Communication

● Passing information (sending) and Characteristics:

understanding (receiving) from one ● It is unidirectional
person to another through verbal and ● Presents a simple communication act
non verbal means. ● It involves persuasion, not mutual
● The exchange of thoughts, feelings understanding
and expressions and observations ● It values psychological effects over
among people. People can transmit social effects (meaning over
messages verbally, using words and establishing relationships)
phrases or non-verbally, using signs,
objects, body movements, etc. ● Interactive Model
Two-way communication where both
● It is a process (Achieving goals) sender and receiver take turns
● It is an interaction (Connects to sending and receiving messages.
understanding) Feedback is given, but the interaction
● It is a social influence (People is not simultaneous (Can be delayed)
influence or encourage others to Noise interference (external and
create meaningful ideas/Culture of internal)
everyone)
● Transactional Model
Elements of Communication Both the sender and receiver are
● Sender (Speaker) engaged in sending and receiving
● Message (Body of information) messages simultaneously.
● Receiver (Listener) Communication is viewed as a
● Channel (Medium/Technologies) continuous process. (No delay)
● Feedback (Response)
● Noise (Disruption) Characteristics:
● Context (Environment/Situation) ● Participation is simultaneous
● All communication have past,
Process of Communication present, and future
● Communication is described as a ● All communicators play role
process because the sender-decoder
needs other elements to be able to Context
complete the method.
● Interrelated conditions that affect the
● Each person sees and interprets
message; these include physical,
verbal and non-verbal messages sent
psychological, social, and cultural
and received through various
factors.
channels.
● Each person is influenced by time,
● Physical Context - Place, time,
place, circumstances, and the other
environment, and distance between
person in the communication event.
communicators.
● Social Context - Relationship of the
Communication Models
communicators
● Psychological Context - Moods and
● Linear Model
feelings of the communicators.
One way Communication
Not expected to give any feedback
 ● Cultural Context - Beliefs and ● Differences in how people perceive or
norms. Differences of gender, age, interpret the message based on their
social status, religion, or nationality. experiences or beliefs.
● Misinterpreting the tone of voice or
Communication Noise intent behind a message, Different
● Any distraction to the effective worldviews that lead to contrasting
communication process. interpretations of the same
information.
Physical Noise
● External and unnecessary noise Organizational Barriers
● “Environmental Noise” ● Barriers related to the structure or
● Thunderstorms, Horns, Rain, Bark hierarchy in organizations that block
communication.
● Too many levels of authority that delay
Physiological Noise or distort the message, Lack of open
● Communicators physical condition communication channels between
● Headache, Hearing loss, Stomachache employees or team members.

Psychological Noise Social Barrier

● Communicator’s psychological
factors (values, beliefs, attitudes, and ● The factors that can hinder
behaviors) communication between individuals or
● Internal thoughts or feelings groups from different cultural or
● Worries about money, crushing social backgrounds.
deadlines, tight daily schedules ● No boyfriend, since birth

Attitudinal Barriers
Semantic Noise
● Confusion over the meaning of the ● Barriers stemming from attitudes,
words opinions, or emotions that affect
● Misunderstanding of words or communication
phrases ● Lack of interest, Closed mindedness,
● Jargon, Mispronunciations, Slangs Hostility or anger

