KHARAT ACADEMY _ ‘ Subject ~ Basic Electronics (BEC - 22225) (IMP Questions with Answers) (EV Diploma - Semester 2 - Computer Engineering Group - {Scheme - MSBTE) (Weightage - 18 Marks) 1, List the type of transistor and draw their symbols Answer: 1) Bipolar ae Transistor 2) Field aa Drain Drain ‘Source Symbol of n-channel FET ‘Symbol of p-channel FET ean = BIT. we © 1) Small signal current gain aximum collector current 3) Maximum collector to emitter voltage 4) Collector to emitter breakdown voltage 3. Define operating point of the transistor. Answer: Operating point: For proper operation of a transistor, in any application, we set a fix level of certain currents and voltages in a transistor. These values of currents BASIC ELECTRONICSICO)KHARAT ACADEMY and voltages define the point, at which transistor operates. This point is called operating points or quiscent points or Q points. 4. Define a and £ of transistor. Answer: 1) a (Alpha) * It defined as the ratio of collector current (Ic) to emitter current (Ie). This is the Common Base dc current gain. I cnt 2)8 (Beta): It is defined as the ratio of collector current (Ic) to the base current (Is). This is the Common Emitter dc current gain. 5. Describe the working principle of npn transistor with the help of diagram. Answer: NPN Transistor: Working principle: 1) Abovesigure sl shows NPN transistor with forward biased emitter-base junction and id reverse biased collector-base junction. 4 The! forward bias causes the electrons in the N-type emitter to flow towards the “\,, :base. This constitutes the emitter current le. “yt As these electrons flow through the P-type they tend to combined with holes. 4) As the base is likely doped and very thin therefore only a few electrons (2%) combine with holes to constitute base current Is. 5) The remaining electrons (98%) cross over in to the collector region to constitute collector current Ic. 6) In this way almost the entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit. It is clear that emitter current is sum of collector and base current. le = Ig + IcKHARAT ACADEMY 6. Draw DC Toad line of transistor. Answer: Veq (VOLTS) Voc 7. With suitable diagram, explain the working of transistor as an amplifier. = % Answer: oe yy [Link] an amplifier: Ves 1) A transistor acts as an amplifier by raising the strength of a weak signal. 2) The DC bias voltage applied to the emitter base junction, makes it remain in forward biased condition. BASIC ELECTRONICSICO)KHARAT ACADEMY 3) This forward bias is maintained regardless of the polarity of the signal. 4) The below figure shows how a transistor looks like when connected as an amplifier, 5) The low resistance in input circuit, lets any small change in input signal to result in an appreciable change in the output. 6) The emitter current caused by the input signal contributes the collector current, which when flows through the load resistor Ri, results in a large voltage drop across it. 7) Thus a small input voltage results in a large output voltage, which shows that the transistor works as an amplifier. m 8. Explain working of transistor as a switch. A OR % Answer: Transistor as a switch: Transistor as a Switch - ON: Sea ca ransistor as a Switch — OFF: EFI a1 tists)KHARAT ACADEMY .- 1) When both junctions are forward bias, it works in saturation region & act as closed switch. 2) When both junctions are reverse biased, it works in cutoff region & act as open switch. 3) If input is not given to base, transistor remains off. Diode will be off. Ic=0, Acts as open switch. 4) When input is applied to base above 0.7V, transistor becomes ON, Diode is ON. Ic starts flowing, Transistor acts as close switch. Waveform: a X 9. Draw O/P characteristics of CB configuration and explain its working. ea Answel ‘A Saturation region |—_———. active region sol ' Ie = 50mA 1) In common base configuration, emitter is the input terminal, collector is the | output terminal and base terminal is connected as a common terminal for both input and output. 2) The base-emitter junction is forward biased and collector-base junction is reverse biased. 3) Keeping emitter current constant, increase Veb from zero onward, therefore collector current will be approximately constant as shown.KHARAT ACADEMY 4) With the increase in emitter current, collector current is also increased as shown above. 