:
J’avais souvent mal au dos mais Ton chien, c’est un mâle ou une
j’ai trouvé un bon ostéopathe et femelle ?
maintenant ça va beaucoup
mieux.
mur mûr
wall ripe
Example: Example:
bon état, les murs sont solides. elles vont être succulentes !
pain pin
Example: Example:
Example: Example:
quand quant
sans sang
without blood
Example: Example:
Pronunciatio
Homonyms
n
Il pleut, ne sors pas sans ton Il y avait des taches de sang sur
parapluie ! la scène du crime.
sang cent
blood hundred
Example: Example:
tache tâche
Example: Example:
tant temps
Example: Examples:
ver verre
Example: Examples:
vers vert
Example: Example:
Paronyms in French
What are paronyms in French?
In French, paronyms (les paronymes) are words that are extremely similar to one another, but are
not actually true homonyms. They are not pronounced or written in the same way, however they
resemble each other so closely it is easy to mix them up: sometimes there is only one letter
difference between two paronyms!
Example
Agathe et Marie-Louise font une pause et discutent devant la machine à café.
Pronunciatio
Paronyms
n
acception acceptation
altitude attitude
Example: Example:
Pronunciatio
Paronyms
n
attention intention
Example: Example:
affliger infliger
compréhensible compréhensif
understandable understanding
Example: Example:
conjecture conjoncture
Example: Example:
décerner discerner
Example: Example:
effraction infraction
éminent imminent
Example: Example:
emmener amener
Example: Example:
éruption irruption
évoquer invoquer
importun opportun
inapte inepte
Example: Example:
inclinaison inclination
prolongation prolongement
Example: Example:
Pronunciatio
Paronyms
n
vénéneux venimeux
poisonous venemous
Example: Example:
la pesanteur l’apesanteur
Example : Example :
Word Pairs
Confusing Word Pairs in French
In French, there are many words that sound the same or are written in a similar manner,
which can be confusing for learners. There are also many false friends: French words
that are similar to familiar English words but actually have a different meaning.
Master the use of these confusing word pairs with Lingolia’s quick and easy examples,
then put your knowledge to the test in the free exercises.
List of Easily Confused Word Pairs for French
Learners
parler/dire
écouter/entendre
voir/regarder
aller/venir
visiter/rendre visite
an/année
pleurer/pleuvoir
avant/devant
bien/bon
mieux/meilleur
neuf/nouveau
emprunter/prêter
en/dans
il y a/depuis
encore/toujours
magasin/magazine
cours/classe
à cause de/grâce à
comme/comment/combien
pouvoir/savoir
connaître/savoir
devoir/falloir
amener/emmener
apporter/emporter
rentrer/revenir/retourner
se rappeler/se souvenir
compréhensif/compréhensible
puis/depuis
décade/décennie
parler/dire
What’s the difference between parler and dire?
It’s not always easy to know when to use parler and when to use dire, because both verbs are
connected to speaking. We can compare them to the English
verbs talk/speak and say respectively. The main difference is that parler is intransitive, and never
takes a direct object, while dire is transitive, and can be used with a direct object.
Example
Louise est assise à la terrasse d’un café. Elle parle avec le serveur. Il lui dit qu’il y a de
plus en plus de touristes dans le quartier. Ils viennent s’asseoir à la terrasse
et parlent plein de langues différentes. Louise dit au serveur qu’elle travaille dans un
musée et qu’elle voit plein de touristes, elle aussi.
parler
The verb parler loosely translates to the English speak or talk. Like speak, parler is also
an intransitive verb: it is never accompanied by a direct object. This means we cannot
say parler quelque chose the same way we cannot say speak something (apart from a
language, of course).
Examples:
Examples:
Parle-moi de toi.
Examples:
Les touristes parlent chinois, allemand, anglais, et encore plein d’autres langues.
The reflexive form se parler is commonly used, especially for phone calls
Examples:
Cela fait 10 ans que Florian et moi ne nous sommes pas parlé.
dire
The verb dire can be compared to the English verb say. Dire is also a transitive verb,
which means that it is always accompanied by a direct object. We can say dire quelque
chose (say something).
Example:
Example:
Example :
Examples:
Remember: the expression vouloir dire is the same as signifier; they both mean mean.
Examples:
écouter/entendre
What’s the difference between écouter and entendre?
It can be easy to mix up the French verbs écouter and entendre. The key difference is
that the former is active and the latter is passive, similar to the English
verbs listen and hear. Keep reading to learn when to use écouter and when to
use entendre, then put your knowledge to the test in the exercises.
