STANDARD5

SCI
ENCENOTES

TERM 2

WEATHER

Weat
heri
sthecondi
ti
onoftheatmospher
einashor
tper
iodoft
[Link]
sonwho
st
udi
esweatheri
scal
ledameteorol
ogi
st.

Weatherchangesf
rom dayt
oday.I
tcanalsochangej
usti
nhour
[Link]
e,i
nthe
morningi
tcanbecoldandintheaf
ter
noonitcanbehot
.
MEASURI
NGWEATHERCONDI
TIONS

Theel
ement
sofweat
herar
e;

a)Temper
atur
e

b)Wi
nddi
rect
ion

c)Wi
ndspeed

d)Humi
dit
y

e)Ai
rpr
essur
e

f
) Cl
oudcov
er

MEASURI
NGTEMPERATURE
O
Temperatur
eismeasuredwi t
hat her
momet [Link]
smeasur
edi
ndegreesCel
sius( C)
.
Thethermometerhasli
quidcalledmer cur
yinsideit
.Ift
het
emper
atur
eishot
,thel
iqui
d
expandsandifi
tislowitcontacts.

MEASURI
NGWI
NDDI
RECTI
ON

Weuseawi
ndv anetoshowwinddi
rect
ion.
Iti
sreport
edi
ncardi
nal
direct
[Link]
row
oft
hewi
ndvanepointst
othedir
ect
ionf
rom whichthewi
ndisbl
owing.

MEASURI
NGWI
NDSPEED

Weuseananemomet
ert
omeasur
ewi
ndspeedi
nkm/
h

MEASURI
NGHUMI
DITY

Humidityisthequal
it
yofwaterv
apourintheai
[Link] grometert
omeasur e
humidit
[Link]
scall
edawetanddr ybul
bhy gr
[Link]
temperatureonbothther
[Link]
ggerthedi
ff
erencebetweenthereadi
ngst
he
dri
ertheair.
MEASURI
NGRAI
NFALL

Thequal
it
yofrai
nthatfal
lsi
smeasur edwi
tharai
[Link]
ngaugemustbe
pl
[Link]
nfal
li
smeasuredinmil
l
il
it
res(ml)
.

MEASURI
NGAI
RPRESSURE

Weuseabarometert
omeasureairpr
essur
e.I
tismeasur
edi
nmi
l
lbar
s(Mb)
.Ahi
gh
pr
essur
ereadi
ngshowst
heairisdry.

MEASURI
NGWEATHERELEMENTS

ELEMENTSOFWEATHER MEASURI
NGI
NSTRUMENTS UNI
TOFMEASURE

Temper
atur
e Ther
momet
er Degr
eeCel
sius

Wi
ndDi
rect
ion Wi
ndVane Car
dinal
poi
nts

Wi
ndSpeed Anemomet
er Km/
hr

Ai
rPr
essur
e Bar
omet
er Mi
l
lbar
s(Mb)

Cl
oudCov
er (
Obser
vat
ion) Okat
s

Sunshi
ne Sunshi
ner
ecor
der Hr
s

Rai
nfal
l Rai
ngauge Mi
l
li
met
res(
mm)
THESOLARSYSTEM

[Link]
ver
se

Theuni verseisev eryt

hingthatexistsany [Link],t hemoon,ear t
hand
otherplanetsandst arsarealsoknownast [Link]
verseconsi
stsof
bil
li
onsofst ars.A starisav erylargebal lofv [Link] arsare
thousandsoft i
mesasbi gasear t
handt heygiveoflotsofheatandlight
.Pl
anets
aresmal lbodiest hattr
avelaroundsomest ar
[Link] oducethei
rown
l
ightandcanonl ybeseenbecauset helightofast arshinesonit
.

[Link]
arsy
stem

Thewor
dsol
arcomesfr
om t
hewordsolwhi
[Link]
arsy
stem i
s
madeupoft
hesunand8bodi
esorpl
anetst
hatt
rav
elar
oundit.
WhyI
sPl
utoNotCal
l
edaPl
anetAny
mor
e?

I
n2003,
anast
ronomersawanewobj ectbey
ondPl ut
[Link]
ronomert
houghthehad
f
oundanewpl
[Link]
ecthesawwaslargert
hanPlut
[Link]
is.

Fi
ndingEriscausedot
herastr
onomer stotal
kaboutwhatmakesapl aneta"pl
anet.
"
Thereisagroupofast
ronomersthatnamesobject
[Link]
sgroupdeci
dedthat
Plutowasnotr eal
l
yaplanetbecauseofit
ssizeandlocat
[Link]
utoand
object
sli
keitar
enowcall
eddwarfplanet
s.

