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For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25

NCERT
Solutions
History
Chapter 3 : RULING THE COUNTRYSIDE
Class
8

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 CHAPTER – 3
RULING THE COUNTRYSIDE
LET’S RECALL
Question 1: Match the following:
(i) Ryot Village
(ii) Mahal Present
(iii) Nij Cultivation on ryot’s land
(iv) Ryoti Cultivation on Planter’s own land

Answer:
(i) Ryot Present
(ii) Mahal Village
(iii) Nij Cultivation on Planter’s own land
(iv) Ryoti Cultivation on ryot’s land
‘
Question 2: Fill in the blanks:
(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw as a crop which would
provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth century because of

(c) The international demand for indigo was effected by the discovery
of
(d) The Champaran Movement was against
Answer:
(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw indigo as a crop which would provide
competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth century because
of industrial revolution
(c) The international demand for indigo was effected by the discovery
of woad
(d) The Champaran Movement was against indigo planters

LET’S DISCUSS
Question 3: Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
In order to get a stable revenue income, most of the East India Company’s
officials believed that investment in land had to be encouraged and
agriculture had to be improved. This led to the introduction of Permanent
settlement in 1793. The aim of the settlement was to ensure a regular flow
of revenue for the company.
The main features of the Permanent Settlement were:
(i) The rajas and taluqdars were recognized as zamindars. The Company
set a fixed amount to pay for the peasant and these Zamindars were asked
to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company.
(ii) It encouraged the zamindars to invest in improving the land.
(iii) Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the
zamindar would benefit from increased production from the land.
(iv) If any of them failed to fulfill these conditions, he was ousted from
his land and his zamindari was put to auction.

Question 4: How was the Mahalwari system different from the

Permanent Settlement?
Answer:
Permanent Settlement Mahalwari System
(i) Permanent settlement was (i) The system of Mahalwari was
introduced in Bihar and Bengal introduced in western part of Gangetic
Valley, North –West Province, Part of
Central India and Punjab.
(ii) It was introduced in 1793 by (II) It came into effect in 1822 and was
Lord Cornwallis. devised by Holt Mackenzie.
(iii) It was aimed to ensure a (III) It was developed as the alternative
permanent amount of revenue for to the Permanent Settlement.
the company.
(iv) The amount to be paid as land (IV) The amount of land revenue was
revenue was fixed. The revised periodically. The government
government could not enhance the could revise the revenue.
land revenue.
(v) The zamindar had the charge of (V) The charge of collecting the
collecting the revenue. revenue and paying it to the Company
was given to the village headman.

Question 5: Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system
of fixing revenue.
Answer:
Munro system was a move away from the idea of the permanent
settlement. In the south, there were no traditional Zamindars, therefore the
settlement had to be made directly with the cultivators. The lands were
carefully surveyed before setting the fixed revenue.
The problems created by the Munro system in fixing revenues were:
(i) Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials
(Captain Alexander Read and Thomas Munro) fixed too high a revenue
demand. Peasants were unable to pay, ryots fled the countryside.
(ii) Optimistic officials had imagined that the new system would
transform the peasants into rich enterprising farmers. But this did not
happen instead villages became deserted in several areas.

Question 6: Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

Answer:
The villagers who signed the contract to grow indigo got cash in advance
at low rates of interest to produce it. According to this contract, the ryots
had to cultivate indigo on at least 25% of their holding area. When they
delivered the crop to the planter a new loan was given to ryots and cycle
started again.
Ryots were reluctant to grow indigo because:
(a) The indigo system was intensely oppressive.
(b) Peasants who were initially tempted by the loans soon realized how
harsh the system was. The price they got for the indigo they produced was
very low and the cycle of loans never ended.
(c) The planters usually insisted that indigo be cultivated on the best soils
in which peasants preferred to cultivate rice.
(d) Indigo had deep roots and it exhausted the soil rapidly. After an indigo
harvest, the land could not be sown with rice.

Question 7: What were the circumstances which led to the eventual

collapse of Indigo production in Bengal?
Answer:
The indigo ryots of Bengal felt that they had the support of local Zamidars
and village headmen in their struggle against the forceful and oppressive
methods of the indigo planters. They also believed the british government
would support them in their struggle. The Lieutenant Governor’s tour of
the region in 1859 was seen as a sign of government sympathy.
(i) In March 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow
indigo. As the rebellion spread, ryots refused to pay rents to the
planter and attacked indigo factories armed with swords and
spears, bows and arrows.
(ii) Ryots swore they would no longer take advances to sow indigo
nor be bullied by planter’s lathiyals.
(iii) The government set-up the Indigo Commission to enquire into
the system of indigo production. The Commission held the
planters guilty and criticized them for the coercive methods they
used with indigo cultivators.
(iv) The Indigo Commission declared that indigo production was not
profitable for ryots. The Commission asked the ryots to fulfill
their existing contracts but also told them that they could refuse
to produce indigo in future.

LET’S DO
Question 8: Find out more about the Champaran Movement and
Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.
Answer:
When the indigo production collapsed in Bengal, the European planters
of indigo shifted their operations to Bihar. The farmers of Champaran, a
village in Bihar, were forced to grow indigo by the European planters
instead of the food crops which were necessary for their survival. The
indigo planters were destroying the productivity of the land which was the
main reason for the protest. When Mahatma Gandhi returned from South
Africa, a peasant from Bihar persuaded him to visit Champaran and see
the plight of the indigo cultivators there.
Role of Mahatma Gandhi:
● Mahatma Gandhi’s visit in 1917 marked the beginning of the
Champaran movement against the indigo planter.
● The European planter oppressed the peasants. Gandhiji witnessed the
miserable conditions of the peasants.
● He started a non-violent and a peaceful movement.
● The districts officials ordered him to leave Champaran but he refused
to comply the orders and started the Satyagraha.
Question 9:
Look into the history of either tea or coffee plantations in India. See how
the life of workers in these plantations was similar to or different from
that of workers in indigo plantations.
Answer:
There were various similarities between the workers of Indigo plantation
and Tea plantation. They were as mentioned below:
• Both the workers were paid low prices for their production.
• Both were extremely exploited by the owners and revenue
collectors.
• They were deprived of basic facilities of home and health. Added
to this was insufficient social mobility.
• All the profit was enjoyed by the owners and nothing came in the
hands of hard working labourers.
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CLASS 8 (ALL SUBJECTS)
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