A FIELD REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

EXERCISE OF SHEET 164 SE (B3) ZUNGERU, MINNA,

NIGER STATE.
LATITUDE: 9° 30' 00"N to 9° 32' 00"N.
LONGITUDE: 6° 26' 00"E to 6° 28' 00"E.

BY
AZEEZ AHMAD ABOLORE
2021/1/80996PL

SUBMITTED TO
J
THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL
SCIENCES, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
MINNA, NIGER STATE
COURSE TITTLE: FIELD WORK
COURSE CODE: GEL225

SUPERVISED BY

DR. I.A. GORO

SEPTEMBER 2023

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.

1.1 Aim.

1.2 Objectives.

1.3 Location.

1.4 Accessibility.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.

2.1 Brief geology of Nigeria.

2.2 Geology in Minna and its environment.

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Equipment used

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS

• Lithology and structures

-Lithology
-Structures

• Geological map

• Economic geology

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Geological field mapping is a very important exercise in geology,
because geology is a field oriented discipline, geologist do say "the best
geologist is the one who had seen most rocks", you can never be a great
geologist until you've been on the field. It is a primary component of producing
geological maps. In order to present a detailed geology of an area there is need
to have a coherent framework of the lithology, structure, alteration,
metamorphism and Deformation that exist in the study area.The geological
field work commenced on the 14th of September and ended on the 16th of
September, 2023. Comprising of 20 Students and a lecturer from the Federal
university of technology Minna to carry out an investigative field mapping
exercise in Gidan Kwano, the field mapping exercise lasted for three(3) days.
1.1 AIM
Introduction to field mapping techniques.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
• Training on the usage of compass-clinometer and other geological
mapping instruments.

• Field measurement of distance.

• Strike (bearing) and dip

• Concept of scale.

• Outcrop and rock identification and description.

• mapping styles for sedimentary

• Igneous and metamorphic rocks.

• Methods of collecting rock samples in the field.

• Field note taking and report writing.

• Preparation of simple geological maps.

1.3.0 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

This geological mapping was carried out in parts of Gidan Kwano, Minna,
Niger State by 200Level students of the Department of Geology, Federal
University of Technology, Minna.
The study area lies approximately within Latitudes 9° 30' 00" N to 9° 32'
00"N and Longitudes 6° 26' 00"E to 6° 28' 00"E on sheet 164 SE of Zungeru,
Niger State, Nigeria. The study area covers part of the Federal university of
technology Minna Gidan-kwano campus.
1.3.1 ACCESIBILITY
Basement rocks within the area were studied and mapped during the field
exercise, using the road traverse method, Gidan-kwano and its environment are
easily accessible through the major and minor roads as well as footpaths,
providing easy access to outcrops.
The study area covers some major footpaths, which were used as access path
for the field exercise, the major highway in the study area is Minna-Bida road
off Abuja-Sokoto trunk A road.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GEOLOGY OF MINNA AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

The geology of Niger comprises very ancient igneous and metamorphic

crystalline basement rocks in the west, more than 2.2 billion years old formed
in the late Archean and Proterozoic eons of the Precambrian. Minna is located
between longitude 6025"E and 6045"E and latitude 9024"N and 9048"N, it
occupy the central portion of the Nigerian basement complex. The Minna area
comprises of metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks which have undergone
polyphase deformation and metamorphism. These rocks have been intruded by
granitic rocks of Pan-African age.

Niger State as a whole, like other states on the same latitude, is covered
by two major rock formations; the sedimentary and basement complex rocks.
The sedimentary rocks to the south are characterized of sandstones and alluvial
deposits, particularly along the Niger valley and in most parts of Borgu, Agaie,
Lapai, Mokwa, Lavun, Gbako and Wushishi Local Government Areas.
 To the north, Minna is situated in the central part of Nigeria basement
complex, surrounded by rugged terrain of granitic rocks. There is need to
examine the origin, attributes and benefits of these rocks in the area.Recent
work in different parts of the Nigerian basement complex has shown that the
older granites are high level intrusions emplaced by stoping and diapiric
process (Fitches et. al, 1985). The marked generally north-south linear
aggregation of many of the large batholiths of the basement suggests that they
may be related to deep-seated pre-existing plutonic episode controlled by major
deep mantle structure.

2.1.1 CLIMATE

Located at an elevation of None meters (0 feet) above sea level, Minna

has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Classification: Aw). The
district’s yearly temperature is 31.790C (89.220F) and it is 2.33% higher than
Nigeria’s averages. Minna typically receives about 123.35 millimeters (4.86
inches) of precipitation and has 143.35 rainy days (39.27% of the time)
annually. The most rainy days occur from the month of May to October.[33]
January is the sunniest month in the state of Niger. In August the sun shines the
shortest.[33] September offers the most number of rainy days, and in December
the least.[33]

2.1.2 SOILS AND VEGETATION

Niger state has three major soil type which includes ferruginous tropical
soils, hydromorphic soils and ferrosols. The most predominant soil type is the
ferruginous tropical soils which are basically derived from the Basement
Complex rocks, as well as from old sedimentary rocks.