Plut
oisalsocal
l
edapl ut
[Link]
disadwarfplanett
hatisfart
herouti
nspacet
han
the pl
[Link] t hr
ee known plutoi
ds are Pluto,Eri
s and Makemake.
Astr
onomersusetel
escopestodiscovernewobj
ectsli
keplut
oids.

Somest ar
sint heskyar
ebr ighterwhilesomear ev eryfaint
.Thebr i
ghtestst
arinthesky
atnightisoftencalledt
heev [Link]
sisreallythepl anetVenusandnotast arat
all
.Jupiteristhesecondbr ightestobjectinthenightsky .Mar scanof t
enbeseenasa
redbody .Thef ouri
nnerplanet sareMer cury
,Venus,Ear thandMar [Link]
d
andar emadeofr ockymat erial
.Thenextf ourplanetsf urt
herf r
om thesunareJupiter,
Saturn,UranusandNept [Link] emadeofgasandt heyaremuchl ar
gerthanthe
i
nnerpl anet
s.

THEFOURI
NNERPLANETS

i
.Mer
cur
y

I
tist
hesmal
lestofthefourinnerpl
anetsandt
heclosestt
othesun.I
tissohot
t
hatl
eadwi
ll
mel tonit
[Link]
fecanexi
stonit
.

i
i
.Venus

Venusisaboutt
hesamesi zeoft
heEar t
h.I
tisver
ybri
ghti
ntheskyatni
ght.I
tis
oft
encoveredofdensecl
oudsofpoisonousgaseswhi
chkeepheatf
rom t
hesun
makingVenusevenhott
erthanMercury
.
i
i
[Link]
th

TheEarthisabout150mill
i
onkilomet
resf
rom thesun.I
tisnottoohotortoocol
d.
ThereislotsofwateronEar t
handithasabi glayerofairar
[Link]
h
takes365day stogoroundthesunonce(or
bitthesun).TheEart
hhasonemoon
thator
bit
sar oundi
t.

i
[Link]
s

Marsissmall
erthanEart
handi t
ssurfacetemperat
ureisv eryl
ow about-23
degr
eesCel
si
[Link]
aceisof
tencoveredbyver
ythickdustyst
ormsbecause
ofst
rongwi
[Link]
tit
.

THEFOUROUTERPLANETS

i
.Jupi
ter

Iti
sthelar
gestpl
anetint
hesolarsy
[Link]
sv eryf
arfrom t
hesunandi tis
ext
remel
y col [Link]
akes12yearst
[Link]
terhas
16moons.

i
i
.Sat
urn

I
thasaser i
esofbr
ightr
ingsaroundi
twhichconsi
stofsmal
lpiecesofr
ock.
Sat
urnhas18moonsandtakes29year
stogoroundt
hesunonce.

i
i
[Link]
anus

I
tisabout70ti
mesaslar
geastheEar
th.I
thasagr
een\
bluecol
ourand20moons.
I
ttakes84year
stoor
bitt
hesun.

i
[Link]
une

I
tisthefurt
hestoft
hegasgi
antsfrom t
[Link]
ueandhas15smal
l
er
moons.I
ttakes165y
ear
stogoroundthesunonce.

THESUN

I
tisthenear
estst
artotheEart
h.I
tisatthecentr
eofthesol
arsy
stem anditi
saver
y
l
argeball
offl
[Link]
ltheheatandenergyonEart
hcomesfrom theSun.

LI
FEONOTHERPLANETS

Ther
eisnoli
feonot
herpl
[Link]
anetneedsthreet
hingsfororganismst
oli
vether
e.
Namelyanat
mospherewhi
chcanbebr eat
hed,sui
tabl
etemperatureandwater
.Theonly
pl
aneti
nthesol
arsy
stem t
hathasal
ltheserequi
rementsist
heEar th.

MATTERANDENERGY

Mat
ter

Whati
smat ter
?
I
tisev
eryt
hingaroundus,ever
ythi
ngwecant ouchandfeel
.Mat
teri
severy
thi
ngt
hathas
massandoccupiesspace.
Wood, wat
er,
iron,
airandpaperar
eal
lmatter
.

St
atesofmat
ter
Thest
atesofmat
terar
esol
i
d,l
i
qui
dandgas.