Verbal Communication
Communication Barrier
● Any barrier to the effective ● the use of words or speech in sending
communication process. messages and transmitting ideas or
feelings
Cultural Barriers
Non-Verbal Communication
● Differences in cultural norms,
values, or communication styles that ● the act of expressing ideas in ways
affect understanding. that do not involve or go beyond
● Different meanings of gestures or body using words
language, Varied expectations for
formality or politeness, Language
differences or misunderstandings in Types of Non-Verbal Communication
context.
Proxemics
Perceptual Barriers
 ● This category refers to the use of ● This category refers to communication
space in communication. through touch.
● Intimate distance: This is the ● Often dependent on culture
closest distance, typically ● Stroking the hand of someone’s sick,
reserved for close Patting someone’s back
relationships.
● Personal distance: This is the Basic Features of Language
distance we maintain with
friends and family. Phonology
● Social distance: This is the
● Study of speech sound (Helps how to
distance we maintain with
pronounce a word)
acquaintances and
colleagues.
Morphology
● Public distance: This is the
● Came from the word “morphemes”
distance we maintain with
which means “deals with the
strangers or large groups.
● Standing on a platform or stage while meaning and structure of words in
giving a speech, Sitting right next to a their smallest unit”
close friend ● Word formations
● Affixes to combine together to form
Kinesics another word
● This category encompasses all forms
of body movement, including Syntax
gestures, facial expressions, posture, ● How to form grammatically correct
and eye contact. word sentences.
● Nodding at an acquaintance while
passing by him or her on the street, Semantics
Raising one eyebrow while listening to ● Meaning of language
someone’s story ● Denotative (dictionary) “Snake is an
animal. While in Connotative
Chronemics (negative meaning) “Snake is a
● This category refers to the use of time traitor”
in communication.
Effective Communication Skills
● Showing up early to work each day,
Being on time to a get-together with
Recognizing the different barriers to effective
friends
communication is important to be able to
avoid communication breakdown.
Paralanguage
● The tone, speed, and volume of a
Barriers in Communication
speaker’s voice
● Includes sighs and gasp a. Language barriers. These manifest when
● Sighing while doing chores, Gasping two individuals do not have a common
as one opens a gift language, have an unfamiliar accent, or use
unfamiliar words or expressions, jargon, and
Haptics idioms.
b. Cultural barriers. These are evident when and direct words and by using appropriate
there is difficulty in communication due to facial expressions and gestures
differing principles, views, and beliefs. This
is also applicable to those who are insensitive d. Ask for repetition or clarification.
to other people's heritage. Clarifying or repeating the meaning of what
the other person says should be done politely.
c. Physical barriers. These are hindrances to Use the expressions such as "Can you please
better communication caused by repeat what you said?", "What did you say,
environmental factors such as noise, again?", and "What did you mean did you say
lighting, and distance between the receiver that?"
and speaker.
e. Check your understanding. Make sure
d. Prejudging. This happens when a person that you understand the meaning of what
believes he or she understands what the the other person says or that he or she
speaker means even before the message is comprehends what you mean. You may ask
completely expressed. It can also happen "So, are you saying that...?" to verify what you
when the receiver immediately judges the know based on what they said; and "So, do you
message as unimportant. have questions regarding this?" or "Was my
explanation clear?" to verify if they
e. Information overload. This happens when understand what you said.
one gives too much information at a time.
f. Do not jump to conclusions. Always try to
f. Lack of interest and attention. This happens listen to what the other person says before
when a person gives information that does giving a verdict about the message. At the
not interest others or a person does not give same time, allow the speaker to express his or
attention to either the speaker or his or her her ideas freely before accepting or rejecting
message. his or ideas.

Strategies to Avoid Communication Ways to Achieve Effective Communication

Breakdown
Effective communication is more than just the
a. Use time-gaining expressions to have more transmission of information from one person
time to think. Fillers. such as "Go on," "Let me to another. It takes place only when the
see," and "Tell me more ." … express that the information is shared and mutually
speaker would like to think of a response or understood. Having effective communication
continue a conversation. skills enables you to connect better with
others, build and maintain relationships,
and express yourself and be fully
b. Give positive remarks or comments. understood.
Comments such as "I understand," "Sounds
good," and "I see what you mean" express a. Be focused. One way to stay focused is to
interest in the flow of the conversation. This have a specific purpose for speaking or
means that the person would like to continue listening. If you are the speaker, determine
the conversation. your purpose for speaking and clearly express
yourself to achieve it.
c. Be specific. For others to understand your
message easily, try expressing yourself
directly to the other person by using simple
If you are the listener, ascertain the speaker's ● Communication can be used to
purpose through his or her verbal and encourage, inspire, or motivate
nonverbal cues. others.

