International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
Department of Computer and Communication Engineering
Course Title: Mathematics-II
Course Code: MATH 1201 Session: Spring 2024
1. Introduction
Q-1. Define differential equations with example.
Q-2. How many types of differential equations? Define them with example.
Q-3. Form the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑥 − 𝑐)2
where c is arbitrary constant.
Q-4. Form the differential equation, whose solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥2
Q-5. Form the differential equation of which 𝑐(𝑦 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑥 3 is the complete integral.
Q-6. Define order and degree of differential equations with example.
2. First Order and First Degree Differential Equations
2.1 Variable Separable
𝑑𝑦
i) Solve: = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ii) Solve: 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑦 2 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
iii) Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = (4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦
iv) Solve: = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
2.2 Homogeneous Differential Equations
i) Define homogeneous function and homogeneous differential equation with
example.
ii) Solve: (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
iii) Solve: 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
iv) Solve: 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
v) Solve: (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦−3
vi) Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥+𝑦−3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥−7𝑦−3
vii) Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦−7𝑥+7
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2.3 Linear Differential Equations
i) Define Linear Differential Equations and Bernoulli’s equation.
𝑑𝑦
ii) Solve: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
iii) Solve: (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) − (3𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥+𝑥 3
iv) Solve: (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 = (1+𝑥)3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
v) Solve: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = + 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
vi) Solve: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
vii) If 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3
express y in terms of x
𝑑𝑦
viii) Solve = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦3
ix) Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
2.4 Exact Differential Equations
i) What is an exact differential equation?
ii) Write down the working rules of exact differential equations.
iii) Find the solution of the equation (𝑦 4 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
iv) Find the solution of the equation (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
v) Solve: (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
vi) Solve: (𝑦 4 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
vii) Solve: 𝑦(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
viii) Solve: (𝑥 − 2𝑒𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑠i𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
ix) Solve: (1 + 𝑒𝑥⁄𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥⁄𝑦(1 − 𝑥⁄𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
i) Define Auxiliary Equation, Complementary function and Particular Integral
ii) Solve the equation: (𝐷 3 − 2𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 8)𝑦 = 0
iii) Solve the equation (𝐷 4 − 𝐷 3 − 𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
iv) Solve: 𝑑𝑥 4 − 𝑑𝑥 3 − 9 𝑑𝑥 2 − 11 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑4 𝑦
v) Solve 𝑑𝑥 4 − 𝑎4 𝑦 = 0
vi) Write down the general form linear differential equation of higher order and
define complete solution of differential equation.
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
vii) Solve: 2 𝑑𝑥 3 − 3 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
d2 y dy
viii) + 6 dx + 9y = 5 e3x
dx2
d2 y 𝑑𝑦
ix) −6 + 9𝑦 = 6 𝑒 3𝑥 + 7 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
dx2 𝑑𝑥
d2 y a2 R
x) + a2 y = (1-x)
dx2 P
xi) (D4 + 4) y = cos2x
d3 y d2 y dy
xii) – 3 dx2 + 4 dx – 2y = ex + cosx
dx3
2
x
xiii) (D3 + 1) y = cos 2 (2) + e−x
xiv) (𝐷2 + 5D + 4) y = 3 – 2x
d2 y dy
xv) + 2 dx + y = x
dx2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
xvi) Solve: 𝑑𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
xvii) Solve: 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
d2 y
xviii) Prove that the solution of the differential equation dx2 + 4y = sinax when a≠ 2,
dy 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
under the condition y=0 and dx = 0 when x=0 is 𝑦 = 2(4−𝑥 2 )
4. Bessel’s Equation and Legendre Equation
i) Discuss the Legendre’s and Bessel’s differential equations.
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ii) Show that ∫−1 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 = 0 in which case the value of the integral
is 2.
iii) Show that, 𝑃𝑛(1) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑛(−1) = (−1)𝑛
𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
iv) Show that √ 2 𝐽3 (𝑥) = 𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
v) Show that √ 𝐽 3 (𝑥)
2 −2
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −
𝑥
2
vi) Show that 𝐽1 (𝑥) = √ sinx
𝜋𝑥
2
2
vii) Show that 𝐽−1 (𝑥) = √𝜋𝑥cosx
2
5. Partial Differential Equations(Linear and Non-Linear)
i) Explain the terms “Partial differential equations”.
ii) Mention the Lagrange’s Auxiliary equation.
iii) Define Charpit’s Auxiliary equation.
iv) Eliminate the constants a &b from the equation 𝑧 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎)(𝑦 2 + 𝑏).
2 2 2
v) Eliminate the constants a, b, c from the equation 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑏2 + 𝑧𝑐 2 = 1
vi) Find the differential equations from 𝜑(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 ) =0
vii) Form a partial differential equation by eliminating constants a & b from the equation
𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑦 + 𝑏)
viii)Solve: 𝑥𝑧𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑦2𝑧
ix) Solve: 𝑥 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧𝑞 = 𝑦 2
x) Solve: (y+z) p + (z+x) q = x+y
xi) Solve: (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑞 = (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
xii) Find the solution of the equation (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )𝑦 = 𝑞𝑧 ( Using Charpit’s Method)
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xiii) Find the complete integral of the equation 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑝𝑞
xiv) Solve 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 2 − 2𝑞𝑥𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0.
xv) Apply Charpit’s method to solve 𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
6. Physical Applications of Differential Equations
i) Bacteria in a certain culture increases at a rate proportional to the number present. If
the number doubles in one hour, how long does it take for the number to triple?
ii) When a cake is removed from an oven, its temperature is measured at 3000F. Three
minutes later its temperature is 2000F. How long will it take to cool off to a room
temperature of 700F?
iii) According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in moving
air is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the substance and that
of the air. If the temperature of the air is 3000K and the substance cools from 3700K
to 3400K in 15 minutes, find when the temperature will be 3100K
iv) The body of a murder victim was discovered at 11:00 pm. The doctor took the
temperature of the body at 11:30 p.m. which was 94.6o F. He again took
temperature after one hour when showed 93.4o F and noticed that the temperature
of the room was 70o F. Estimate thetime of death. [Normal temperature of human
body is 98.6o F]
v) A generator having emf 100V is connected in series with a 10Ω resistor and an
inductor of 2H. If the switch K is closed at time t = 0, Obtain a differential equation
for the current and determine the current at time t.