Exper
iment

St
udyani
[Link]
tingl
assbeakerandheati
[Link]
ousee?

Pr
oper
ti
esoft
hedi
ff
erentst
ates

Asoli
dishardanditkeepsit
[Link].
Al
iquiddoesnotkeepitsshape.I
tfl
owsf r
om oneplacetoanother.
Agashasnoshapeorsi ze.I
twill
fil
lal
lspaceint
hecontainer
.

Thepr
oper
ti
esofmat
ter

Matteri
smadeupofmol ecul
eswhichar
ever
ysmall
par
ticl
esthataretoosmal
ltosee.
Thesemolecul
esar
emov ingal
ltheti
[Link]
heyar
ev i
brat
[Link]
ert
heyare,
thestr
ongert
hevi
brat
ion.

Sol
i
d(cool
) Li
qui
d(war
m)

Thepar t
iclesinasol
i
dfor
m Thepar
ti
cleshav
espaces
betweent hem
aregularpattern.

Gas(
hot
)

Ther
ear
elar
gespacesbet
weent
hepar
ti
cles
PROPERTI
ESOFSOLI
DS

[Link]
clesinasoli
darecl osel
ypackedt
oget
her
.
[Link]
ern
[Link] yvi
brat
eintheirposit
ions.
[Link]
cleshaveveryl
it
tleenergy.

PROPERTI
ESOFLI
QUI
DS

[Link]
iclesarepackedcl
osetoget
herbutst
il
lcanmove.
[Link] weenthepar
ti
clesi
nali
quidmakeitpossi
blef
ort
hepar
ti
clest
omov
e
andsli
deov ereachother.

PROPERTI
ESOFGASES

[Link]
icl
esi
nagasar espacedfarapart.
[Link]
icl
eshavealotofener
gyandar eabletomov earoundveryqui
ckl
y.
[Link]
clescanmov earoundfreel
y.
[Link]
hertof
itinasmal lspace.

METALSANDNON-
METALS

Sol
i
dscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
womai
ngr
oupsnamel
ymet
alsandnon-
met
als.

Met
als Non-
met
als

I
ron Wood

Copper Di
amond(
madeofcar
bon)

Al
umi
nium Coal
(madeofcar
bon)

Gol
d Sul
phur

Lead Phosphor
us

Zi
nc

Chr
ome

Tungst
en
PROPRTI
ESOFMETALSANDNON-
METALS

Pr
oper
ti
esofMet
als Pr
oper
ti
esofNon-
met
als

Mostmet
alsar
eshi
ny. Non-
met
alsar
edul
l
.

Mostmet
alsar
est
rong. Non-
met
alsol
i
dsar
ebr
it
tl
e.

Theyhavehi
ghmel
ti
ngandboi
l
ing Mostoft
hem hav
elowermel
ti
ngand
poi
nts. boi
l
ingpoi
nts.

Metal
saregoodconduct
orsof Theydonotconductel
ect
ri
cit
[Link]
boni
s
el
ectr
ici
ty. anexcepti
onasiti
sablet
oconduct
el
ectr
ici
ty.

Theyar
egoodconduct
orsofheat
. Theydonotconductheat
.

Met
alsaresonor
ous-t
heyproducev
ery Theydonotproducel
oudsoundswhen
l
oudsoundswhenbanged. theyar
ebanged.

Met
alsareducti
l
e-theycanbemadei
n
t
overythi
nwirewit
houtbreaki
ng.

Mostmetal
saresoli
dsatroom
t
emperat
ureexceptmercur
y.

Met al
saremall
eabl
e-t
heycanbe
hammer edi
ntothi
nsheetswit
hout
breaki
ng.

USESOFMETALS

a)Tobuil
dthingsthatmustcarryheavyheightssuchasbr i
dgesandmetalbeams.
b)Theyareusedforjewell
eryandtheshinypartofmotorcar s.
c)Theyareusedtomakekni vesforcutt
ingorsharpendsoft ool
susedf
ordiggi
ng.
d)Tungst
enisusedf orthethi
nwireinsi
deanel ect
ricl
ightbulb.
e)Copperandaluminium ar
eusedf orel
ectri
ccables.
THEUSESOFNON-
METALS

a)Non-met alsl
ikecoalandwoodar eusedtopr
oduceheat
.
b)Phosphor usandsulphurareusedtomakeheadsofmatches.
c)Diamondi sthehardestsubst
ancewhi chi
susedtomakedri
ll
sthatcancutt
hrough
thehardestrock.

