TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

• Translational motion:
All points of moving body move uniformly in the same line or
direction.
Example: Moving car

• Rotational motion:
Object spins about a fixed axis
Example: merry go round
 MOMENT OF FORCE (OR TORQUE)

• A force(turning effect) which causes the object

to rotate about an axis
• Formula
• Torque = force × perpendicular distance between the application of force and turning
point
 FORMULA TO MEMORISE

SI unit of torque: Nm (newton metre)

 TORQUE DEPENDS ON

•How much force we apply (F)

•Distance between the application of force
and fixed point (d)
 TYPES OF MOMENT

• NOTE: Knowing types is important to solve numerical problems in this chapter

 COUPLE

• A couple is a pair of forces, equal in magnitude,

oppositely directed, and displaced by perpendicular
distance or moment.
• Example: turning steering wheel, turning a water tap
• Moment (torque)of couple = F×d
 SI UNIT AND SIGN OF COUPLE

• SI unit: Nm (newton metre)

• Sign:
Clockwise – negative
Anticlockwise – positive
 EQUILIBRIUM

• A object has a state of balance or a stable situation even if the external

force applied on it. [In the given diagram, forces are applied on both the
sides. But the see-saw is balanced. So, see-saw is in equilibrium]
 TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM

TRANSLATIONAL ROTATIONAL
• If the object maintains rest position • If the object maintains its rotational
under the action of force, it is in static motion even after we apply force, it is in
equilibrium. Ex: a book on a table rotational equilibrium.

• If the object continues to move on a

constant velocity, it is in dynamic
equilibrium. Ex: automobile moving with
a constant velocity
[If there are number of forces acting on
[the torque of rotational equilibrium=0]
object, sum of all forces=0]
 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENT

• Sum of all anticlockwise moments= Sum of all clockwise

moments
(Or)
• The algebraic sum of moments of various forces= 0
Note: This principle is important to solve numerical problems in
this chapter
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS EXPLANATION
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY

• It is the point where the total weight of the body may

be concentrated
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF REGULAR OBJECTS

• Geometric centre will be the centre of gravity of regular

objects
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF IRREGULAR OBJECTS

• Centre of gravity can be obtained by doing some activities

 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

• Motion of an object in a circular path

with a uniform speed is called uniform
circular motion.
• This is an accelerated motion. Reason:
Object will have same speed. But it has to
change direction. So, velocity changes.
That’s why this is an accelerated motion.
 CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

CENTRIPETAL CENTRIFUGAL
• Force required to move an object • An imaginary force that appears
uniformly along a circular path. to act on a body moving in a
• Always acts towards the centre of circular motion due to inertia.
the circle • Appears to act outward of the
circle (directed away from the
centre).
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Click the link below

• http://www.docbrown.info/ephysics/forces5.htm
 Simple Machines and it’s function

 Simple machine- simple tool which

can be handled manually
 Functions:
 Force multiplier
 Change the direction of force
applied
 Change the point of application of
force
 Speed multiplier
 Important terms related to machines
 Load – Opposing force being overcome by a machine
 Effort – the force applied on the machine to overcome
the load
 Mechanical Advantage (M.A) – Ratio of load to the effort
 Velocity Ratio (V.R) – Ratio of velocity of effort to the
velocity of load
 Input – Work done by the effort on the machine
 Output – Work done by machine on the load
 Efficiency(ŋ) – Ratio of output to the input
efficiency in percentage = (Output×input)/100%
 Difference between ideal and actual
machine

Ideal Machine Actual Machine

 There is no wastage of  There is wastage
energy (dissipation) of energy
 Output is equal to input  Output is not equal to
 Efficiency is 100% input

 No machine in this world  Efficiency is less than

is an ideal machine 100%
 All machines in this world
is actual machine
Relation between M.A, V.R and ŋ
 Levers and it’s principle

 Lever is a rigid bar resting on a pivot(fixed

point)

Principle of lever:
 Lever works on the principle of moments.
Kinds of levers
 Difference between each levers
First class Second class Third class
Fulcrum at centre Load at centre Effort at centre