Minna has a vegetation type classified as guinea savannah characterised

by the presence of few scattered trees and dense grass cover. There are few
rivers located within Minna, and the regions near the river valleys abound in
trees.

2.1.3 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

The features which are relatable to a particular area or a place are known
as relief features. Drainage:- The term drainage describes the river system of an
area. Nigeria is drained by two main rivers – Rivers Niger and Benue. Rivers
Niger, the largest river in Nigeria has its source from Guinea highlands in
Guinea. It passes through Mali and Niger Republic to Nigeria. Rivers Benue
has its source from eastern highlands and joins the Niger at Lokoja.

2.1.4 MINERAL RESOURCES

The geological location of Niger State endows it with mineral resources.

The State boasts of commercial quantity of large minerals deposit like gold,
talc, kaolin, Tantalite, granite, marble, copper and lead. Considering the
importance of this sector, the State Government established Ministry of
Mineral Resources for effective and efficient exploration of these resources.
The State is open to partnership in areas of exploration, exploitation and
processing. According to reports from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency
of the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development. All Local Governments in the
State have one or more deposits of solid minerals.

2.2.0 SEDIMENTARY BASINS AND BASEMENT COMPLEX IN

NIGERIA

2.2.1 SEDIMENTARY BASINS

Sedimentary basins are places where subsidence of Earth's crust has

allowed sediment to accumulate on top of a basement of igneous and
metamorphic rocks. The three sedimentary basins in Nigeria are underlain by
continental crust except in the Niger delta, where the basement rock is
interpreted to be oceanic crust. Most of the wells that penetrated the basement
are in the Eastern Dahomey embayment of western Nigeria.

Nigeria is underlain by seven major sedimentary basins:

• Anambra Basin

• Benin (Dahomey basin)

• Benue Trough

• Bida Basin

• Chad Basin

• Niger Delta Basin

• Sokoto Basin

2.2.2 BASEMENT COMPLEX

The basement complex is one of the three major litho-petrological

components that make up the geology of Nigeria. The Nigerian basement
complex forms a part of the Pan-African mobile belt and lies between the West
African and Congo Cratons and south of the Tuareg Shield (Black, 1980).
Temporal relation: Basement is always older than its cover. The difference in
age of the basement and cover may range from 10 million yr to over 2 billion
yr. Rock type: Characteristic of a basement complex is a hybrid assemblage of
igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Generally, the basement complex of Nigeria is grouped into three

lithological units: the migmatite-gneiss-quartzite complex, the
metasedimentary schist belts and the older granite. The basement complex
rocks in Bajabure belong to the older granite suite. The rocks are believed to
have been emplaced during the pan African orogeny (600 + 150) million years
ago. After a period of sedimentation orogenic cycles occurred during which the
older granites were emplaced. The subsequent interaction between the older
granite and the preexisting rocks produced a variety of migmatite and gneissic
rocks with dominantly North-Easternly trending foliation. Dominant among the
older granite rocks are coarse porphyritic biotite granite, medium to coarse
grained biotite granite, fine grained biotite granite, pegmatites and Aplite.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The approach to carrying out this fieldwork was done in a number of
ways. Basic information about the geology of Niger state was gotten by
research, to become familiar with the rock types expected to be encountered.
After acquiring required information, we received the map of the study area
and proceeded to map the area.
The area was mapped by walking around it, while observing different rock
types and taking necessary notes. The various locations were marked on the
base map, so as to facilitate the construction of the geological map of area
studied. All details were noted in field note, which
includes; coordinates, rock type, sketches, measurements like; the extent of the
outcrops, strike & dip of the foliation planeswere noted in the field note, while
all necessary parameters were plotted on the graph sheets, tracing papers and
on the field/base map, hand sample of different rock types were also collected
from the field for further investigation purposes.

3.1 EQUIPMENT USED

• Compass-clinometer: the compass-clinometer was used for taking
measurementsof strike and dip,bearing of a target or an object. It was
also used for measuring the direction at which an outcrop or the
lineation of an outcroptrends.
• G.P.S (Global Positioning System): the G.P.S was used during the
field exercise to locate prissily the outcrop's point and also determine
elevation value above the sea level at a particular point.
 • Geologic hammer: it was used for breaking rock samples, in other
words to collect hand specimen of different outcrops.
• Hand lens: it was used for close observation of the mineral within the
rock specimen.
• Mobile phone: it was used for taking photographs of different important
features on the outcrop, from one locality to another.
• Sample bag: it was used for carrying the collected specimen from field
to the base.
• Pacing: to determine the extent of an outcrop.
• Field note: it was used for recording every important observation from
one outcrop to another.
• Tricycle: it was used as means of transportation over a long distance
traverse.