HOUSEHOLDCHEMI
CALS

Chemical
saresubst
ancest
hatcanundergoachangeorcancauseina
subst
ance.
Househol
dchemical
saresubstancest
hatweuseinthehome.

SOLI
DCHEMI
CALS

[Link]
t-I
tismadeupofsmal lgr
ainsandisusedtomakefoodt astebett
er.
[Link]–iti
smadeupofsmal lgrai
nsanditisusedf
orsweeteningfoodanddrinks.
[Link]
ngpowder -i
tproducescarbondioxi
dewhenheatedandt hi
smakesbr eador
doughrise.
[Link] salt
s-Thisconsist
sofsmal l
cryst
[Link]
inkitt
omakei tt
omakeour
stomachswork.

LI
QUI
DCHEMI
CALS

[Link]
negar–itgi
vesfoodasourtaste.
[Link]
l-i
tisusedforcooki
ngandfryi
ngfood.
[Link]
qui
dsoap-itisusedtowashdishes,
potsandpans.
[Link]
qui
dcleaners-forex
ampleHandyAndyareusedtoremov
edi
rtandgr
ease.

GASCHEMI
CALS
1.I
nsectspr
aysar
eusedtoki
lli
nsects.
[Link]
tl
edgasisusedf
orheat
ing,cooki
ngandl
i
ght
ing.

ENERGY

Whati
sener
gy?

Ener
gyistheabi
li
tytodowor
[Link]
smeanswhensomethi
nghasenergyi
tcancause
somethi
[Link]
onerol
li
ngdownhi
l
lhasener
gybecausei
tismoving.

For
msofener
gy

a)Ki
net
icener
gy
Thi
sisener
gyofmov
ement
.

b)Heatener
gy
All
object
scont
ainheatener
[Link]
dobj
ect
shav
elessheatt
hanhotones.

c)Potenti
alenergy(
stor
edenergy)
Thi
si stheenergyanobj
ecthasbecauseofi
tsposi
ti
[Link]
onet
hati
supahi
l
lhas
potenti
alener
gybecauseitcanrol
ldown.

d)Chemical
energy
Thi
sistheenergythati
sreleasedwhenachemicalr
eact
iontakesplace(
usual
l
ywhen
somethi
ngburns).Apieceofwoodorcoalcont
ainschemicalener
gy.

e)El
ectri
calenergy
El
ectr
icalenergycancomefrom batt
eri
es,el
ect
ri
ccurr
entfr
om agener
atororel
ect
ri
c
powerstati
[Link]
er,
lightabul
bandturnamotor.

f)Lightener
gy
Alightbeam fr
om averystr
ongli
ghtwi
l
lheatupt
hesur
faceonwhi
chi
tfal
l
[Link]
ght
energyischangedtoheatener
gy.

g)Soundener
gy
Soundcomesfrom v
ibr
ati
ngobj
ect
[Link]
e,t
hev
ibr
ati
nggui
tarst
ri
ngspr
oduce
music.

SOURCESOFENERGY

a)FUELS

Afuel
isany
thi
ngt
hatcanpr
oduceener
gywheni
tbur
[Link],
pet
rol
,coal
,par
aff
inand
gasar
efuel
s.

Wood Coal
b)ELECTRICITY
I
tpr ov
idesener
gyforli
ght
s,el
ectr
icmotor
s,pumps,machi
nes,
elect
ri
ctr
ainsandmany
otherthi
[Link]
ect
ri
cit
yisgener
atedatpowerst
ati
ons.

c)WIND
Windhasener
gybecausei
tcant
urnawi
ndmi
l
ltopumpwat
er.

d)THESUN
Allenergyontheear t
hcomesfr
om t
[Link]
sthatdiedalongti
meagousedener gy
fr
om t hesuntogr [Link]
heydi
edtheygotburi
eddeepundertheearthandturnedto
coal,[Link]’
sener
gycanbeconvert
edtoelectr
ici
tyt
hroughsolarcel
ls.

RENEWABLEANDNON-
RENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES
Anon-
renewabl
eenergysour
[Link]
teri
tisused,
itcannotbe
r
[Link]
,oi
landgasarenon-
renewablesour
cesofener
gy.

Ar
enewabl
esour
ceofener
gyi
sonet
hati
snotdepl
etedwhenused.

Exampl
esar
e:

Sol
arpower–ener
gyf
rom t
hesun.

Wi
ndpower–ener
gyf
rom t
hewi
nd.