5) Depending on the variation of Vcb, ic also varies, based on this the curve is divided into three region i.e. saturation, active and cut off region. 6) Saturation region: In this region Vcb is negative for NPN transistor. 7) Asmall change in Vcb result in a large value of current 8) Active region: In this region, the collector current is constant and is equal to the emitter current. 4 9) Cut off region: In this region, a smalll collector current flows called leakage current when emitter current is zero. 10. Compare CB, CE and CC configuration of BJT. Answer: Factor cB CE po Inputimpedance Low Medium High Outputimpedance High Medium. Low Current gain Less than or equalto1 High High Voltage gain High High Less than unit 11. Draw circuit diagram of single stage RC coupled CE amplifier and describe with the help of input and output waveform Answer: wW 1) The signal is fed at the input terminal and output is taken from collector and emitter end of supply. 2) The total instantaneous output voltage Vee is given by Vee=Vee-lc Re --+-- (1) 3) When the signal voltage increases in the positive half cycle, the base current also increases. TTTKHARAT ACADEMY ~~ 4) The result is that collector current and hence voltage drop IcRc increases. — 5) As Vec is constant, therefore output voltage Vce decreases. 6) As the signal voltage is increasing in the positive half cycle, the output voltage is increasing in the negative sense i.e. output is 180 degree out of phase with input as shown below. 7) Therefore in a CE amplifier the positive half cycle of the signal appears as amplified negative half cycle in the output and vice versa. Waveform: Tait | ~ is Noy tae any circuit diagram. ‘Two'stages are connected with R'& C components so it is called as RC Coupled amplifier, a) Resistor RC1, R3 & Capacitor CC form the coupling network. b) R1, R2, R3, R4 provide voltage divider bias to Q1& Q2. ¢) RC1& RC2 provide VCE to QI & Q2. d) RE1 & REZ provide bias stabilization. _ Applications of RC Coupled Amplifier: BASIC ELECTRONICSICO)KHARAT ACADEMY Excellent frequency response from 50 Hz to 20 KHz so it is very useful in'the initial stage of all public address systems 13. Drawand explain voltage divider bias network. Answer: - 1) Voltage Divider Circuit using Transistor is shown in Fig. 2) Note that the positions of the collector and emitter resistors are reversed compared to the npn transistor circuit. A 3) Iso, note that the base voltage (Vs) in Fig. is the voltage drop across resistor Rai, not that across Rez. 4) As in the case of other circuits using pnp transistors, the current directions and | voltage polarities are the reverse of those in npn transistor circuits. | 5) Apart from these differences, a pnp transistor Voltage Divider Bias Circuit is analysed in exactly the same way as an npn transistor circuit. CYVITar tat Lis kt tee EIKHARAT ACADEMY 14. Draw frequency response of RC coupled two stage amplifier. Write formula to calculate bandwidth and state any two methods to improve bandwidth. Answer: Frequency response of RC coupled two stage amplifier: Low trequency io aN Roa on . Roll off an ~ b+ Flatrnaponne —st a ™ Two methods to improve bandwidth; 1) Direct coupled Amplifier 2) The basic bootstrapping principle is to use an additional buffer amplifier to actively charge and discharge to input capacitance as required. By doing so the effective source capacitance is reduced, enabling the overall bandwidth of the circuit to be increased. Y 15. Observe the given treageagy response of RC coupled amplifier in Fig. 3 Calculate: fr ¥ (i) Lower cut-off frec uenty (FL) (ii) [Link]-off frequency (FH) (iii) Bandwidth (BW)KHARAT ACADEMY Answer: As maximum gain is 15 dB, 3 dB down gain is 12 dB. So, (i) The lower cut-off frequency F,= 1KHz (ii) Higher cut-off frequency Fy =100 MHz (iii) Bandwidth (BW) = Fy - F. = (100000 -1)KHz = 99999 KHz 16. In CE configuration, if 8 = 100, leakage current Icgo = 150 pA. If the base current is 0.2 mA, calculate the value of Ic, Ip and a. (Note: Marks should be given for correct formula) Given data:-B =100, Icko = 150 pA. Ip is 0.2mA , To find Ic, Ie and a. Solution :- We know 1)a=B/(h +1) = 100/(100+1)= 0.99 2) Icis given as, c= B *IntIczo = (100*0.2*103) +150*10% =20.150 ma. 3) Ig is given as, Te=Ic +p =(20.150 +0.2) mA =20.35 mA. Y