MATH3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LECTURE NOTES INTEGRATING FACTOR FOUND BY INSPECTION This isa factor such that when multiplied to a differential equation the resulting differential equation becomes exact. Some integrating factors are found by inspection. For easy evaluation of exact differential equations, consider the following integrable combinations. xdy + ydx = d(xy) ” », 238 = a(2) c. 2 a. 6 a. ge ad (Gms) hy pydx + qxdy = d(x?1yt™ Sample Problems: Use the integrable combinations to find the general solution of the following differential equations. xy+ 1. yxy + dx —xdy =0 Answer: cy 2. yy? —x)dx + x(y? + x)dy =0 Answer: 2xy)—x* = Cy* 3. Bxty*dx + 4x3y3dy = Sxtdx Answer: x3(y*—x*)=C INTEGRATING FACTOR FOUND BY FORMULA Formulas for Determining the Integrating Factor 1. rf 5(3-F) =F@) a function of x alone, then I(x,y) = e/a 2. 1f £(S4-9) = 90) a cunction of y alone, then I(x,y) = efs0' 1 Many 3. For Homogenous Equations, is the integrating factor. Sample Problems: Find the general solution of the following differential equations. 2, (x+y? + 1)dx + x(x 2y)dy = 0 Answer: x +xy-1-y?=Cx 2. y(4x + y)dx — 2(x? - y)dy = 0 Answer: 2x? + xy =-yInCy? BERNOULLI EQUATIONS Bernoulli Equations is a generalized case of the linear form. Bernoulli contains a certain expression in terms of the dependent variable which makes it distinct from the linear form. A Bernoulli Equation is of the form: dy ax t POY = yA) General Solution is given by: dz et A n)P(x)z = (1m) Q(x) where, (1-n) is constant The preceding solution is now linear in z, therefore we can now use the process in solving solutions using linear equation method.Sample Problems: Solve the differential equations. Y y= ay? Anawer: yt = —x+14Ce™* 2. (x? 4y?)dx — xydy = 0 Anawer: y? = x2Inz2+C SUBSTITUTION METHOD any of A difeorential equation Mdx+Ndy=0 nay not be possible to solve PY any the previous methods, but solvable by substitution approach. This i bene are change of variables to transform the differential equation into a typ ‘choose know how to solve. The substitution will be an appropriate method if we certain expression to represent as u in the change of variables, then its cin differential du must also be present in the given equation and, thus, reducing the equation to a known method. Sample Problems: Solve the differential equations 1. =siny (x + sin y)dx + 2x? cos ydy = 0 2. y(xtanx + Iny)dx + tan xdy = 0 Answer: x. Answer: Inysinx = xcosx~-sinx+C APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS NEWTON’ S LAW OF COOLING The time rate of change of the temperature of a body is proportional to the temperature difference between the body and its surrounding medium. ae 7 KT - Tm) temperature of surrounding medium temperature of body where, Sample Problems: 1. A thermometer reading 18°F is brought into a room where the temperature is 70°F. One minute later the thermometer reading is 31°F, Determine the femperature reading as a function of time. Find the temperature reading 5 minutes after the thermometer is brought into the room. - A thermometer reading 75°F is taken out where the temperature is 20°F. The reading is 30°F, 4 minutes later. Find (a) the thermometer reading 7 minutes after the thermometer was brought outside and (b) the time taken for the reading to drop 25°F. 3. At 2:00 PM, @ thermometer reading 30°F is taken outside where the air temperature is “10°F. At 2:02 PM, the temperature reading of the thermometer is 26°F. At 2:05 PM, the thermometer is brought inside where the air ie at 70°F. What is the thermometer reading at 2:09 PM? GROWTH AND DECAY Let N(t) denote the amount of substance (or population) that is either a growing or decaying. If assume that 9, the time rate of change of this amount ©f substance, is proportional to the amount of substance present, aN sake dat Sample Problems: 1. Tf the population of a country doubles in 50 years, in how many years will tf treble under the assumption that the rate of increase is proportional to the number of inhabitants? “ Bertain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the ‘amount present. If initially there is §0 milligrams of the material Peecent and after two hours it is observed that the material has lost 10% of rena Sinal mass, find (a) an expression for the mass of the material Fenaining at any time t, (b) the mass of the material after four hours; and 2che tine at which the material has decayed to one half of its initial . A bacteria culture is known to grow at a rate proportional to the amount present. After one hour, 1000 strands of the bacteria are observed in the culture; and after four hours, 3000 strands. Find (a) an expression for the number of strands of the bacteria present in the culture at any time t and (b) the number strands of the bacteria originally in the culture. CONTINUOUS COMPOUND INTEREST _ a” where, # = rate of change of the account | a P = money present in the account at any time € x= nominal rate of interest per year Sample Problems: 1, If the nominal interest rate is 3%, years in a continuously compounded account? 2. The accumulated amount of 5,000 pesos is 20, Calculate the interest rate if it is compoun 3. How long will it take a bank deposit to double i continuously at a constant rate of 4% per annum? how much is 5,000 pesos worth in 10 000 pesos after 9 years. ded continuously. f£ interest is compounded ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES : fr orthogonal trajectory of a family of curves is a curve that intersects each curve of the family orthogonally, that is, at right angles. ay 4 dx fy) Sample Problems: 1. Find the orthogon; 2. Find the family of orthogon 3, Find the orthogonal traject al trajectories of the family of parabolas ya Cx. a1 trajectories of the circles x*+y* ory curve of the given curve xy=C. MIXTURE OF NON-REACTING FLUIDS ‘dm ee Rolo dm m ae TG Roy R, = volumetric flow rate at the entrance C, = concentration of substance at the entrance R, = volumetric flow rate at the exit C. = concentration of substance at the exit V= final volume of the solution at any time t Vv, = initial volume m= the amount of salt at any time & where, Sample Problems: 1. A tank contains 200 liters of fluid in which 30 grams of salt are dissolved. Brine containing 1 gram of salt per liter is then pumped into the tank at the rate of 4 liters per minute and the solution mixed well is pumped out of the same rate. Find (a) the number of grams of salt in the tank at any time », fit Minutes, (b) the amount of salt in the tank after 5 minutes. Brine containing 3 pounds per gallon of salt enters 8 large tank at the rate of 2 gallon per minute end the mixture well stirred leaves at 1.5 gallon per pvp idl i des ol er gradients Bee Mi real maga with 4 pounds of Gissolved salt. Find (a) the amount of salt in the tank at any time t in es, (b) the amount of salt in the tank after 4 minutes.