Hy
droel
ect
ri
cpower
-el
ect
ri
cit
ygener
atedusi
ngwat
er.

THEHUMANBODY
Ourbodi
esstor
ecarbohydr
atesandf
[Link]
eschanget
hef
oodweeati
ntoheat
ener
gywhichkeepsourbodi
esworki
ngandwar m.

PLANTS

Pl
antsusest
archandsugarthati
sstoredasplantfood.I
nachemi cal
react
ion,foodis
br
okendownandenergyisproducedforthepl
[Link]
e
pr
oducedandpassedoutthr
ought hel
eavesatnight.

GERMSANDBACTERI
A

Thebact
eriathatl
i
veonsomet
hingl
i
kef
oodorsugaral
sobr
eakupt
hef
oodi
na
chemi
calreacti
on.

HEAT

Whati
sheat?
Heati
sthef
orm ofenergyt
hatmakesthemolecul
esi
nanobj
ectv
ibr
[Link]
somet
hingi
sheated,i
tsmolecul
esvi
brat
efast
erandmor
estr
ongl
y.

Sour
cesofheat

Heatcanbegener at
edfrom:
a)burningf uelsuchaswood, coal
,oi
lorgas.
b)electri
ccur r
entsuchasi nastoveoraheater
.
c)theener gyofsunlight
d)fri
ctionwhenmat eri
alsr
ubagainsteachot
[Link]
recanbemadebyr
ubbi
ngt
wost
icks
together.

USESOFHEAT
Weuseheatto:
a)Cookf ood
b)Keepourhomesandbodieswarm
c)[Link]
eam canbeusedt
odr
ivemachi
nesl
i
kel
ocomot
ivesand
el
ect
ri
calgener
ator
s

Ther
mal
powerst
ati
on
 st
eam engi
ne

d)Bendorwel dmetal
[Link]
sareheatedt
heybecomesofterandcanbe
[Link]
tsofmetal
scanbeheatedandjoinedtoget
herby
weldi
ng.
e)Dr ythings
f) Reli
[Link]
ti
ngheatonasorepar
tofone’
sbodyhelpsl
essent hepai
n.

EFFECTSOFHEAT
Whensomet hi
ngisheated,itchangesintwomainways:
a)Itbecomeshotter(
itstemperatur
eincr
eases)
b)Itbecomeslar
ger(itexpands)

Exper
iment1

Temper
atureincr
ease.
Whenanythi
nggainsheat
,it
stemper
atur
eincr
eases.

Whaty
ouwi
l
lneed:
abur
ner
,ti
n/beakerandt
her
momet
er

Whatt
odo:
[Link]
ntoat inorglassbeaker.
[Link]
toveraflame.
[Link]
momet erinthewater.
[Link] ur
eeveryminute.
[Link] d,useyourfi
ngertof
eel
howhotorcol
dthewat
eri
s.
[Link] ounotice?

Exper
iment2

Whensomet
hingi
sheat
edi
texpands.
Whaty
ouwill
need:retortstand,
knit
tingneedl
eandaburner.
[Link]
ngneedleandcl ampitsendsi
nret
ortst
and.
[Link] nertoheatt hewholeneedle.
[Link] ouobser ve?

LI
GHT

Whatislight
?
Lighti
saf or
m ofener
gythatinst
rai
ghtl
i
nescal
l
edr
[Link]
i
ghtr
aysent
ert
heey
e
theyproduceasensat
ioncal
ledli
ght
.

El
ect
ri
cbul
b

t
orch

candl
e

Sourcesoflight
a)Thesun
b)Themoonandst ars–atnightt
hemoonshinesr ef
lectedsunl
ightontheear
th.
c)Firesandf l
ames
d)Lightning-li
ghtni
ngfl
ashesproducesl
ightt
hatlastsforaveryshortt
ime.
e)Firef
li
es-t hesearesmal
linsect
sthatf
lyatnight
.

Ki
ndsofl
ight
Ther
eisl
i
ghtthati
spr
oducednat
ural
l
y(notmadebypeopl
e)andl
i
ghtt
hati
spr
oduced
ar
ti
fi
cial
l
y(madebypeopl
e).

Nat
ural
li
ght
i
) Thesun-i
tpr
oducesli
ghtandheat.
i
i) Li
ghtni
ng–aver
ylargeel
ectri
cspar
kintheskythatl
ast
sforav eryshor
tti
me.
i
ii
) Fi ref
li
es-t
heypr
oduceaf l
ashi
ngli
ghtf
rom thebackoft
heirbodies.