b. Speak intelligibly. This refers to using Emotional Expression

appropriate speaking volume (or loudness) and ● Communication allows us to express
rate (or the pace at which you speak), good our emotions and connect with others
enunciation (or the distinctness of the sound of on an emotional level.
spoken words), proper word stress, and correct
or acceptable pronunciation. Information Dissemination
● Communication is used to share
c. Listen with your ears and eyes. Remember information, knowledge, and ideas.
that nonverbal communication is as important
as verbal communication. Pay attention to the
speaker's verbal as well as nonverbal cues. Speech Context

d. Minimize distractions. Block out any form ● is about the environment where the
of interference, or adjust to different forms of communication happens and how
distraction. the message is relayed during the
process. By knowing the speech
Intercultural Communication context of a conversation, we can
● Culture is a system of knowledge easily understand the message and
that is shown by a particular group we can make feedback clearly and
composed of a relatively large number appropriately.
of individuals.
Characteristics:
● Happens when individuals interact,
negotiate, and create meanings while ● Number of participants
bringing in their varied cultural ● Physical proximity of the
background. participants in relation to one
● Without intercultural communication, another
there is no passing and transmitting ● The channel used for the
cultural aspects. communication
● Inter = Within ● The immediacy of the exchange

Functions of Communication

Control Categories of Communication

● Communication can be used to
influence or direct behavior. ● Formal Communication
● Informal Communication
Social Interaction
There are three types of speech
● Communication is essential for
context: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal,
building and maintaining
and Public
relationships.
● Intrapersonal - This communication
happens within oneself. This means
Motivation
that the speaker acts as the source
 and the receiver of the message. thinking. People's view of their
When you do self-reflection, you Intellectual ability may determine their
analyze your thoughts and feelings. By confidence in understanding things.
knowing what you feel, you can ● The Moral self is the ethical beliefs
assess yourself on how to react to it. and values being observed by people.
Their morals affect their behavior
Example: When you are asked what towards different situations or other
degree program you want to pursue in people.
college, you think of your interests and ● Self concept is very important in
talents, and your strengths and interpersonal communication, it
weaknesses before answering. influences one's strength or weakness.
It still boils down to how a person
Example: Daydreaming, Reflecting, thinks and feels about
Evaluating. Analyzing himself/herself. Maintain a positive
aura in oneself whether he/she is alone
Humans are constantly involved in thinking,
or in a group.
dreaming, imagining and worrying about
different happenings in their surroundings. Types of Intrapersonal Communication
This communication is intrapersonal when the
person communicates within himself or Internal Discourse
herself. Experts believe that effective
communication with others must start with ● Inner talk, done within the mind
effective communication with oneself.
Solo written communication
Dimensions of "Self" (Steinberg, 2007)
● Writing that is not intended for
● The Physical self is the material others
body with its internal functions and
outward appearance. Aesthetic Solo vocal communication
appearance oftentimes communicates
the personality of a human being. ● Spoken aloud

Accessories or the things that go with Interpersonal - This communication involves