M.A (or) V.R may >1 Effort arm always Effort arm always
(or) =1 (or) <1 longer. So, M.A and shorter,, So, M.A
V.R >1 and V. R <1
Can be force
multiplier or speed Force multiplier Speed multiplier
multiplier or
direction changer
 Pulleys

 Used to lift heavy loads

 Types:
1. Single fixed pulley
2. Single movable pulley
3. Combination of pulleys
4. Block and tackle system
Details of Load, Effort, M.A and V.R Of all pulleys

Single fixed pulley Single movable Combination of

pulley pulleys
L = T (T-Tension) L= 2T (n= Number of
E= T pulleys)
E=T L= nT
M.A<2 (for actual) E= T
M.A <1 (for actual) M.A =2 (for ideal)
M.A < n (for actual)
M.A =1 (for ideal) V.R = 2 M.A = n (for ideal)
V.R = n
V.R =1 [When you pull [When you pull
the effort by ‘d’ effort by ‘d’
distance, load distance, load
will raise ‘d/2’ will raise ‘d/n’
distance] distance]
 Note
 You can expect give reason questions on the
topic ‘Lever’ – (7th slide)

 You can expect diagram or numerical problems

on the topic ‘Pulleys’

 9th slide is very important to solve numerical

problems in this chapter. (Try to learn by heart)
 WORK
• Work is said to be done when force is applied on the object and
the object moves.
• Two conditions should be satisfied for the work to be done
 Force should act on the object
 There should be a displacement of the object

Work done (W) = Fs cosθ

F- Force, s- displacement
 W = Fs cosθ
• Case I:
θ= 0° ( ‘F’ and ‘s’ in same direction)
W= Fs cos 0° , W=Fs
• Case II:
θ= 180° (‘F’ and ‘s’ are in opposite direction)
W= Fs cos 180° , W= -Fs
• Case III:
θ= 90° (‘F’ and ‘s’ are in perpendicular direction)
W= Fs cos 90° , W= 0
 UNITS OF WORK

• SI Unit
joule
1 joule = 1 Nm
• CGS Unit
erg
1 erg= 1 dyne × 1 cm
 ENERGY

• Anything having a capability to do work is said to

possess energy

• SI Unit : joule
• CGS Unit : erg
• Other units: calorie, electron volt
 POWER
•It is a measure of rate of doing work

•SI unit: watt (W)

•Other units: erg s-1, horse power

 KINETIC ENERGY, POTENTIAL ENERGY

• Formulae for both the energies are important

 TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

•Refer page 69 (table) in book

•This can be asked in one words

 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

• Statement of law: Energy can neither be created nor be

destroyed but it can be converted from one form to
another
• Sum of potential energy and kinetic energy is constant-----
video link:
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=BGAJZU3HVRG
Learn the following:
1. Learn the refraction through glass block. (Page: 93)
2. Learn the following questions from ‘Illustrative
questions’ in book. Page: 111
2, 3, 4, 15, 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 40, 55, 58, 61
 Learn the following questions in book:
Illustrative questions (Page: 80)
5, 7, 8, 18, 19, 34, 39, 42, 46, 50
Refraction of Light
 Laws of refraction
 The incident ray, reflected ray and the
normal, to the interface of any two
given mediums; all lie in the same
plane.
 The ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence and sine of the angle of
refraction is constant.
 Snell’s Law: The ratio of the sine of the
angle of incidence to the sine of the
angle of refraction is a constant for the
light of given colour and for the given
pair of media.
Speed of light in different
media
Denser medium- speed less

Rarer medium - speed high

 Refractive index
Refractive index

Relative Refractive
Index
Note: Learn
Refractive indices
of water, glass
and diamond.
Page No: 90 (In
Book)
Real and apparent depth
Refraction through prism
 Total internal reflection
The complete reflection of a light ray reaching an
interface with a less dense medium when the angle
of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
 Critical angle

Critical angle is the angle of the incidence in the

optically denser medium for which the angle of
refraction in rarer medium is 90°
 Total internal reflection of glass prism

Refer book for the total internal reflection

of different types of prism. Page: 102-
104