Micro Project Report on
“Methods of irrigation water applications”
For the award of
Diploma in Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Avinash Kailas Dhamone (2211520008)
Pranali Pramod Kale (2211520016)
Tanuja Balasaheb Avhale (23511640145)
Shrushti Shyamlal Rajput (2211520028)
Under the Guidance of
[Link]
Submitted to
The Civil Engineering Department
CSMSS College of Polytechnic, Chatrapati Sambhajinagar
Academic year 2024-2025
And
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE), Mumbai. (M.S.) India.
I
Department of Civil Engineering
CSMSS College of Polytechnic, Kanchanwadi, Paithan Road,Chatrapati
Sambhajinagar.
Year 2024-2025
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro project report entitled
“Rain gauge and types of rain gauge”
Submitted by
Avinash Kailas Dhamone (2211520008)
Pranali Pramod Kale (2211520016)
Tanuja Balasaheb Avhale (23511640145)
Shrushti Shyamlal Rajput (2211520028)
Has completed as per the requirement for Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education, Mumbaiin
partial fulfillment of the Diploma in Civil Engineering.
[Link] [Link]
(Guide) (Head of Department)
[Link]
(Principal)
II
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us most throughout our
project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principal of CSMSS College of
Polytechnic Dr. G. B. Dongre for being always with us as a motivator. We are thankful
to the H.O.D of Civil Department [Link] for his kind support. We are grateful to
our Project Director [Link] for continuous support and motivation for the project.
His help made us possible to complete our project with all the accurate information. A
special thanks goes to our friends who helped us in completing the project, where they all
exchanged their own interesting ideas. We wish to thanks our parents for their personal
support or attention who inspired us to go our own way. Finally, we would like to thank
God who made all things possible for us till the end.
Sr.
No. Name of Student Sign
1 Avinash dhamone
2 Panali kale
3 Tanuja Avhale
4 Shrushti rajput
III
Action Plan
Name of
Planed finished
[Link] Details of plan Planed start date responsible Team
date
members
All members of a
1 Selected project topic 05-08-2024 -
team
Collecting information All members of a
2 13-08-2024 04-09-2024
about project topic team
Giving details on All members of a
3 09-09-2024 20-09-2024
google platform team
Giving details on
All members of a
4 leveling and surveying 26-09-2024 11-10-2024
team
book
Prepare final All members of a
5 14-10-24 26-10-2024
microproject team
Resources Required
[Link] Name of Resource Specification Qty Remark
1 Internet - - -
2 Laptop - 1 -
Water Resources By
3 1 -
Engineering Book [Link]
IV
Team members: Enrollement No:
Avinash Kailas Dhamone (2211520008)
Pranali Pramod Kale (2211520016)
Tanuja Balasaheb Avhale (23511640145)
Shrushti Shyamlal Rajput (2211520028)
Sr. No Title Page
No.
1 Rationale 1
2 Aim 1
3 Course Outcome 1
4 Literature review 2-3
5 Outputs of microproject 4-8
6 Learning Outcomes of Micro-project 9
9
7 Conclusion
9
8 References
V
1. Rationale
Water is very important resource for the life of humans and plants and therefore need to be optimally used
and conserved. In today's age, there is demand of water and is growing day by day, thus resulting in
scarcity of water. Moreover, in India there is uncertain and inequitable rainfall. Therefore, every drop of
water is required to be harnessed appropriately using the relevant technological tools and principles.
Accordingly, Irrigation structures (dams, canals and allied structures etc), which basically are the backbone
structures in the system used to preserve and conserve the water source. In the planning, design,
construction, and maintenance of these structures, Civil engineers have a significant role to play. Thus, this
course will enable the students to apply and use the basic principles and practices related to irrigation
engineering at site. This will help them to implement various schemes like farm ponds, Jalayukt shivar etc.
along with conventional irrigation systems.
2. Aim/Benefits of micro project
“To efficiently provide water to crops while reducing waste.”
3. Course Outcome
[Link] various irrigation techniques (surface, sprinkler, drip).
2. Optimize water use for different crops and soils.
3. Design and manage efficient irrigation systems.
[Link] environmental and economic impacts of irrigation.
5. Apply modern technologies for improved water efficiency.
a) Literature Review
1. Introduction
Overview of the importance of irrigation in agriculture.
Brief history of irrigation development and its role in global food security.
Objective of the review: To examine existing research on different irrigation water application
methods.
2. Surface Irrigation Methods
Definition: Surface irrigation involves water flowing across the soil surface to reach crops.
Research Insights:
Studies highlighting the efficiency and limitations of methods like flood irrigation and furrow irrigation.
Discussion on water loss due to runoff and evaporation, soil erosion, and suitability for different
terrains.
Improvements
6
5. Output of microproject
rrigation plays a crucial role in agricultural practices by supplying water to crops in a controlled manner.
Various methods have been developed to optimize the water usage, improve crop yield, and ensure
sustainability. This report highlights different methods of irrigation water application, their advantages,
disadvantages, and suitability for different types of crops and terrains.
1. Surface Irrigation
Overview: In surface irrigation, water is applied directly to the soil surface and allowed to spread across
the field by gravity.
Sub-types: Furrow irrigation, Basin irrigation, and Border irrigation.
Advantages:
Low initial cost and simple infrastructure.
Effective for a wide range of soil types and crops.
Suitable for flat terrains.
Disadvantages:
High water losses due to evaporation and runoff.
Requires precise land leveling.
Not suitable for sandy soils or irregular terrains.
Common crops: Rice, wheat, sugarcane.