their bodies establish the status or two or more people. The conversation can be
preference of people. formal or informal, intimate or casual
depending on the relationship people
● The Emotional self is the affective involved have.
side of people. People show their
emotional self when they decide on
circumstances based on what they
Humans are naturally social beings; they are
feel rather than what they think.
made to interact with others at any given
However, people are reminded that
chance according to a number of tourists,
emotional responses to situations are
Filipinos are hospitable and friendly perhaps
often temporary and should not be the
because they are good in interpersonal
basis of generalization.
communication. This speech context is
● The Intellectual self is the cognitive
examined between two people or more,
part of a human being. This is the way
especially among strangers who are
a person processes his/her
reasoning, analysis and logical
developing and maintaining a communication Public - In this type of
rapport. communication, you can deliver a
message to a bigger number of
Effects of Interpersonal Communication people in a venue. When someone is
giving a message to the public,
Learning. It allows people to gather he/she usually informs or persuades
information about themselves, other people, people.
past, present or predicted events, beliefs, and
attitudes. Examples: A candidate tells his/ her
platform in a grand rally.
Helping. It provides people advice, emotional
support, or assistance that can help them Speech Styles
personally or others with a problem.
● Also called as “Language Registers”
Influencing. It allows people to persuade ● Speech styles are patterns of
another person to provide help, share an speaking characterized by distinctive
activity, change an attitude, counsel a pronunciation, vocabulary, intent,
relationship, give permission or fulfill an participants, and grammatical
obligation. structures. It is a variation of speech
which is used when people
Relating. It allows people to experience communicate with others. Each
closeness or distance, agreement or person has a different style when
disagreement, equality or inequality with they speak depending on their
others. situation.
Playing. It allows people to experience humor, Speech style is the important part in
camaraderie, celebration or pass time or communication for different goals
coordinate fun activities and different topics, even though
they communicate with the same
There are two types of interpersonal
language.
communication: Dyad and Small Group.
There are four types of speech context:
Dyad communication - Two people are
Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual,
involved in this communication.
and Intimate.
Examples: You talked to your mother that you
Dutch Linguist, Martin Joos (The
need an illustration board for your activity
five clocks)
tomorrow.
● Frozen - This style of communication
Small group - Three but not more
rarely or never changes. It is
than twelve people are part of the
"frozen" in time and content.
conversation. This type of
communication is present during Example: the Pledge of Allegiance, the
brainstorming or collaborating with Lord's Prayer, the Preamble of the
other people. Constitution, the Alma Mater, a
bibliographic reference, laws.
Examples: Your group is pitching
ideas for the research title to be ● Formal - This language is used in
presented. formal settings and is one-way in
 nature. This use of language usually ● Purpose - What is the objective of the
follows a commonly accepted communication?
format. It is usually impersonal and ● Location - Where is the
formal. (No interaction) communication being held?

Examples: Sermons, rhetorical Speech Acts

statements and questions, speeches,
pronouncements made by judges, ● Speech acts are the speaker's
announcements utterance which convey meaning and
make listeners do specific things
● Consultative- It is formal and societal (Austin, 1962).
expectations accompany the users of ● Utterances = What are you speaking
this speech. It is a professional about
discourse.
Example: "I am hungry." (Expresses
Examples: communication between a hunger, requests for something to eat)
superior and a subordinate, doctor
and patient, lawyer and client, lawyer There are three types of speech acts:
and judge, teacher and student, Locutionary, Illocutionary,
counsellor and client Perlocutionary

● Casual - This is an informal language ● Locutionary Speech Act - The

used by peers and friends. Slang, process of saying itself.
vulgarities and colloquialism are ● Literal meaning, Process, Semantic
normal. This is "group language."
One must be a member to engage in Example: "What?" (When someone is
this register. surprised) “It’s a bird!” (When people
see superman in the sky) “Doh!”
Examples: buddies, chats and emails, (Favorite expression of TV cartoon
blogs, letters to friends character Homer S.)

● Intimate- This communication is

private. It is reserved for close family
members, or intimate people.

Examples: husband and wife, ● Illocutionary Speech Act - It is not

boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings, and just saying something itself, but the
parent & children act of saying something in the
intention of: Stating an opinion,
Factors to consider in choosing a speech confirming, or denying something.
style
Examples: "There's too much
● Audience - Who are you speaking homework in this subject." (opinion)
with? What is your relationship with "I'll do my homework later." (promise)
them? "Go do your homework!" (order)
● Topic - What is the subject of the
conversation or the communication ● Perlocutionary Speech Act - The
situation? effect of saying something: Inspiring
or insulting, Persuading or
convincing, Deterring or scaring
 ● The aim of perlocutionary speech act
is to change feelings, thoughts, or
actions
● How things are perceived

Examples: "I was born a Filipino, I

will live a Filipino, I will die a
Filipino!" (inspiring) "It is the bleak
job situation that forces Filipinos to
find jobs overseas." (persuading)
"Texting while driving kills - you,
your loved ones, other people!"
(deterring)

Types of Speech Acts

Assertives

● You are asserting that one thing is

true or false (the weather is bad)

Directives

● Attempts by the speakers to get the

listener to do something.
● Can be done by requests, pleading,
begging, or authoritative.

Expressives

● It reveals the speaker's emotion

towards a particular proposition.
● Can be done by congratulating

Declarations

● Utterances that change the world in

the format of social and political
transformations
● Declaration of Independence day