Fi
ref
ly

Ar
ti
fi
cial
li
ght

Thi
sisl
ightfr
om sourcesthatar
emadebypeopl e.
a)Fireandot herfl
ames-anyt
hingthatburnsproducesli
ghtandheat.
b)Electri
clight–anelect
ri
ccurrentheatsupthethinwir
ewhi chglowssobri
ght
ly
t
hatitproducesli
[Link]
iccurr
entcanbefr om abat
ter
yorfr
om
t
heelectriccur
rent
.

Asi
mpl
eci
rcui
t

LUMI
NOUSANDNON-
LUMI
NOUSBODI
ES

a)LUMINOUSBODIES
Theseareobj
ect
sthatpr
oducel
i
ght
.Thesun,
fir
e,bur
ningl
ampandel
ect
ri
cli
ghtbul
b
arel
uminousbodi
es.
b)NON- LUMINOUSBODI ES
Thesear eobject
sthatdonotpr
oducel
i
ght
.Onecanseetheobj
ectbecausel
i
ghtf
rom
anothersourceli
ghtshi
nesonit
.Themoonisanon-
lumi
nousbody.

Themoon
Refl
ecti
onoflight
Whenl i
ghtf
allsonanysurfaceitseemst obounceofft
hatsur
[Link] i
ghtf
all
sona
smoothsurfacel i
keamir
ror,iti
sreflect
edbackinsuchawaythatitstri
kessomeother
pl
aceasar oundspotofli
ght.
Whenl i
ghtshi nesonar oughsur facel i
keawhitepaper,i
tisr ef
lectedindif
fer
ent
di
recti
onsandi tseemst
ospr eadthroughoutt
heroom.

Regul
arr
efl
ect
ionandScat
ter
ingofl
i
ght

Regul
arrefl
ect
ion
Whenlightfal
l
sonasmoot hsur
facel
i
keami
rr
ori
tisr
efl
ect
edbacki
nthesameway
andtheraysst
aytoget
her
.

Scat
ter
ingofl
i
ght
Whenli
ghtray
sf al
lonar
oughsur
face,t
heyar
eref
lect
edbutt
heydonotst
ayt
oget
her
.
Theyar
escatt
ered.
SOUND

Whatissound?
Soundi safor
m ofenergyt
hatt
rav
elsi
nwav
es.I
tent
erst
heear
sandpr
oducesa
sensat
ionwecall
sound.

Someot
hersourcesofsoundare:
a)Peopletal
king.
b)Abellri
nging.
c)Acarhoot i
ng.
d)Thunderroari
ng.
e)Atinfal
li
ngof ft
heshel
f.

Pleasantandcl
earsoundsar
emusi
calsoundswhi
l
eunpl
easantandhar
shsoundsar
e
noise.

Whatcausessound?
Soundi
scausedbyv i
brat
ingobj
ect
s.

Experi
ment
Producingsound
Whaty ouwill
need:
apl
ast
icr
uler

Whatt
odo
[Link]
dtherul
erovert
heedgeofatabl
e
[Link]
hyourot
herhand,t
apthef
reeendoft
her
ulersot
hati
tmov
esupanddown.
[Link]
ice?
Al
lmusi
cal
inst
rument
spr
oducev
ibr
ati
onswhi
chcausesound.

Howdoessoundmov e?
Whensomet hingmakesasound,i tt
ravel
st [Link]
y
tr
avelthr
oughamat er
ialmedi
um (ai
r,wood,steel,water
,gl
assandothers.)
Soundt r
avel
sbett
erthroughsol
i
dst hantheai [Link]
avelthroughav
acuum
becausether
eisnoair.

Changi
ngsound

Exper
iment

Whaty
ouwi
l
lneed:
arubberband

Whatt
odo
[Link]
handstret
chithol
diti
noneposi
ti
on.
[Link]
entothesounditmakes.
[Link]
herubberbandtight
[Link]
kenow?

Whentherubberbandispulledt i
ght
[Link] thasahi gher
pi
tch.
Pi
tchofamusicalnoteishowhi ghorlowthenoteis.
Wecanchanget hepit
choft hesoundofav i
brati
ngobjectbymaki ngi
tvibr
atefasteror
sl
[Link]
ation,thehigherthepitchandt heslowerthevibrat
ion,the
l
owerthepit
ch.
St
rongvi
brati
onsproduceloudersoundswhi l
eweakervibrat
ionsproducesoft
ersounds.