Example
Fundamentally, the verbs écouter and entendre both talk about the act of perceiving
sound with your ears, however there is a key difference:
entendre
The verb entendre is passive: it is comparable to the English verb hear. We
use entendre when the person perceives sound regardless if they want to or choose to.
Exemple :
We often use entendre with the words bruit, vacarme, nouvelle(s), rumeurs…
écouter
In contrast, écouter is active: it requires the listener’s intention and focus. We can
compare it to the English verb listen.
Example:
We often use écouter with words like musique, radio, discours, quelqu’un qui parle…
Compare
Take a look at the sentences below to get a better idea of the difference
between entendre and écouter.
Example:
The birds are singing nearby and Pauline can hear them, however she is not
actively devoting her attention to their song; it is simply part of the surrounding
environment
voir/regarder
What’s the difference between voir and regarder?
It can be tricky to tell the difference between the French verbs voir and regarder. The
key difference is that the former is active and the latter is passive, similar to the English
verbs see and look/watch. Keep reading to learn when to use voir and when to
use regarder, then put your knowledge to the test in the exercises.
Example
Elle regarde le coucher de soleil. « Comme c’est beau ! », pense-t-elle. Elle peut
même voir une voile à l’horizon.
The French verbs voir and regarder both refer to the act of perceiving something with
your eyes, however there is a key difference between the two:
voir
The verb voir is passive: it is comparable to the English verb see. Use voir when the
person sees automatically or unintentionally. It refers to the act of simply perceiving
things that are part of the surroundings.
Example:
Example:
Examples:
regarder
The verb regarder is active: it is similar to the English verbs look or watch. We
use regarder when a person chooses to look at something or when they focus their
attention on something intentionally.
Example:
We can use regarder in the imperative to attract or direct someone else’s attention.
Example:
Regarder is also used with the word film to talk about watching movies.
Example:
Ce soir, nous allons regarder un film de Rohmer.
Remember! When talking about films, we prefer to use voir instead of regarder when
the verb is in the past tense.
Example:
Compare
Take a look at the sentences below to get a better idea of the difference
between voir and regarder.
Example:
The sky was clear and the stars were visible; however I did not focus my
attention on them, they were simply there.
aller/venir
What’s the difference between aller and venir?
Telling the difference between the verbs aller and venir in French can be tricky at first.
They both express movement, but choosing the right verb depends on the perspective
of the speaker or the listener. Read on to learn when to use aller and when to use venir,
then put your knowledge to the test in the exercises.
Example
Aujourd’hui, les touristes sont allés visiter un joli château. Ils sont venus de loin pour
voir cet endroit.
Ils y sont allés en bus. Maintenant, ils sont tous rentrés à l’hôtel.
Le guide vient leur parler de leur prochaine visite. Demain, ils iront voir les grands lacs.
The verbs aller and venir are easy to mix up, especially because their conjugation in the
1st person présent is so similar: je vais and je viens. Despite this, they have very
different meanings:
aller
Aller is similar to the English verb go: it refers to movement or travel away from the
speaker towards another location.
Examples:
Example:
venir
Venir is similar to the English verb come: it refers to a movement towards the speaker
that begins in a place away from the speaker.
Example:
Venir emphasises the starting point, and is often followed by the preposition de, which
introduces the point of origin.
Examples:
Je viens du cours de yoga.
Je viens d’Italie.
The verb venir can also introduce the idea of accompaniment, similar to the
English come with. In this context, the emphasis is on the destination rather than the
origin, and the verb is followed by the preposition à.
Examples:
On va se baigner, tu viens ?
Example:
Compare
The meaning of a sentence is different depending on whether we use aller or venir.
Take a look at the sentences below to understand the difference:
Example:
There is no movement towards the speaker here, only towards the party location.
We do not know if the speaker is attending the party; they are simply asking for
information.
visiter/rendre visite
What’s the difference between visiter and rendre
visite?
In French, the verb visiter and the phrase rendre visite are easy to mix up: they look
similar but have different meanings. Keep reading to learn when to
use visiter and rendre visite, then put your knowledge to the test in the exercises.
Example
visiter
We use the verb visiter when we visit somewhere; it talks about visits to a place or
location.
Examples:
rendre visite
We use the phrase rendre visite when we visit someone; it talks about visits to a person.
We introduce this person with the preposition à (rendre visite à quelqu’un).
Examples:
—Où vas-tu ?
—Je vais rendre visite à Jeanne.