2. Drip Irrigation
Overview: Water is delivered directly to the root zone of plants through a system of pipes, valves, tubing,
and emitters.
Advantages:
Highly efficient in water usage (up to 90% efficiency).
Reduces weed growth by localizing water application.
Minimizes soil erosion and nutrient leaching.
Disadvantages:
High installation and maintenance costs.
Clogging of emitters if not properly managed.
Requires regular monitoring and maintenance.
Common crops: Fruit trees, vegetables, vineyards.
3. Sprinkler Irrigation
Overview: Water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall like natural rainfall through a system of pipes
and sprinklers.
Advantages:
Can be used for a wide variety of crops and terrains.
Suitable for light-textured soils.
Efficient in uniform water distribution.
Disadvantages:
High energy requirement.
Water loss due to evaporation and wind drift.
Can cause leaf diseases if leaves remain wet for long periods.
Common crops: Vegetables, cereals, and orchards.
7
4. Subsurface Irrigation
Overview: Water is applied below the surface, directly to the root zone, through buried pipes or drip lines.
Advantages:
Minimal water loss through evaporation.
Efficient in water usage.
Reduces weed growth and soil salinization.
Disadvantages:
Expensive to install and maintain.
Not suitable for all soil types.
Difficult to monitor the water application precisely.
Common crops: High-value crops like vegetables and fruit trees.
5. Manual Irrigation
Overview: This method involves manually delivering water to plants, either through buckets, hoses, or
similar means.
Advantages:
Low-cost and simple to implement.
Ideal for small-scale farming or home gardens.
Disadvantages:
Labor-intensive.
Inefficient in water use for larger areas.
Difficult to ensure uniform water distribution.
Common crops: Garden plants, small farms, horticulture.
8
Introduction
Irrigation plays a vital role in agriculture, helping to meet crop water needs and optimize
yields in areas where natural rainfall is insufficient. Different methods of irrigation are
designed to efficiently apply water to crops, reduce waste, and enhance agricultural
productivity. This report outlines the primary methods of irrigation, their advantages,
disadvantages, and considerations for effective water management.
2. Methods of Irrigation
There are several methods used to apply irrigation water. These methods vary depending on
the type of crop, soil type, water availability, and other environmental factors. The most
common methods include:
2.1 Surface Irrigation
Surface irrigation involves applying water directly to the soil surface, where it moves
across the field by gravity. This method includes various sub-methods such as furrow,
basin, and border irrigation.
Advantages:
Simple and inexpensive to install.
Can be effective for a wide range of soil types and crops.
Disadvantages:
Inefficient water usage due to evaporation and runoff.
Requires level fields and appropriate soil conditions to prevent waterlogging.
Applications:
Used for crops like rice, wheat, and cotton, where large volumes of water are available.
2.2 Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone of the plants through a network of
valves, pipes, and emitters. Water is slowly released in drops, ensuring minimal
evaporation and runoff.
9
Advantages:
High water-use efficiency (up to 90%).
Reduces weed growth and minimizes evaporation.
Can be used in sloped or uneven terrains.
Disadvantages:
Initial installation is expensive.
Requires maintenance to prevent clogging of emitters.
Applications:
Commonly used for fruit trees, vegetables, and other high-value crops.
2.3 Sprinkler Irrigation
In this method, water is sprayed into the air and falls onto crops like natural rainfall.
Sprinkler systems can range from portable systems to permanent installations.
Advantages:
Suitable for a variety of crops and soil types.
Can be automated for more efficient operation.
Disadvantages:
Susceptible to wind drift and evaporation losses.
High initial and operating costs.
Applications:
Widely used for vegetables, fruits, and ornamental crops.
2.4 Subsurface Irrigation
Subsurface irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone of crops via underground pipes
or drip lines. It helps avoid surface water loss and reduces weed growth.
1
0
Advantages:
Extremely efficient, reduces evaporation losses.
Improves water distribution uniformity.
Disadvantages:
High initial installation costs.
Difficult to detect leaks or clogging.
Applications:
Ideal for high-value crops, such as vineyards or orchards, and water-scarce regions.
3 Factors Affecting the Choice of Irrigation Method
Several factors influence the choice of irrigation method, including:
Crop Type: Different crops have varying water needs.
Soil Type: Sandy soils have different infiltration rates than clayey soils.
Water Availability: The amount of water available determines whether efficient methods
like drip irrigation should be employed.
Cost: Initial setup costs, as well as long-term operational costs, must be considered.
Topography: Sloped or uneven terrain may limit the use of certain surface irrigation
methods.
4. Water Conservation Strategies
To ensure sustainable irrigation practices, several water conservation strategies can be
adopted:
Scheduling: Applying water at the right time and in the right quantity based on crop water
requirements.
Soil Moisture Monitoring: Using sensors to monitor soil moisture levels for precise
irrigation.
Mulching: Covering soil with organic or inorganic materials to reduce evaporation and
weed growth.
Recycling Water: Reusing treated wastewater for irrigation to reduce the pressure on
freshwater sources.
1
1
[Link]
Choosing the right method of irrigation is critical to enhancing water-use efficiency, improving crop
yields, and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. Surface, drip, sprinkler, and subsurface irrigation
methods each have their strengths and limitations, and the best choice depends on crop type, soil condition,
water availability, and cost considerations. Incorporating modern technologies and water conservation
strategies into irrigation practices can further enhance efficiency and sustainability.
6. References
Agricultural Water Management Techniques
FAO Guidelines on Irrigation Methods
Local Irrigation Best Practices Guide
1
2
