Exam-style question
Chapter 2 Chemistry
Q1:
i. Proton
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It has a
relative charge of +1 and a relative atomic mass of approximately 1 amu (atomic mass unit).
ii. Neutron
A neutron is a neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It has no charge
(0) and a relative atomic mass of approximately 1 amu. Neutrons play a crucial role in
stabilising the nucleus.
iii. Electron
An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom in
electron shells. It has a relative charge of -1 and a very small relative atomic mass
(approximately 1/1836 amu).
B.
i. How many electrons, protons, and neutrons are in atom X?
● Protons: 19 (given)
● Electrons: In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
Therefore, atom X has 19 electrons.
● Neutrons: To find the number of neutrons, subtract the number of protons from the
relative atomic mass: Neutrons=Relative Atomic Mass−Number of
Protons=39−19=20 So, atom X has 20 neutrons.
(Ii&iii) How many electrons will be in the outer shell of atom X?
● Atom X has 19 electrons. The electronic configuration is 2, 8, 8, 1. Thus, there is 1
electron in the outer shell.
Q2: Isotopes and Calculation
A. Gallium has 2 isotopes one with mass num of 69 and other with mass num of 71.
Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses. For example:
● Gallium-69 (Ga-69) has 31 protons and 38 neutrons (69 - 31 = 38).
● Gallium-71 (Ga-71) has 31 protons and 40 neutrons (71 - 31 = 40). Both isotopes of
gallium have the same atomic number (31) but differ in mass due to the different
number of neutrons.
B. Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of gallium.
To calculate the relative atomic mass of the gallium sample:
Relative Atomic Mass=(Mass of Ga-69×Percentage of Ga-69)+(Mass of Ga-71×Percentage of Ga-71) /100
= (69×60) + (71×40
=4140+2840=6980
=6980/100
=69.80
So, the relative atomic mass of this sample of gallium is 69.80.
Q3
A. Element
An element is a pure substance made up of only one type of atom and cannot be broken
down into simpler substances by chemical means. Example: Oxygen (O)
B. Metal
A metal is a type of element that is typically shiny, conductive, malleable, and ductile.
Example: Iron (Fe).
C. Non-metal
A non-metal is an element that lacks the properties of metals, often being dull and poor
conductors of heat and electricity. Example: Sulphur (S).
D. Compound
A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond together in
fixed proportions. Example: Water (H₂O), which is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
E. Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together, which can be of the same or
different elements. Example: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), which consists of one carbon atom and
two oxygen atoms.
F. Mixture
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and
can be separated by physical means. Example: Saltwater, which is a mixture of salt and
water.
Q4:
A. Metallic Elements:
● Calcium (Ca)
● Iron (Fe)
● Copper (Cu)
B. Non-Metallic Elements:
● Argon (Ar)
● Sulfur (S)
● Nitrogen (N)
C. Compounds:
● Water (H₂O)
● Carbon monoxide (CO)
● Sodium chloride (NaCl)
D. Mixtures:
● Sea water
● Brass
● Dilute sulfuric acid
● Oil
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Q5 a) Solid Element:
1. Copper (Cu) - A solid metal element at room temperature.
2. Tin (Sn) - A solid metal element at room temperature.
b) Liquid Element:
1. Mercury (Hg) - The only metal that is liquid at room temperature.
2. Bromine (Br₂) - A non-metal liquid element at room temperature.
c) Gaseous Mixture:
1. Air - A mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with small
traces of other gases.
d) Solid Mixture:
1. Steel - An alloy made of iron and carbon, and sometimes other elements like
chromium and nickel.
2. Bronze - An alloy of copper and tin.
3. Sand - Mostly composed of silica (SiO₂), with other minerals mixed in.
4. Marble - Composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and often other impurities that
affect its color.
e) Liquid Compound:
1. Oil - A mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly composed of various organic compounds.
2. Water (H₂O) - A liquid compound at room temperature.
f) Solid Compound:
1. Salt (NaCl) - Sodium chloride, a solid ionic compound.
Others:
1. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) - A gaseous compound at room temperature, present in the
atmosphere.
2. Helium (He) - A noble gas, gaseous element at room temperature.
Q6(a): Counting Atoms of Different Elements in Compound Formulae
1. Nitric Acid (HNO₃):
○ Hydrogen (H): 1 atom
○ Nitrogen (N): 1 atom
○ Oxygen (O): 3 atoms
○ Total: 5 atoms of 3 different elements
2. Methane (CH₄):
○ Carbon (C): 1 atom
○ Hydrogen (H): 4 atoms
○ Total: 5 atoms of 2 different elements
3. Copper(II) Nitrate (Cu(NO₃)₂):
○ Copper (Cu): 1 atom
○ Nitrogen (N): 2 atoms
○ Oxygen (O): 6 atoms (because NO₃ has 3 oxygen atoms, and there are 2
nitrate groups)
○ Total: 9 atoms of 3 different elements
4. Ethanoic (Acetic) Acid (CH₃COOH):
○ Carbon (C): 2 atoms
○ Hydrogen (H): 4 atoms
○ Oxygen (O): 2 atoms
○ Total: 8 atoms of 3 different elements
5. Sugar (Glucose - C₆H₁₂O₆):
○ Carbon (C): 6 atoms
○ Hydrogen (H): 12 atoms
○ Oxygen (O): 6 atoms
○ Total: 24 atoms of 3 different elements
6. Phenol (C₆H₅OH):
○ Carbon (C): 6 atoms
○ Hydrogen (H): 6 atoms (5 in the ring + 1 from OH)
○ Oxygen (O): 1 atom
○ Total: 13 atoms of 3 different elements
7. Ammonium Sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄):
○ Nitrogen (N): 2 atoms (from 2 NH₄ groups)
○ Hydrogen (H): 8 atoms (from 2 NH₄ groups)
○ Sulfur (S): 1 atom
○ Oxygen (O): 4 atoms
○ Total: 15 atoms of 4 different elements
Part B: Balancing Chemical Equations
Zn + O₂ → ZnO
○ Balanced: 2Zn + O₂ → 2ZnO
. Fe + Cl₂ → FeCl₃
Balanced: 2Fe + 3Cl₂ → 2FeCl₃
Li + O₂ → Li₂O
○ Balanced: 4Li + O₂ → 2Li₂O
H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
○ Balanced: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Mg + CO₂ → MgO + C
○ Balanced: 2Mg + CO₂ → 2MgO + C