The availability of these equipment made the field mapping exercise

successful and also facilitated the work. Geologists are made in the field,
and every geologist needs his/her equipment to carryout field exercises
effectively.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The rocks found in each location were igneous rocks (Granitic rocks). Their
properties varied greatly though, most of the rocks are intrusive rocks that. The
rocks underwent different degrees of weathering and they also possessed
different textures.
Most of the rocks had intrusions resulting in veins; quartz and pegmatite were
found to have healed some of the fractures in the rocks. The mapped area is
composed of entirely granitic rocks.

GRANITE: Granite is an intrusive igneous rock composed primarily of

feldspar, quartz, and smaller amount of mica. It has a phaneritic texture,
meaning that individual crystal can be seen withthenaked eye. Because of its
relative high quartz and feldspar content, granite tend to be light in color
(felsic) it is usually gray or off-white, but can also have shade of pink or red
depending of the type of feldspar.
Granite is the best known igneous rock. Many people recognize granite
because it is the most common igneous rock found at Earth’s surface and
because granite is used to make many objects that we encounter in daily life.
These include counter tops, floor tiles, paving stone, curbing, stair treads,
building veneer, and cemetery monuments. Granite is used all around us.

4.2 FIELD RESULTS

S/ Latitu Longitu Color Textu Structures Composi Area(s
N des des re tion q)
1 9° 31' 6° 27' Light Very Massive Muscovit 12.4m
23"N 41"E coarse e-mica,
quartz,
feldspar.
2 9° 31' 6° 27' Light Coars Massive, Biotite- 1009m
6"N 34"E e pegmatitic mica,
filled vein feldspar,
quartz
3 9° 30' 6° 27' Dark Coars Massive, Biotite 1035m
56"N 34"E e quartz-veins minerals,
feldspar
4 9° 30' 6° 27' Dark Coars Massive, Mica, 247m
56"N 33"E e pegmatitic feldspar,
vein quartz
5 9° 31' 6° 27' Dark Coars Massive Quartz, 227m
7"N 34"E e felspar,
biotite-
mica
6 9° 31' 6° 27' Dark Coars Massive, joints Mica,qua 123.8m
5"N 37"E e rtz,
Feldspar
7 9° 31' 6° 27' Medi Coars Massive, Quartz, 430.43
40"N 04"E um e pegmatitic Feldspars m
filled vein , Biotite-
 Mica, and
Amphibol
e
8 9° 31' 6° 27' Dark Coars Massive, big Quartz,mi 1275m
34"N 08"E e pegmatitic ca,
vein feldspar,
Biotite
mineral
9 9° 31' 6° 26' Dark very Massive, Quartz, 333.2m
30"N 11"E coarse quartz vein, mica,
joint, Feldspar
10 9° 31' 6° 26' Dark Medi Massive, Quartz, 721.9m
29"N 44"E um veins, joints mica,
xenolith Feldspar,
amphibol
e
11 9° 31' 6° 26' Dark very Massive, Quartz, 364m
19"N 47"E coarse veins, joints felspar,
biotite-
mica
12 9° 31' 6° 26' Light Coars Massive, Mica, 4064m
31"N 36"E e pegmatitic Quartz,
filled vein Feldspar
13 9° 31' 6° 26' Medi Coars Massive, Biotite- 6259m
20"N 39"E um e normal fault mica,
quartz,
feldspar
14 9° 31' 6° 26' Dark Coars Massive Feldspar, 4500m
23"N 36"E e mica,
quartz
15 9° 31' 6° 27' Light Medi Massive, Feldspar, 712.5m
18"N 36"E um pegmatitic biotite-
filled vein mica,
quartz
16 9° 31' 6° 26' Dark Coars xenolith, Quart, 3000m
15"N 38"E e folded biotite-
pegmatitic mica,
vein feldspar
17 9° 31' 6° 27' Medi Coars massive, Quart, 1504.1
15"N 31"E um e veins, folds biotite- 4m
 mica,
feldspar
18 9° 31' 6° 26' Medi Coars Massive, filled Quart, 565.84
14"N 32"E um e vein biotite- m
mica,
feldspar
19 9° 31' 6° 26' Dark Coars Massive, filled Quart, 224.64
09"N 25"E e vein mica, m
feldspar
20 9° 31' 6° 26' Medi Very Massive, filled Quart, 4180.1
10"N 26"E um corse vein,faults,join biotite- 1m
ts mica,
feldspar
21 9° 31' 6° 26' Medi Medi Massive,jointa Quart, 536.9m
02"N 36"E um um biotite-
mica,
feldspar
22 9° 31' 6° 2'6 Dark Coars Massive,pegm Quart, 200.25
