LESSON 30 – HOW LIGHT TRAVELS
Light travels in straight line.
Materials that allow light to pass through are called
Transparent.
A shadow is formed when light is blocked by an object
Tinted glass and frosted doors are examples of
transparent.
An object that does not allow light to pass through is
opaque
Light travels 300,000 kilometers per second in a
vacuum. (vacuum = airless space)
Light is made up of tiny particles called photons.
Light Travels in a Straight Line throught different
materials – transparent, translucent and opaque
materials.
LESSON 31 – HOW DOES SOUND TRAVEL
Sound -
- is a form of energy that you hear. All sounds are
made possible by a back and forth movement of
molecules of objects called vibration. Sound
travels in a form of longitudinal waves.
- is a form of energy that is produced by vibrating
objects and travels through a medium. (Medium –
is simply the material that carries the sound wave)
- sound travels fastest in solids than liquids and
gasses
When force is applied to an object it’s molecules
vibrate. Molecules in matter moving back and forth
produces energy.
Sound cannot travel without a medium.
Sound is a form of energy that is produced by a
vibration that travels through in waves to the ear
through water, air and solids.
LESSON 32 - HOW DOES HEAT TRAVEL
Heat travels in different ways – in solid, liquid and gas
You can feel the heat of the sun because heat from the
sun travels in the form of waves to Earth.
You can feel the heat from the boiling water in a kettle
because heat travels in solid and liquid.
You can feel the heat when you are running so fast,
cooking food and doing daily activities. This happens
because heat can be transferred in several ways:
1. Conduction – is the transfer of heat through
solid substances. Heat travels from particle
to particle of solids that encounter ontact with
each other. This is the reason why cookware
are made of metals. It allows the heat from the
from a heat source such as stove to be
transferred to the cookware and then to the
food inside so it can be cooked.
Some solids are poor conductors of heat
called insulators. Rubber glass, plastic and
cloth are some examples of insulators.
2. Convection - is the method of heat transfer by
the movement of fluid like liquids and gasses.
Heat is transferred through the substance by
means of convection current.
Convection is the method of heat transfer
when you bake food in an oven.
3. Radiation – is the transfer of heat by
electromagnetic waves. The heat waves travel
through space without matter. Example is how
Earth receives the heat from the Sun. The
ocean is heated by radiation. Any form of
energy that is transferred by radiation is
called radiant energy.
Heat travels from one substance to another by
conduction in solid, convection in liquid and
gasses and radiation in an empty space.
LESSON 33 – WHAT ARE THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT?
When light strikes any object it can be transmitted,
absorbed or relfected.
Light is transmitted by passing through
transparent materials like glass or clear water. It
is also transmitted through scattering it rays when
it strikes blurred materials.
Light is not transmitted but instead blocked when
it strikes opaque materials. It can either bounce
back or be absorbed once it hits opaque
materials. When materials absorb light , it is
changed to heat.
Reflection - is the bouncing back of light.
When you look yourself at the mirror, you are
actually seeing light that has been reflected from
you and then from the mirror. You see yourself
clearly because the mirror has s smooth surface.
Smooth and even surfaces produce regular
reflection. Still water can produce regular
reflection because it has a smooth surface.
Rough and uneven surfaces produces
irregular reflection. This kind of reflection cannot
form clear images.
Refraction – is the bending of light as it passes
through a different substance or material. Light
moves at a different speeds as it passes through
different materials. It slows down as it passes
from air to water. Light travels fastest in air,
faster in water and slowest in solids. A pencil was
bent twice – first in the glass then in the water.
Stars do not twinkle at all. When starlight passes
through the layers of atmosphere it changes its
speed and this makes the stars in the sky appear
to be twinkling.
Reflected or absorbed – when white light strikes
an object. The white light that is reflected
consists of a band of seven colors called solar
spectrum. Solar spectrum represents the colors
of the rainbow such as red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet. Any object is seen by the
color it reflects that’s why you see a red shirts, a
yellow mango and a violet orchid.
White is the presence of all colors.
Black is the absence of all colors. When all
colors of white light are absorbed black
is seen.
Characteristics of Light
1. Light bounces back in relfection
2. Light is bent in refraction
3. Light makes us see color by eyes.
4. Light travels fastest in air.
LESSON 34 – WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOUND?
Volume – is the softness or loudess of sound. The
loudness or intensity of sound depends on how the
person perceives the sound and where the sound
comes from.
Pitch - is the highness or lowness of sound. If you
blow hard to the bottle with less water the sound
produces has a high pitch. If you blow hard to a bottle
with more water the sound produces has a low pitch.
LESSON 35 – WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF HEAT?
Heat - is called “energy in transit” and thermal
energy. Heat is a form of energy due to the rapid
Vibration otf molecules or moving particles in
materials. The vibration mayve a back and forth
motion, rotation or movement from one place to
another.
Temperature – refers to the hotness or coldness of a
material. It is the average amount of kinetic energy in
a material.
Thermometer - measures temperature in terms of
degrees. Digital theremometer – is the commonly
used theremometer. It is calibrated so that a
numerical value can be assigned to a given
temperature.
2 most commonly used temperature scales :
Celcius © and Fahrenheit (F)
The boiling point of water in the Celcius scale is 100’C
While the freezing point is 0’C in a digital
theremometer.
The greatest source of heat is the Sun. The Sun’s
energy is called solar energy or radiant energy.
Heat is produced by the transformation of other forms
of enery.
Chemical energy – from food and fuels such as oil,
coal and liquiefied petroleum gas (LPG) is
transformed to heat.
Mechanical energy – is transformed to heat whenever
machine works
Electricity - is transformed to heat in some electrical
devices such as microwav oven, flat irons, water
heaters and electric stoves
Heat is the amount of kinetic energy of vibrating
molecules in a material. It is related to temperature,
which is the hotness or coldness of a body. Heat
flows from a material whith a high temperature to a
material with a low temperature. It can also be
producedby the transformation of other forms or
energy.