09"N 40"E e atitic vein biotite- m
mica,
feldspar
23 9° 31' 6° 26' Dark Coars Massive, Quart, 3523m
06"N 44"E e faults,joint mica,
feldspar
24 9° 31' 6° 26' Medi Very Massive, Quart, 33905.
05"N 04"E um coarse pegmatitic biotite- 5m
veins, faults mica,
feldspar
25 9° 31' 6° 26' Light Coars Massive, folds Quart, 1180.1
11"N 51"E e muscovit 1m
e-mica,
feldspar
26 9° 31' 6° 26' Light Medi Massive, Quart, 6562.5
15"N 44"E um Faults, mica, m
pegmatitic feldspar
veins
27 9° 30' 6° 26' Dark Coars Massive, Quart, 108m
59"N 31"E e quartz filled biotite-
veins mica,
feldspar
28 9° 330' 6° 26' Medi Coars Massive, Quart, 1664m
43"N 33"E um e faults, quartz biotite-
vein mica,
feldspar
29 9° 30' 6° 26' Medi Coars Joints, Fault Quart, 301m
11"N 33"E um e mica,
feldspar
30 9° 30' 6° 27' Dark Coars Massive Quart, Granite
52"N 01"E e biotite-
mica,
feldspar
31 9° 30' 6° 26' Dark Coars Massive, fold Quart, Granite
31"N 43" e biotite-
mica,
feldspar
32 9° 30' 6° 26' Medi Coars Very massive, Quart, Granite
19"N 50"E um e faults biotite-
mica,
feldspar
33 9° 30' 6° 26' Light Medi Massive, joint Quart, Granite
05"N 27"E um set, quartz biotite-
vein mica,
feldspar
34 9° 30' 6° 26' Dark Coars Massive Quart, 315m
34"N 18"E e biotite-
mica,
feldspar
35 9° 30' 6° 27' Medi very Massive, Quart, 1391.2
40"N 38"E um coarse faults, joints biotite- m
mica,
feldspar
36 9° 30' 6° 27' Medi Very Massive, Quart, 964.94
37"N 46"E um coarse pegmatitic biotite- m
vein, fold mica,
feldspar
37 9° 30' 6° 27' Medi Very massive, joint, Quart, Granite
59"N 56"E um coarse pegmatitic biotite-
vein mica,
feldspar
38 9° 30' 6° 27' Ligth Coars Massive, Quart, Granite
 00"N 49"E e pegmatite feldspar
filled vein
39 9° 30' 6° 27' Ligth very Massive, fauls Quart, Granite
05"N 45"E coarse feldspar
40 9° 30' 6° 27' Light Coars Massive Quart, Granite
14"N 44"E e mica,
feldspar
41 9° 30' 6° 27' Ligth Coars Massive, Quart, Granite
23"N 10"E e faults, joint biotite-
mica,
feldspar
42 9° 30' 6° 27' Dark Coars Massive, joints Quart, Granite
24"N 05"E e biotite-
mica,
feldspar
43 9° 31' 6° 27' Granite
23"N 41"N

Joint and strike values

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

This field work was aimed at the thorough study of the given area to find
out the geology of the area, and to produce a correct geological map of the area.
This was done by walking around the area and taking necessary notes and
observations. It was then established that the study area consists dominantly of
granitic Igneous rocks. The area will be highly profitable for the Construction
industry.

The importance of field work cannot be overemphasized in the study of

geology, as geologists are not made in the classroom.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION

From my findings in the course of this field work, I recommend that more
effort should be made into the proper organization of field work for the
students.

However, the assigned staff were wonderful, as this field work was a huge
success.

REFERENCES

C. Michael Hogan (2010): Geology Environmental Chemistry, Published by

Mining Academic Press, New York Pp 50

Diane H. Carlson, Charles C. Plummer and Lisa Hamersley (2011):

Physical Geology Earth Revealed, Published by Mc-Graw Hill, New
York Pp 360-362.
S.K. Garg (2009): Physical and Engineering Geology, Published by Khanna
Publishers, India Pp 151-153.

Falconer, J.D. (1911): The Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria,

Published by Macmillan, London Pp 295.

Bolton, T. (1989): Geological Maps, Their Solution and Interpretation,

Published by Cambridge University Press, Pp 144.

Alex Maltman (1990): Geological Maps: An Introduction, Published by Open

University Press, Buckingham, Pp 15-20.
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